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■ 

Ma^ 


CCNSTRUCnCW 


VOL.  VI 


NO.  1 


CONTENTS    FOR    JANUARY,    1913 


EDITORIAL      

I'Muripli's  unclcrlying  tin-  i  i-imim-r;iluii 
(■:iii:i(iiaM  loss  by  nre  with  that  uf  Kuiop. 
pre. 111. -111.   with  method   f.)r  .T^uliiMtinK  s: 


-Evil.-  attailu-(i  tu  Ihf  huusiiiB 


PRINCE     EDWARD     HOTEL.     BRANDON.       I'l.itt     ^-     U.'ss.     .\  i<tilt.-(ts 

COMPETITIVE    DESIGN    FOR    CITY    HALL.    IVIOOSE   JAW.   SASK 

NEW    WEST    END    Y.M.C.A..    TORONTO.       Burke.    Horwood    &    White.    Architects. 

COLONIAL    ARCHITECTURE.— II.      By    Thom.is   W.    Ludlow    


CURRENT     TOPICS     

Lightii,?;    ..1     Italian    villas -K.Nhil.ilion    hall    to    he    eieete.l     in     Paris-Ue.noval    of 


Luxembourg    Museum— Kaihir 
WinnipcK.   1P13. 


ill    aroustieal     properties— Klec-tion     of     Ma 


TOWN    PLANNING    IN    GREAT    BRITAIN.       By    Thomas    Ada 

REPORT   OF    A. I. A.    TOWN    PLANNING    COMMITTEE    

TRADE     NOTES    


Full  Page  Illustrations 


LE    PALAIS    DE    JUSTICE.    BRUSSELS.    BELGIUM     

PRINCE     EDWARD    HOTEL.    BRANDON     (Main    Facade) 

PRINCE    EDWARD    HOTEL.    BRANDON    (Rotunda)     

TWO     EXAMPLES    OF    AMERICAN     DOMESTIC     WORK 

TWO     EXAMPLES    OF     FRENCH     WORK     

WILLIAM     M.     RICE    INSTITUTE.    HOUSTON.    TEXAS    ., 
GREAT    STAIR.     CARLTON     HOUSE,     ENGLAND     


.  Frontispiece 


H.    GAGNIER,    Limited,    Publishers 

GRAPHIC  ARTS  BUILDING,  TORONTO.  CANADA 

BR.4NCH    01-I-~ICES  : 

MONTREAL  WINNIPEG  CHICAGO  NEW  YORK 


,"* 


A 


LONDON,  ENG. 


n 


Fees  for  aichitecls — Is  the  pnuciple  uitderlviiig 
the  remuneration  of  architects  Tvrong,  or  should 
he   be   paid   for   knoTi'ledge   and   experience? 


FOR  SOME  TIME  the  architects  have  been  dis- 
cussing the  present  method  of  charging  for  their 
services.  It  is  a  condition  unsatisfactory  to  the  profes- 
sion at  large  and  in  a  fev^'  instances  has  become  a  per- 
sonal matter  with  the  individual  himself.  Quite  a 
number  of  prominent  architects  have,  through  then- 
artistic  temperament  and  practical  ability,  reached  a 
position  enabling  them  to  demand  whatever  fee  they 
deem  advisable.  Others  equally  as  capable  must 
content  themselves  with  a  certain  fixed  amount  similar 
to  that  demanded  by  the  incompetent  designer.  Con- 
sequently the  question  arises:  shall  the  architect, 
similar  to  members  of  other  professions,  be  paid  for 
his  training  and  true  worth  or  held  to  a  slavish 
pittance  hardly  worth  his  best  and  conscientious 
efforts  when  times  are  good  and  insufficient  to  meet 
the  actual  cost  of  maintaining  his  office  when  reverses 
set  in?  If  it  IS  decided  to  let  experience  and  ability 
set  the  standard  the  question  arises,  how  can  this  be 
accomplished?  At  present  we  discountenance  the 
architect  who  accepts  work  at  a  reduced  figure. 
Assemblies  and  conventions  have  passed  by-laws 
regulating  a  minimum  fee  and  condemning  the  prac- 
tice for  a  less  profit.  Yet  in  spite  of  this  a  large 
amount  of  building  is  being  done  by  men  who  have 
compromised  themselves  and  their  profession  by  cut- 
ting the  standard  charge.  In  a  recent  address  before 
the  Vancouver  architects,  J.  L.  Putnam  expressed 
the  idea  that  a  safe  rule  for  minimum  charge  would 
be  to  add  two  or  three  per  cent,  above  the  actual  cost, 
said  sum  to  become  the  architect's  bonus.  As  to  the 
size  of  the  fees,  he  believes  that  it  depends  upon 
ethical  points  underlying  the  practice  of  architecture: 
we  should  have  a  proper  appreciation  of  our  profes- 
sion and  command  the  respect  of  our  clients;  there 
should  be  a  strict  and  unselfish  co-operation  among 
the  various  members;  a  disciplinary  measure  should 
be  administered  to  the  member  who  violates  the  obli- 
gations established.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  chaotic 
condition  will  soon  disappear  and  each  architect  will 
reel  that  his  remuneration  warrants  his  very  best 
efforts. 


n 


Enormous  loss  hv  fires  m  Canada — Compari- 
son with  European  countries — Causes  for  such 
a  contrast  with  remedies  to  counteract  same. 


OFFICIAL  REPORTS  present  mteresting 
and  surprising  data  in  regard  to  fires.  The  average 
annual  cost  per  capita  is  $3.07  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  and  $3  in  the  United  States;  a  startling 
fact  when  we  realize  that  it  is  only  33  cents  per 
capita  in  European  countries.  This  waste  may  be 
appreciated  all  the  more  if  we  consider  that  our  loss 
on  this  continent  is  $500  per  minute.  Franklin  H. 
Wentworth,  secretary  of  the  National  Fire  Protec- 
tion Association,  speaking  on  this  subject  at  the  Can- 
adian Manufacturers'  meeting  in  Toronto,  pictured 
our  people  as  a  race  of  spenders,  wasteful  in  every- 
thing and  extremely  careless  to  the  destructive  effects 
of  fire.  Among  the  various  causes  for  large  con- 
flagrations may  be  cited  the  inflammable  material 
scattered  throughout  factories  and  other  buildings; 
the  flimsy  construction  of  walls  and  open  stairways; 
wooden  structures,  etc.  The  members  of  the 
N.F.P.A.  are  to  be  highly  commended  for  their  con- 
sistent efforts  in  eliminating  this  needless  and  bitter 
loss.  They  endeavor  to  make  the  business  man  see 
the  wisdom  of  segregating  all  loose  material  in  special 
rooms;  they  encourage  the  building  of  fireproof  walls 
and  doors;  they  emphasize  the  need  of  enclosing  the 
stair  halls  and  elevator  shafts.  At  present  they  have 
one  hundred  and  sixty  newspapers  using  their  month- 
ly bulletins.  They  are  entering  a  strenuous  campaign 
against  the  dangerous  manner  of  celebrations  and 
encouraging  the  use  of  asbestos  in  Christmas  decora- 
tions. Thirty  of  the  United  States  have  a  Fire  Pro- 
tection Day  to  teach  the  grown-up  people  as  well  as 
the  children  the  ordinary  caution  necessary  for  their 
own  safety.  It  is  very  evident  that  if  we  are  to  pre- 
vent the  people  of  Canada  from  paying  for  the  enor- 
mous losses  by  fire  we  must  all  become  active.  The 
citizen  must  feel  that  his  careless  use  of  the  match 
which  lights  everywhere  is  responsible  for  part  of  the 
high  cost  of  living.  The  builder  and  contractor  must 
finish  each  structure  with  every  thought  of  future 
conflagrations.  The  architect  must  impress  his  client 
with  the  absolute  need  of  fireproof  buildings, 
equipped  with  the  sprinkler  system  and  all  safety 
devices  known  to  the  profession. 


CONSTRUCTION 


n 


The  housing  problem — Evils  attached  thereto, 
together  mlh  a  means  of  eradicating  same  for 
the  beliermenl  of  ever^hod})  concerned. 


"A  FEW  MONTHS  AGO  a  gentleman  was 
showing   me   over  the   beautiful   residential   district 
of  an   attractively   small  city.      After   an  hour  or 
two  of  this  I  said,  'Now  let  me  see  how  the  other 
half  lives.'    'The  other  half  ?'he  replied;  'why,  there 
isn't  any  to  speak  of.     I  don't  believe  we  have  got  a 
tenement  house  in  this  whole  town.'    I  have  no  doubt 
he  was  right,  but  for  all  that  in  ten  minutes  we  were 
in  a  quarter  of  the  city  which  in  some  respects  was  as 
wretched  and  miserable  as  the  heart  of  the  tenement 
house  district  in  New  York  or  Bost>:.n.     We  stood 
m  front  of  a  row  of  five  small,  low,  two-story  wooden 
buildings,  neatly  painted  a  bright  yellow  and  alto- 
gether not  a  bad  looking  collection  of  dwellings,  but 
going    behind    them,    there    was    a   different    scene. 
These  five  houses  held  about   forty  people.      The 
only  water  supply  for  them  all  was  a  single  hydrant 
in  the  yard,  the  only  convenience  for  the  disposal  of 
waste  was  beside  the  hydrant  and  naturally  the  yard 
was  swimming  with  slops  and  dish-water;  the  only 
toilets  were  two  or  three  open  privies  also  in  the  yard, 
and  in   fact   the   ordinary   requirements   for   decent 
living  were  all  in  the  yard,  and,  as  nearly  always 
happens  in  such  cases,  the  conditions  were  indescrib- 
ably filthy." 

Such  is  the  condition  of  small  cities  cited  by  Elmer 
S.  Forbes,  chairman  of  the  Housing  Committee  of 
Massachusetts  Civic  League.  This  is  a  phase  of  the 
housing  problem  pertaining  to  our  Provinces  as  well 
as  the  States,  and  as  such  merits  careful  considera- 
tion. Too  often  is  the  housing  reform  movement  con- 
nected with  the  tenement  districts.  It  is  time  for  us 
to  reahze  the  need  of  a  strenuous  reform  in  the  un- 
healthy and  sordid  surroundings  of  our  small  homes 
and  emulate  the  wholesome  and  artistic  treatment 
encouraged  throughout  the  various  sections  of  Eng- 
land. 

The  essentials  of  better  living  are  within  the  reach 
of  all.  There  is  no  need  of  the  miserable  housing 
conditions  which  exist  throughout  the  Dommion; 
there  is  plenty  of  room,  fresh  air  and  incentives  to 
make  our  dwellings  devoid  of  dirt  and  disease.  The 
landlord  must  see  to  it  that  the  back  of  his  speculat- 
ive building  is  sanitary  in  every  respect  and  capable 
of  being  made  a  haven  of  attractiveness  to  the  tenants 
and  not  a  breeder  of  sickness  and  crime. 

Too  often  the  dirt  without  is  productive  of  similar 
conditions  within.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  the  places 
are  overcrowded  and  unsanitary  conditions  exist 
when  we  see  all  about  us  the  picture  so  forcibly 
stated  by  Mr.  Forbes?  If  a  large  number  of  degen- 
erates, ignorants  or  careless  people  continue  to  men- 
ace the  health  of  our  communities  it  behooves  those 
in  authority  to  take  emphatic  measures,  and  by  doing 
.so  insure  protection  to  others  who  are  endeavoring 
lo  make  their  homes  and  surroundings  beautiful  and 
sanitary. 


The  existing  evils  can  be  easily  remedied.  Laws 
must  be  passed  enabling  the  people  in  power  to  in- 
vestigate and  act  accordingly.  If  necessary  the 
amount  of  space  for  each  person  should  be  allotted; 
a  minimum  size  of  windows  given  to  stated  areas; 
sufficient  fater  supply  to  meet  existing  needs;  and 
proper  sewerage  disposal.  The  fault  does  not  rest 
upon  the  lack  of  inspectors  and  organizations  inter- 
ested in  reform  as  much  as  it  does  upon  their  effici- 
ency. The  officials  are  amply  able  to  handle  the 
work  if  they  are  made  to  understand  that  the  laws 
must  be  enforced.  And  it  has  been  evidenced  more 
than  once  that  the  people  must  act  forcibly  if  they 
wish  to  eliminate  unwholesome  conditions. 

Another  danger  pointed  out  is  the  wooden  three 
or  four  family  flats.  This  type  of  building  is  becom- 
ing well  established  in  the  States  and  is  fast  encroach- 
ing upon  our  own  cities.  The  main  objections  to 
this  offspring  of  real  estate  companies  and  unprin- 
cipled architects  and  builders,  are  the  flimsy  con- 
structional features,  the  fire  hazards  and  the  loss  in 
value  of  neighboring  lots. 

The  following  examples,  culled  from  daily  news- 
papers, are  similar  to  many  within  the  experience  of 
everyone:  "A  citizen  built  a  beautiful  house  within 
an  area  of  50,000  square  feet  of  land — and  presently 
found  himself  confronted  by  a  garage."  "A  gentle- 
man expended  $1  7,000  on  his  place,  and  by  and  by 
a  fellow  citizen  built  a  row  of  seven  one-story  shacks 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  street.  A  third  citizen 
whose  property  cost  him  $50,000,  awakened  one 
morning  to  find  a  Chinese  laundry  in  the  basement 
adjoining  his  own,  and  the  selling  price  of  his  estate 
was  reduced  by  an  unscrupulous  neighbor  to  $15,- 
000.  A  comfortable  house  was  built  on  a  generous 
lot  and  adorned  with  trees  and  shrubs.  Shortly  after 
a  speculator  planted  a  flimsy  fire-trap  of  a  three- 
decker  within  a  few  feet  of  the  former's  lot  line, 
cutting  off  the  sunlight  and  robbing  the  owner  of 
half  the  savings  of  a  lifetime." 

The  same  unsanitary  conditions  exist  in  the  city 
as  are  found  in  the  small  towns.  Only  the  number 
of  them  in  the  cities  augment  the  need  of  reform.  It 
is  necessary  to  change  dark  hallways  and  rooms  for 
fresh  air  and  sunlight;  to  furnish  proper  sanitation 
for  wet  and  squalid  yards;  to  eradicate  the  dirt  and 
overcrowded  quarters  with  cleanliness  and  freedom. 
The  speculator  must  learn  to  consider  the  value  of 
his  tenants  both  as  to  their  health  and  their  need  of 
ample  protection  from  fire. 

We  heartily  agree  with  the  statement  that  the  one 
way  to  correct  this  evil  is  to  wipe  out  the  distinction 
between  tenement  and  private  houses,  bringing  them 
all  under  one  general  housing  law.  This  has  been 
tried  and  found  successful  in  every  instance.  It  is 
time  for  our  inspectors  to  weigh  carefully  the  respon- 
sible position  in  which  they  are  placed  and  see  to  it 
that  the  people  as  a  whole  are  free  from  the  care- 
lessness of  others.  If  they  show  their  inability  to 
cope  with  the  situation  then  the  citizens  must  bring 
about  a  condition  whereby  the  laws  will  be  adminis- 
tered to  the  total  extinction  of  such  existing  evils. 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


Prince   Edward   Hotel,    BrandoQ,   Man. 


PRATT   &    ROSS.    Architects. 


A  MOST  interesting  problem  had  to  be  worked 
out  in  the  planning  of  the  Prince  Edward 
Hotel.  The  general  scheme  included  a 
terminal  railway  station  approximately  two  hundred 
feet  long  in  connection  with  the  main  structure.  A 
solution  was  finally  reached  whereby  the  guests  can 
enter  the  main  rotunda  through  a  rear  entrance  lead- 
ing direct  from  the  concourse. 

This  building  is  typical  of  the  high  class  work 
that  is  being  done  throughout  the  Western  Provinces. 
It  is  built  of  reinforced  concrete  construction  through- 
out, with  exterior  walls  of  Tyndall  stone  and  Roman 
brick.  There  is  a  frontage  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty  feet  by  one  hundred,  while  the  height  is 
eighty-two  feet,  consisting  of  six  stories  and  a  base- 
ment. 

Erected  by  the  Canadian  Northern  Railway  for 
the  accommodation  of  travellers,  especially  sales- 
men, it  is  equipped  with  modern  improvements  and 
decorated  in  an  especially  attractive  style.  In  the 
basement  are  located  the  billiard  room,  barber  shop, 
public  baths,  lavatories,  storeroom,  laundry  and 
machinery  room.  Provision  is  also  made  for  a  future 
grill  room  and  cafe.  On  the  ground  floor  adjoin- 
ing the  station  is  the  barroom,  finished  in  oak,  with 
red  tile  floors.  The  rotunda  is  situated  in  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  hotel  and  fronts  on  the  two  streets. 
It  is  76  by  62  feet  and  provides  for  the  main  office, 
manager's  office,  check  room,  news  stand,  telephone 


with  hand  painted  wall  decorations.  This  room  is 
free  from  columns  so  as  to  give  an  unobstructed  floor 
for  assemblies.  It  is  one  of  the  best  interiors  in  the 
West.  The  chairs  are  upholstered  in  a  specially  de- 
signed tapestry  fabric;  the  electric  ceiling  fixtures  are 
comprised  of  satin  finish  brass  work  and  crystal 
drops;  the  draperies  are  made  of  heavy  Sundour 
fabric  with  sun-proof  lining;  while  the  window  is 
covered  with  French  "filet"  lace  panels  mounted  on 
heavy  quality  serim.  To  the  rear  of  the  dining  room 
IS  the  kitchen,  35  x  39  feet,  pantries,  bake  shop,  etc. 
The  private  dining  room  is  probably  the  most  unique 
room  in  the  house,  being  decorated  and  furnished  in 
the  Jacobean  period.  The  woodwork  is  of  early 
English  oak  and  the  hand  painted  panels  depicting 
mounted  knights  of  the  Jacobean  times.  The  fire- 
place, with  carved  woodwork,  lends  a  cheerful 
aspect.  The  main  stairway  of  marble  treads  is  cov- 
ered with  Khorassam  rugs  to  the  floor  above. 

The  drawing  room  on  the  first  floor,  32  by  48 
feet,  IS  decorated  and  furnished  in  Adam's  period. 
The  furniture  is  of  solid  mahogany,  comprising 
daxenports,  fireside  chairs,  reception  chairs,  mahog- 
any pedestal  lamps,  consul  tables,  fireplace,  electric 
fixtures.  The  over-curtains  and  lambrequins  are  of 
French  pan  mohair,  lined  with  non-fading  silk;  the 
walls  of  this  room  are  papered  in  silk  of  the  same 
design  as  the  draperies;  the  under-curtains  are  of 
point  Venisse  lace;  while  the  rugs  are  of  Royal  Wil- 


[u,,.  Lfc:; 


l^tm: 


and  telegraph  offices.  The  rotunda  is  furnished  with 
solid  quarter-cut  oak  davenports,  easy  chairs,  smok- 
ing chairs  and  smoker's  tables,  with  a  section  set 
apart  for  writing  tables.  The  draperies  and  lambre- 
quins are  of  heavy  Sundour  fabric  with  applique 
trimming  following  the  design  of  frieze  decorations. 
To  the  west  of  the  rotunda  is  the  main  dining 
room,  39  by  63  feet,  which  is  panelled  in  mahogany 


ton.  Adjoining  the  drawing  room  is  the  writing 
room,  fitted  with  tables  and  desks,  warm  oriental  rugs 
and  window  draperies  of  lace  panel  "filet."  This 
room  opens  on  to  the  front  balcony. 

One-half  of  the  bedrooms,  one  hundred  in  num- 
ber, are  arranged  en  suite,  supplied  with  private 
baths.  The  finish  is  in  mahogany  and  fumed  oak 
with   floors  of  heavy  Wilton  carpet 


CONSTRUCTION 


r.Ai;    \XD  111;  \\\  ixr,  kdo^i?. 
PRINCE   EDWARD    HOTEL,    BRANDON,    MANITOBA. 

rHATT    &    KIlSS.    ARCIIITIXTS. 


CONSTRUCTION 


DININC,    ROIIMS 


PRINCE  EDWARD  HOTEL,  BRANDON,  MANITOBA. 

PKATT   &    ROSS.    ARCHITKCTS. 


C  O  A'  S   T  R   I'  C   T  I  O  N 


Competitive   Design   for   the   City   Hall, 
Moose  Jaw,   Sask. 


C.  H^  BOYLES. 


/-|-nHE  successful  competitors  for  the  City  Hall  at 
I  Moose  Jaw  have  been  announced.  First 
prize,  John  D.  Atchinson  &  Co.,  Winnipeg; 
second  prize.  Maw  &  Drewitt,  Toronto;  third  prize. 
Sharp  &  Brown,  Toronto;  fourth  prize,  Charles  S. 
Cobb,  Toronto.  The  conditions  of  the  programme 
are  well  presented  and  have  obtained  very  satisfac- 
tory results.  An  unusual  problem  confronted  the 
designer,  who  had  to  plan  the  building  over  the 
bed  of  an  old  stream  which  had  been  dramed 
at    some     former     period. 

The  accompanying  illustra- 
tions show  the  manner  in 
which  each  contestant  ana- 
lyzed the  programme.  The 
individual  characteristics  of 
each  architectural  firm  has 
been  given  considerable  free- 
dom, although  advised  in  the 
terms  of  the  competition  to 
present  an  exterior  of  a  bold, 
practical  and  digniF.ed  treat- 
ment with  a  tower  or  dome  to 
offset  the  level  appearance 
of  the  surrounding  country. 
Moose  Jaw  has  a  population 
of  approximately  25,000. 
while   the    scheme    called    for 


1:1.11c  K   rl.AN 


accommodation  to  house  a  force  necessary  for 
50,000  people.  The  competition  was  rightfully 
restricted  to  Canadian  architects. 

The  work  of  the  assessors,  who  are  held  respon- 
sible for  the  conditions  of  the  programme,  has  been 
highly  commendable.  The  board  consisted  of 
Harry  H.  Bamford,  Moose  Jaw;  F.  S.  Baker 
Toronto,  and  P.  E.   Nobbs,  Montreal. 

The  following  conditions  govern  the  erection  of 
the  building:  The  architect  is  to  make  such  changes 
in  his  competition  plan  as  shall 
be  necessary  to  meet  the  views 
of  the  Building  Committee, 
appointed  by  the  promoters. 
The  Building  Committee  may 
appoint  a  professional  engineer 
to  instal  the  power,  mechan- 
ical equipment,  heating,  ven- 
tilating, illuminating,  plumb- 
ing and  other  appliances. 

The  sum  available  for  the 
building  and  the  engineering 
(exclusive  of  furniture  and 
architect's  commissions)  is 
$225,000.  The  building,  in- 
cluding engineering,  should 
cost  about  forty  cents  per 
cube  foot. 


':^s^^-^. 


oi;m;kal  i'i..\.n  ui-  sriK  fdk  city  haul,  mhosi-  ja\v.  sask. 
11 


12 


CONSTRUCTION 


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13 


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14 


CONSTRUCTION 


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C  O  X  S   T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


15 


Conditions  Governing  the  Competition. 
Rendering:    The  drawings  shall  be  rendered  as 
follows:     All    drawings   shall    be    on    white    paper 
mounted  on  linen  or  calico.     Each  competitor's  set 
of  drawings  is  to  be  on  sheets  of  uniform  size  with 
moderate  margins.     Two  or  more  plans,  sections 
or  elevations,  are  preferred  on  one  sheet  for  the 
convenience  of  the  assessors.     The  plans  and  sec- 
tions shall  be  rendered  in  India  ink    (black,  and 
watered)  with  walls  blacked  in  solid.     The  ele- 
vations shall  likewise  be  rendered  in   India  ink, 
and  watered  ink;   pencil   and   lamp  black  wash 
may  be  used  at  will  to  present  work  on  different 
planes,  openings,  and  the  textures  of  materials  in 
elevation  and  section  drawings.     The  perspective 
drawing  may  be  rendered  in  pen  and  ink,  in  pencil 
or  in  monochrome  wash. 

Sialemenl  of  Cube:  The  competitors  shall  sub- 
mit with  drawings  a  brief,  typewritten,  unsigned 
statement  of  the  cubic  con- 
tents of  the  whole  building, 
with  explanations  of  the 
method  followed  in  \vork- 
ing  out  the  cubic  contents. 
Name  of  Author:  The 
drawings  must  have  no 
mark,  device,  ornamental 
frame  lines,  handwriting  or 
other  means  of  identifica- 
tion of  authorship.      With 

each  set  of  drawings  there  is  to  be  enclosed  a 
blank  envelope  containing  the  name  of  the  author, 
together  with  a  statement  that  the  design  and  all 
the  draTi'ings  have  been  prepared  on  his  own 
premises  under  his  personal  supervision.  These 
envelopes  will  not  be  opened  till  the  award  has 
been  made. 

7"/jc  Site:  The  site  is  at  the  western  end  of  a 
small  public  park  and  practically  \e\e\,  except 
for  the  old  bed  of  a  stream  now  drained.  The 
building  is  to  be  placed  with  the  main  front  and 
main  entrance  to  the  west. 

External  Character:  As  the  building  will  be 
exposed  all  round  to  view- 
points of  equal  importance, 
the  treatment  of  the  ex- 
tenor  IS  to  be  homogeneous 
in  character  on  all  sides. 
The  funds  at  the  disposal 
of  the  promoters  will  not 
admit  of  an  extravagant 
type  of  architecture,  and 
brick  IS  recommended  as  the 
chief  material  on  the 
facades.    The  building  shall 

not  exceed  four  storeys  and 

a  basement  in  height;  and  is  to  be  so  designed  that 
the  administrative  offices  can  be  extended  in  the 
future,  without  impairing  the  appearance  of  the 
building. 

Disqualification:     Any  infringement      of     these 


regulations  or  disclosure  of  identity  of  authorship 
to  the  assessors,  individually  or  collectively,  shall 
be  held  sufficient  ground  for  exclusion  from  the 
competition. 

Natural  Lighting:    The  assessors  will  give  weight 
to  the  question  of  disposition  and  glass  area 
;  of  windows  and  roof  lights.     Light  wells, 

fl  if  used,  must  be  of  ample  size. 

Connections  and  Circulation:  The  ar- 
rangement and  dimensions  oi  stairs  and 
corridors  are  left  entirely  to  ihe  competi- 
tors. The  assessors  will  give  due  consid- 
eration, in  making  their  awards,  to  the 
question  of  exits  and  convenient  communi- 
cations. 

Construction  and  Arrangement:  A 
thoroughly  fireproof  building  is  required 
of  a  simple  and  economical  structural  ar- 
rangement.    All  ranges  of  office  accom- 


^Tui;    in.Kv ATiov. 


WINNING  DESIGN, 


CITY  H.ALL,  MOOSE  JAW,  SASK. 


modation  should  be  planned  on  the  "unit  system"  so 
that  partitions  may  be  removed  or  altered  in  accord- 
ance with  future  re-arrangements  independently  of 
the  main  structure.  Ventilation  ducts  should  occur 
as  far  as  possible  in  inner  longitudinal  walls. 


16 


CONSTRUCTION 


C  O  N  S   T  R  U  C   T  I  O  N 


M 


r^  ff  f|  f  'f''^mf 


1^ 

11  ? 


MAIN    I-I.OIIK 


l**ty 


iTnM;i''ri 


SHARP    (i    BROWN". 
ARCHITKCTS, 


I-IUST    I'l.nilR. 


THIRD  PRIZE  DESIGN. 
CITY   HALL,   MOOSE  JAW.  SASK. 


CROSS    SECTION     OF     HALL. 


CONSTRUCTION 


The  Architect's  Services:  After  the  plans  have 
been  finally  accepted  by  the  Building  Committee, 
the  architect  shall  prepare  working  drawings  and 
specifications  and  shall  supervise  the  construction  of 
the  building.  Subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Build- 
ing Committee,  he  shall  have  control  of  all  matters 
of  arrangement,  design  and  execution. 


Drawings  and  Specifications:  All  drawings  and 
specifications  as  "instruments  of  service"  shall  remain 
the  property  of  the  architect,  but  one  record  copy  on 
tracing  linen  of  the  contract  drawings,  together  with 
a  set  of  specifications,  all  amended  to  correspond 
with  the  work  as  carried  out,  shall  be  furnished  to 
the  promoters. 


•     •      •     • 


GRiinxD    FLOOR    PLAN. 


FOURTH  PRIZE  DESIGN,  CITY  HALL,  MOOSE  JAW,  SASK. 

CHARLES    S.   Cnp,l!.    ARCHITECT. 


FIRST    FLOOR    PLAN. 


New  West   End   Y.  M.  C.  A.    Building 

Toronto 


BURKE.  HORWOOD  &•  WHITE.  Ar.-h.i 


THE  ^  oung  Men's  Christian  Association 
buildings  combine  a  large  number  of  principles 
essential  to  the  extended  scope  of  their  work. 
The  men  and  boys  must  be  made  to  feel  they  have  a 
home  in  which  are  found  the  every-day  advantages. 
Each  year  sees  a  great  change  in  the  equipment  of 
these  institutions.  No  building  appeals  to  the  young 
man  unless  it  combines  the  elements  of  a  social  club, 
an  athletic  club,  a  school,  a  church,  and  a  hotel. 

The  Y.M.C.A.  must  be  furnished  with  the  idea 
of  attractiveness  predominating.  In  addition  special 
care  should  be  taken  to  make  the  interior  convenient 
and  comfortable.  There  is  no  need  for  an  extrava- 
gant and  gaudy  treatment,  but  all  architectural  work 
should  bespeak  the  lofty  ideals  for  which  the  associ- 
ation stands.  It  should  satisfy  the  critical  and  attract 
those  whose  standard  of  true  art  is  in  need  of  edu- 
cation. 

Considerable  expense  is  attached  to  the  working 
of  the  various  departments.  Naturally  a  certain 
revenue  should  be  available  in  order  not  to  hamper 
the  work.  This  is  accomplished  by  placing  dormi- 
tories or  living  rooms  in  the  upper  stories.  Not  only 
IS  the  matter  of  expense  met,  but  the  men  are  made 
to  feel  the  homelike  atmosphere  so  necessary  in  an 
institution   that  should  appeal  to  our  better  nature. 

Another  feature  entering 
into  the  erection  of  a 
Y.M.C.A.  is  the  workman- 
ship and  quality  of  materials 
employed.  A  building  of 
this  kind  undergoes  excep- 
tionally rough  usage.  In 
order  to  minimize  the  expense 
of  maintenance  the  plan 
should  involve  the  smallest 
amount  of  travel  in  the  build 
ing,  and  be  arranged  so  as  to 
require  a  minimum  force  to 
operate  successfully. 

The  West  End  Y.M.C.A. 
meets  the  requirements  al- 
ready stated.  It  has  met  the 
needs  of  the  athlete,  the 
student  and  the  lodger.  The 
building  rises  three  stories 
above  the  basement  and  has 
a  modified  Colonial  exterior. 
Exterior  walls  are  of  red 
brick  laid  up  in  white  mortar 
joints,  depending  chiefly  up- 
on  the  color  and   execution 


for  the  general  appearance.  Indiana  limestone  is 
used  for  the  trimmings. 

Entering  through  a  \estibule  of  marble  steps  and 
marble  lined  walls  with  mosaic  borders,  one  comes 
into  the  main  lobby.  It  extends  the  full  length  of  the 
building  and  is  quite  impressive  in  its  simple  Colonial 
treatment  with  wooden  columns  and  beamed  ceiling. 
The  woodwork  is  of  quarter  cut  oak  finished  in  fume 
color.  A  \varm  buff  tone  decorates  the  walls,  while 
the  ceiling  is  finished  in  an  i\ory  tint. 

In  the  basement  the  walls  are  lined  with  buff 
pressed-face  brick  throughout  and  floors  of  maple. 
Accommodations  have  also  been  made  for  bowling 
alleys,  swimming  pool,  locker  rooms,  etc.  The  pool 
itself  is  sixty  by  twenty  feet,  concrete  construction, 
with  tile  floor  and  sides,  lighted  by  means  of  a  large 
skylight,  and  made  sanitary  by  the  introduction  of 
a  filtration  system. 

The  building  is  located  in  close  proximity  to  the 
college  grounds  and  affords  an  excellent  opportunity 
for  students  to  obtain  exceptionally  good  rooms  and 
other  advantages  at  a  moderate  cost.  Such  work 
cannot  help  but  prove  an  incentive  to  both  the  archi- 
tect and  contractor,  the  former  to  present  a  building 
of  character  and  refinement,  the  latter  to  build  it 
with  the  best  kind  of  construction  obtainable. 


:;v-\ixASiUM. 


19 


20 


CONSTRUCTION 


I'.ASKMr.NT   !'1.A.\'. 


NEW  WEST  END  Y.M.C.A.,  TORONTO. 

BURKE.    HORWOOD  &    W  IIITi:.    ARCIHTF.CTS. 


FIRST    FI.nOR    FLAX. 


CONSTRUCTION 


NEW  WEST  END  V.M.C.A.,  TORONTO 

UURKK.   HORWOOU  &    WHITi:,   ARC  U  ITIX'TS. 


CONSTRUCTION 


rwu   VII'.WS  Ol'    .MAIN    I.ORIIY. 


NEW    WEST    END    Y.M.C.A.,    TORONTO. 

BURKE,   ilURWOOD  &    WHITE.   ARCHITECTS. 


C  O  .V  S  T  R  U  C  T  J  O  \ 


23 


I'.OVS     LOIil-.V. 

NEW   WEST    END    Y.M.C.A.,    TORONTO. 

BURKE,   HORWOOD  &    WHITE,   ARCIIITIXTS. 


24 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


25 


ttf^mmfff^mBm^fimmiim^  inf  mffumi 


— ^ 


ill' I'll  I'  iViii'|i|i|i|ii'iii'.i|ii'i'i'i'iM'.iMM'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'i.'i'i'i'|i|'iii'i'i'i'i'i't'i'i'i'i'i'i'|ii'i'ii|'i'i'i'i'i'i't'ii|i|i|ii'i'i'i'i'tiC' I'l'i'jj^ 


4ft   ^' 


Colonial   Architecture — II. 


THOMAS  W,  LUDLOW,  M.A. 


THE  SETTLERS  in  the  Middle  Provinces 
were  the  most  tolerant  of  all  the  colonists,  to- 
wards religious  beliefs,  as  well  as  the  most 
eclectic  and  cosmopolitan  in  all  matters.  They 
welcomed  every  style  of  architecture  and  every  kind 
of  building  material — wood,  stone,  brick  and  stucco 
were  alike  equally  used. 

Prior  to  1  770,  pure  Palladian  designs  were  very 
rare,  although  the  details  are  all  derived  from  clas- 
sical sources.  The  buildings  are  lower  than  those 
in  New  England,  and  therefore,  as  the  accommoda- 
tions are  about  the  same,  they  cover  more  ground. 
The  plans,  however,  are  similar  and  consist  of  a 
central  stairhall  running  through  the  house,  from 
front  to  back,  with  the  rooms  opening  from  it  on 
either  side.  Few  features  are 
met  here  that  are  not  to  be  found 
in  the  settlements  to  the  north. 
The  stepped  gable,  occurring  but 
rarely  in  New  England,  is  en- 
countered frequently  from  the 
Hudson  to  the  Susquehanna. 
The  gambrel  roof  is  a  modifica- 
tion of  that  used  by  the  New 
Englanders,  and  often  includes 
two  stories.  The  upper  slope  was 
greatly  reduced  in  size  and  be- 
comes quite  insignificant  in  man\ 
cases.  The  long  lower  slope  was 
gracefully  curved,  to  soften  ib 
otherwise  hard  and  angular  out- 
line. This  treatment  is  also  i^ 
found  on  many  gable  roofs. 

In  the  large  northern  cities — 
Boston,  New  York,  Philadel- 
phia, and  Baltimore — there  grew 
up  a  distinctive  English  type  ol 
urban  residence,  executed  in  red 
brick,  laid  in  Flemish  bond.  The 
effect  of  these  structures  depends 
entirely  upon  their  proportions, 
and  the  diversified  color  of  the 
brick,  which  are  very  dark,  or 
often  blue  for  the  headers,   and 


STAIR    HAM,.     IIKWKTT    HOUSK 


the  stretchers  vary  from  a  light  red  to  buff.  The 
ornamentation  is  centered  in  the  doorway  and  crown- 
ing cornice,  above  which  dormers  appear  against  the 
sky.  The  storey  heights  are  often  marked  on  the 
facade  by  moulded  brick  string  courses.  The  en- 
trance was  treated  with  delicacy,  in  a  great  variety 
of  ways  in  which  one  or  two  orders,  without  a  porch, 
were  used.  The  door  itself  was  framed  by  fan  and 
sidelights,  consisting  of  light  cast-iron  bar  tracery,  in 
various  combinations  of  circles,  segments  and  straight 
lines,  with  foliage  at  some  of  the  intersections.  This 
was  a  direct  copy  of  the  English  method  of  lighting 
halls  in  city  houses.  There  are  still  many  fine  ex- 
amples in  the  older  parts  of  these  cities. 

The  southern  colonies  grew  up  under  entirely 
different  conditions  from  those  in 
New  England  and  the  Middle 
States.  In  the  south  the  colonists 
were  not  seeking  refuge  from 
political  or  religious  oppression. 
I  hey  were  cavaliers,  sons  of 
wealthy  gentlemen,  many  of 
them  noblemen  by  birth,  who 
sought  this  new  "paradise"  in 
ope  of  finding  gold,  to  escape 
debt,  or  some  similar  cause. 
Their  belief  was  mainly  that  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and 
their  political  ideas  were  those  of 
the  Mother  Country. 

Brought  up  on  vast  estates  at 
home,  these  gentlemen  naturally 
settled  on  large  tracts  of  land, 
and  as  the  distances  between 
these  were  great,  and  the  only 
roads  which  existed  were  bridle- 
l^aths,  each  planter  sought  to 
lave  his  estate  on  a  river  front, 
thus  ensuring  easy  means  of 
( onimunication  and  commerce. 
So  it  IS  that  the  Severn  in 
Maryland,  Goose  Creek  in  South 
Carolina,  West  River,  the  ^'ork, 
the  Potomac,  and  especially  the 


26 


c  n  \  s  T  R  r  c  T  I  o  N 


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DETAIL    UF    COLONIAL    CEILIN'C,    lOK    DINING    ROOM. 


James,  in  Virginia,  are  famous  for  their  almost  palatial  residences.  Accustomed  to  luxury  and  refinement,  the 
colonists  immediately  sought  to  reproduce  like  conditions  in  their  new  surroundmgs,  and  the  manors  of  the 
James-Shirley,  built  1700;  Westover,  in  1737;  Carter's  Grove,  in  1737,  and  Brandon,  in  1790,  show  how- 
well  they  succeeded. 

The  contemporary  English  manor  house  was  the  inevitable  model  for  these  buildings.  The  house  forms 
the  centre  of  a  symmetrical  group  of  detached  outhouses  or  wing  pavilions.  Whatever  plans  were  drawn 
were  doubtless  brought  from  England.  The  divisions  of  space  were  extremely  simple  and  the  exterior  was 
plain,  '^fiuave  and  massive.     The  openings  are  rather  high  and  narrow,  and  are  symmetrically  placed.     As  a 

rule  the  house  is  two  stones  high  above 

the  cellar,  and  the  wings  or  out-build- 
ings one  or  one  and  a  half.    The  roofs 

are  bold   and   the  chimney   stacks  are 

high.     Small,  dark  red  English  brick, 

laid  in  Flemish  bond,  from  three  to  four 

feet  thick,  were  used  on  both  the  ex- 
terior and  interior  walls.     In  many  cases 

the   alternate    exterior  bricks  were   of 

deeper  color,  or  sometimes  even  glazed. 

Flat   arches  with  voussoirs,   one  brick 

and  a  half  high,  crown  the  openings  and 

a  moulded  brick  string  course  runs  along 

at  the  second  floor  level.     The  cornice 

and  the  window  and  door  frames  are  of 

wood,  carved  with  a  few  simple  mould- 
ings. 

At  Carter's  Grove  the  old  buildings 

flanking    the    mansion    are    one    storey 

brick    houses  with   high   pitched   slate 

roofs,   pierced  on  each    side    by   three 

dormer  windows.     From  this  grew  the 

wing  pavilion  mansion.     The  outhouses 

were    first    connected    with    the    main 

building  by  an  open  arcade  as  at  Mount 

Vernon,  in  Westmoreland  County,  Va., 

and  then  joined  to  the  mansion  itself  by 

closing  the   arches,   as  at   Woodlawn, 

near  Mount  Vernon,  in  the  same  coun- 
ty.    Thus  the  H  or  the  E  shaped  plan 

was  established,   and   it  proved  to  be 

equally  successful  in  the  city  as  well  as 
iNTLRioK  DKT.Mu.  On  larger  country  estates,  as  the  Paca,  staik  detail. 


CONSTRUCTION 


27 


TIIK    i-.ci.l.    llorsK.    >  11  ARI.KSTOX.    ?.C. 


Tin;    r\L.\    iiuL^i..   AXXAPuLis.    .\r.n. 
EXAMPLES   OF   EIGHTEENTH    CENTURY   COLONIAL   ARCHITECTURE. 


28 


CONSTRUCTION 


COXSTRUCTION 


29 


tl-'r^t 

tv.-^( 

m 

!i! 

iRi 

ISIS! 

1 

1 

V 

1 

■     . 

1 

DOORWAY    AT    MAXTON.    K,l.  DOUKWAY    AT    PROVIDEXCK.    R.I. 

DETAILS   OF    COLONIAL    ENTRANCES. 


30 


CONSTRUCTION 


I  \   111  N  i.m;  ki 


Brice    and    Haiwood    houses    in    Annapolis    show. 

As  a  veranda  was  unknown  in  the  Enghsh  manor, 
it  is  an  exception  in  those  of  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
so  the  doorway  itself  was  the  chief  exterior  feature. 
It  was  treated  in  a  similar  way  to  those  in  the  North, 
two  flanking  pilasters  or  columns,  carrying  an  en- 
tablature and  pediment  or  hood,  or,  as  in  Annapolis, 
a  small  porch  with  free  standing  columns  similar  to 
those  common  in  Connecticut.  Side  lights  and  fan 
lights  were  rarely  used  in  the  South,  although  tran- 
soms are  very  frequently  encountered. 

The  Southern  interiors  show  breadth,  simplicity 
and  elegance,  the  rooms  are  square  and  well  propor- 
tioned as  to  height,  and  the  halls,  which  are  seldom 
less  than  one-third  the  total  floor  area,  are  large  and 
imposing,  running  from  the  front  to  the  rear  of  the 
house,  as  in  the  North.     The  details  and  finish  show 


more  solidity  and  formality  than  those  of  the  New 
England  and  Middle  Colonies.  The  staircases  are 
of  mahogany,  or  even  in  some  cases  stone.  Many 
walls  are  panelled-wood  to  the  ceiling,  and  the  door 
and  window  trims  are  classical,  but  are  at  times 
weakened  by  French  Rococo  influences.  The  ceil- 
ings in  the  best  examples  are  decorated  with  delicate 
plaster  relief  work.  Niches,  which  are  a  common 
Northern  feature,  were  rarely  used,  except  as  cup- 
boards. Mantle-pieces  in  marble  were  quiet,  simple 
and  classic  in  design,  while  those  in  wood  were  slen- 
der and  graceful,,  decorated  with  hand-carved  flutes 
and  beads,  with  some  delicately  modelled  design  in 
putty  on  the  prieze.  In  all  there  is  a  certain  repose, 
and  the  decoration  is  focussed,  leaving  broad,  plain 
surfaces;  nothing  is  exaggerated  and  odd  effects  are 
not  sought,  thus  the  whole  is  restful  and  refined. 


•lilLAHKLflllA.    PA. 


CONSTRUCTION 


CQNSTRUCnCM 

A-  JOURNAL-  FOR  THE  •  ARCHITECTURAL 

ENGINEERING  •  AI-JD   CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  •  OF    CANADA 


FREDERICK   REED.  EJ.tor 

H.  GAGNIER,  LIMITED.  PUBLISHERS 

rmner    Hiehmond    and    Sheppard    Streets, 
Toronto.  -  -  Canada 


BRANCH   OFFICES: 

MONTREAL     171  St.  James  Street 

WINNIPEG.  MAN.     13  Royal  Bank  Building 

LONDON.  ENG.— 17  Cockspur  St.,  S.W. 

CHICAGO     People's  Gas  Building 

NEW    YORK-156  Sth  Avenue 


THE  SUM  OF  $400,000  is  being  spent  on  the 
removal  of  the  Luxembourg  Museum  from  the  pre- 
sent building  to  larger  quarters  in  the  old  Seminary 
of  St.  Sulpice,  close  by.  The  change  is  being  looked 
foi-ward  to  with  great  satisfaction  in  art  circles,  since 
it  will  be  possible  to  arrange  the  priceless  art  collec- 
tions properly.  The  building  which  has  been  selected 
by  the  Government  for  the  purpose,  will  provide 
three  times  the  space  for  pictures  that  exists  at  present 
and  five  times  the  room  now  available  for  sculpture. 
It  will  also  have  several  galleries  for  engravings, 
which  hitherto  have  been  altogether  crowded  out. 

JOHN  M.  CARRERE,  architect,  made  the 
statement  shortly  before  his  death,  that  no  architect 
knew  the  first  thing  about  acoustics.  Unlimited 
money  and  the  best  talent  have  been  lavished  on 
public  buildings  w^hich,  when  completed,  proved  to 
be  failures,  acoustically  speaking,  as  for  example, 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine,  the  New 
Theatre,  and  Dr.  Parkhurst's  church  in  New  York 
city.  Various  attempts  have  been  made  to  deaden 
the  echo,  but  even  these  methods  of  modifying  a 
failure  are  still  in  an  experimental  stage. 


CORRESPONDENCE — All    correspondence    should    be   addressed 

to     "CONSTHUCTION."     Corner     liii-limond     an.l     Slieppani 

.streets,    Toronto.    Canada. 
SUBSCRIPTIONS— Canada  and  Great  Britain,  $3.00  per  annum. 

United  States,   the  Continent  and  all  rostal  Union  countries. 

$4.00   per   annum,    in    advance.      Single    copies,    35c. 

ADVERTISEMENTS — ^Changes  of,  or  new  advertisements  must 
reach  the  Head  Otflce  not  later  than  the  first  of  tlip  month 
preceding  publication,  to  ensure  insertion.  Mailing  date  is 
on  the  tenth  of  each  month.  Advertising  rates  on  application. 

CONTRIBUTIONS — The  Editor  will  be  glad  to  consider  con- 
tributions deahng  with  matters  of  general  interest  to  the 
readers  of  this  Journal.  When  payment  is  desired,  this  fact 
should  be  stated.  We  are  always  glad  to  receive  the  loan  of 
photographs  and  plans  of  interesting  Canadian  work.  The 
originals   will    be    carefuU.v    preserved    and    duly   returned. 

Entered  as  Second  Class  Matter  in  the  Post  Office  at  Toronto, 
Canada. 


Vol.  6      Toronto,  January,  1913      No.   1 


CURRENT  TOPICS 

MANY  VILLAS,  pensions,  etc.,  throughout 
Italy  which  are  out  of  range  of  any  electnc-lighting 
company  are  lighted  by  private  acetylene-gas  plants. 
The  lighting  systems  and  apparatus  used  are  of 
Italian  manufacture,  coming  from  Milan  and  Turin. 
The  claim  made  by  a  Milan  manufacturer  is  that  his 
apparatus  will  operate  20-candle-power  lights  at  a 
cost  of  one  cent  per  hour. 


AN  EXHIBITION  HALL  to  cost  $10,000,- 
COO,  will  soon  be  erected  in  Paris  near  the  Military 
School  in  the  Champ  de  Mars.  The  Grand  Palais 
in  the  Champs  Elysees  is  too  small  and  has  more 
demands  upon  it  than  it  can  meet,  which  facts  have 
induced  the  Paris  municipal  council  to  consider  the 
new  Palais  des  Expositions.  Its  creation  is  largely 
the  work  of  the  Agriculture  party  in  Parliament. 


WINNIPEG  has  elected  as  mayor  for  191  3,  T. 
R.  Deacon,  manager  of  the  Manitoba  Bridge  and 
Iron  Works.  Such  a  movement  augers  well  for  a 
progressive  administration  in  civic  affairs.  The  new 
mayor,  who  was  elected  by  a  large  majority,  is 
generally  recognized  as  a  type  of  business  man  best 
fitted  to  guide  the  city's  affairs  at  this  time — a  period 
of  extreme  importance  owing  to  impending  consider- 
ation of  public  works  of  great  scope  and  the  very 
rapid  growth  of  the  city. 

♦  *     * 

UNTIL  RECENTLY  it  has  been  impo.ssible  to 
produce  a  concrete  mixture  that  would  not  absorb 
moisture.  While  carrying  on  experiments  with  a 
view  to  obtaining  a  non-absorbent,  dustless  road 
material.  L.  W.  Page,  engineer,  found  that  when 
a  heavy,  mineral  residual  oil  was  mixed  with  Port- 
land cement  paste,  it  entirely  disappeared  in  the  mix- 
ture and  did  not  separate  from  the  other  ingredients 
after  the  cement  had  hardened 

*  *     * 

HAND-MADE  BRICKS  are  being  used  in  the 
restoration  of  the  historical  Tattershall  Castle  at 
Lincolnshire.  These  bricks  are  alike  in  color  and 
size  to  those  used  during  the  fourteenth  century.  It 
is  estimated  that  over  one  hundred  thousand  brick 
will  be  necessary  to  compete  the  work. 

THE  ARCHITECTURAL  firm  of  Ross  & 
MacFarlane,  Montreal,  has  been  dissolved.  Mr. 
Ross  will  continue  the  practice  of  architecture  at  I 
Belmont  street,  while  Mr.  MacFarlane  will  open 
new  offices  in  the  new  Birks  Building  in  Phillips 
square. 


Town    Planning   in   Great    Britain 


THOMAS  ADAMS 


/. — Building  Development  prior  to  1909. 

FROM  1875  to  1909  the  control  of  building  de 
velopment  in  British  cities,  towns  and  urban  and 
rural  districts  was  chiefly  exercised  under  local 
by-laws  based  on  the  Public  Health  Act  of  1875 
and  subsequent  amended  Public  Health  Acts. 
These  public  general  Acts  have  been  supplemented 
in  many  towns  and  districts  by  local  Acts  to  meet 
special  local  needs  or  conditions.  Hence,  although 
the  control  of  sanitation  and  road  and  building  con- 
struction has  been  carried  out  in  the  main  on  identical 
lines  throughout  the  country,  numerous  authorities 
have  from  time  to  time  secured  for  themselves  special 
and  exceptional  powers.  As  a  general  rule,  however, 
the  development  of  land  has  been  regulated  by  the 
model  by-laws  of  the  Local  Government  Board, 
based  on  the  Public  Health  Acts.  These  have  been 
prepared  in  two  sets,  applicable  to  urban  and  rural 
areas  respectively. 

But  the  very  nature  of  a  code  of  rules  which  have 
to  be  generally  applied  tends  to  stereotype  develop- 
ment in  accordance  with  the  minimum  standards  laid 
down,  and  while  preventing  sanitary  ill-doing  below 
these  standards  they  do  not  encourage  sanitary  well- 
doing above  them.  Under  by-laws  an  owner  of  land 
who  IS  engaged  in  developing  his  estate  gets  no 
advantage  by  improving  on  the  least  that  is  required 
of  him,  and  local  authorities  possess  no  discretionary 
powers  to  vary  the  by-laws  to  meet  special  cases, 
however  desirable  this  variation  may  be  in  the  public 
interest. 

For  instance,  under  the  by-laws  the  standard  width 
of  roads  is  the  minimum  prescribed,  which  is  from 
36  ft.  to  45  ft.  A  case  might  arise  in  which  an 
authority  desired  to  have  a  60  ft.  street,  but  was 
willing  to  allow  a  smaller  width  than  the  minimum 
on  some  other  purely  residential  streets  if  the  owner 
of  the  land  proposed  to  be  developed  gave  the  extra 
land  and  the  additional  cost  required  for  the  wider 
road,  but  naturally  no  such  arrangement  can  be 
authorized  under  a  code  of  rules  applicable  to 
general  conditions. 

In  spite  of  these  natural  disadvantages  the  British 
by-laws  have  secured  a  very  high  standard  of  road 
construction,  a  comparatively  satisfactory  minimum 
of  air  space  and  very  efficient  control  of  sanitation. 
This  is  proved  by  the  increasing  improvement  in  the 
general  public  health,  notwithstanding  the  expansion 
of  cities  and  the  depletion  of  rural  districts,  with  the 
consequent  increasing  concentration  of  the  population 
on  the  land. 

But  of  course,  the  experience  gained  during  the 
period  in  which  by-laws  have  operated  has  taught 

•Paper  read  at  the  recent  international  convention  lield  in 
Berlin,  Germany,  by  Mr.  Adams,  who  is  a  member  of  the  Gov- 
ernment Board  of  England  tor  the  administration  of  the  Town 
Planning  Act. 


certain  lessons  and  has  indicated  along  what  lines 
further  progress  can  be  made.  From  the  point  of 
view  of  convenience  of  traffic  the  by-laws  have  not 
prevented  main  arterial  roads  being  made  too  narrow 
for  public  requirements,  and  it  is  considered  that  they 
have  not  given  local  authorities  sufficient  control  over 
the  direction  and  situation  of  streets,  or  over  the  pre- 
vention of  cul-de-sacs.  From  the  point  of  view  of 
health  the  fact  that  the  by-laws  have  raised  the  cost 
of  developing  land  by  insisting  on  a  fairly  high 
standard  of  road  construction  and  sanitation  has 
tended  to  encourage  rather  than  to  discourage  the 
concentration  of  dwellings  on  developed  areas,  with 
the  resulting  narrow  frontages  and  deep  back  pro- 
jections that  shut  out  sun  and  air  from  parts  of  the 
houses.  From  the  point  of  view  of  amenity,  the 
absence  of  bargaining  power  on  the  part  of  the  local 
authorities  has  prevented  them  from  agreeing  to  the 
preservation  of  trees  in  streets,  or  from  securing  the 
provision  of  open  spaces  in  exchange  for  giving  up 
some  lesser  advantage.  Some  public  men  have  urgea 
that  by-laws  should  be  framed  on  more  elastic  lines 
to  meet  such  special  cases,  but  there  are  obvious 
difficulties  in  following  this  advice.  From  these 
observations  it  will  be  noticed  that  by-laws  have 
operated  in  a  very  limited  sense  in  controlling  the 
planning  of  areas  according  to  schemes  agreed  be- 
tween the  local  authorities  and  owners. 

//. — Garden  Cities  and  Garden  Suburbs. 
Side  by  side  with  the  experience  of  the  limitations 
of  by-law  control  a  series  of  interesting  and  useful 
practical  experiments  have  been  in  progress  of  de- 
velopment in  England  during  the  past  ten  years. 
Garden  cities  and  suburbs  are  essentially  an  English 
creation,  and  the  first  important  example  of  this 
method  of  development  was  the  garden  village  of 
Bournville,  established  near  Birmingham  as  the 
result  of  the  enterprise  of  Mr.  George  Cadbury  and 
his  family.  These  schemes  have  been  a  growing 
force  in  Britain  and  have  had  a  considerable  influence 
in  promoting  town  planning  as  it  is  understood  in  that 
country.  One  of  the  underlying  principles  of  the 
movement  was  the  predetermined  planning  of  the 
sites  proposed  to  be  developed. 

The  establishment  of  garden  cities,  i.e.,  towns  of 
a  self-contained  character  built  up  from  the  beginning 
in  rural  areas,  was  first  advocated  by  Ebenezer 
Howard  in  his  book  called  "To-morrow;"'  and  as 
the  outcome  of  this  advocacy  a  first  experiment  is 
already  well  on  its  way  to  successful  consummation 
at  Letchworth,  34  miles  from  London.  Its  economic 
basis  rests  on  taking  advantage  of  the  growing  tend- 
ency of  manufacturers  to  move  out  from  crowded 
centres  to  rural  and  partly  rural  areas  and  to  obtain 
the  advantage  of  the  resulting  conversion  of  land 
having  an  agricultural  value  into  land  having  a  build- 
ing value.     The  basis  is  sound  if  the  conversion  can 


32 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


3i 


be  made  rapid  enough  to  prevent  too  great  a  leakage 
of  capital  in  loss  of  interest  on  the  first  cost  of  lands 
and  works  of  development.  Letchvvorth  may  have 
"hung  fire"  too  long  to  be  likely  to  succeed  as  well 
as  its  promoters  anticipated,  but  it  has  overcome  the 
preliminary  difficulties  necessarily  associated  with 
the  beginnings  of  such  an  experiment,  and  has  reason- 
able prospects  of  being  a  financial  success.  It  has 
already  succeeded  in  teaching  public  men  in  Europe 
and  America  many  valuable  lessons.  More  than  a 
score  of  factories  are  now  established  in  the  new- 
town,  where  every  facility  has  had  to  be  provided 
as  the  need  for  it  arose,  and  over  7,000  people  now 
inhabit  an  area  which  consisted  of  fields  devoted 
solely  to  agricultural  purposes  about  eight  years  ago. 
The  Garden  City  movement  is  not  a  "back  to  the 
land"  movement  in  the  sense  of  inducing  the  people 
to  return  from  town  industries  to  agriculture.  On  the 
contrary  it  accepts  the  town,  and  all  that  pertains 
to  it,  as  an  inevitable  growth,  and  having  done  so 
insists  that  in  the  interests  of  posterity  that  town 
conditions  should  not  be.  as  they  need  not  be,  less 
healthy  than  country  conditions. 

One  of  the  reasons  advanced  by  Mr.  Howard  why 
new  towns  should  be  created  in  preference  to  im- 
proving old  towns  was  that  apart  from  the  great 
advantage  obtained  in  regard  to  the  cost  of  sites,  the 
planning  of  the  areas  could  be  arranged  in  advance 
to  meet  all  future  needs,  thus  avoiding  the  almost 
prohibitive  costs  which  are  necessarily  incidental  to 
schemes  of  reconstruction  in  the  older  centres.  An- 
other was  the  advantage  of  designating  certain  areas 
for  works,  other  areas  for  residences,  and  others  for 
agricultural  purposes.  A  third  was  the  understood 
rule  that  every  house  should  have  a  garden  of  reason- 
able dimensions.  In  these  three  respects  we  shall  see 
that  the  British  Town  Planning  Act  is  based  on 
principles  similar  to  those  w  hich  underlie  the  Garden 
City  movement. 

This  wider  spreading  of  the  population  has  been 
rendered  more  feasible  in  recent  years  owing  to  the 
great  improvement  in  the  means  of  transit.  One 
of  the  arguments  used  against  it  was  that  by  widen- 
ing the  circumference  of  development  the  mileage 
and  cost  of  travelling  to  and  from  the  centre  is 
increased,  but  this  objection  is  not  found  to  be  a 
serious  one  in  practice.  The  important  point  in  con- 
nection with  transport  is  the  time  spent  in  travelling 
between  two  given  points  rather  than  the  distance 
between  these  points.  In  England  we  find  that  at 
certain  secondary  centres,  ten,  twenty  or  thirty  miles 
from  the  principal  centre,  there  is  a  proportionately 
quicker  service  of  trains  than  at  the  nearer  intermedi- 
ary points,  so  that  those  living  further  away  may 
spend  least  time  in  travelling.  By  creating  secondary 
centres  some  distance  from  the  town,  arrangements 
can  be  made  to  have  accelerated  services  of  trains. 
Moreover,  by  moving  both  works  and  workers  into 
garden  cities  the  necessity  for  travelling  is  greatly 
lessened  in  some  cases  and  entirely  obviated  in  others, 
notably  in  the  case  of  those  earning  least  wages. 


Apart  from  these  facts,  the  proper  planning  of 
areas  tends  to  fill  up  the  sites  more  evenly  and  less 
in  straggling  groups  with  intervening  areas  unde- 
veloped, and  as  the  circumference  enlarges  the  popu- 
lation accommodated  between  two  given  points  in 
the  radia  become  proportionately  greater.  Therefore 
on  the  whole  a  more  healthy  and  at  the  same  time  a 
more  scientific  distribution  of  the  population  should 
not  add  materially  to  the  cost  of  travelling  in  time 
or  in  money. 

7  he  Garden  Suburb  movement  is  distinct  from  the 
Garden  City  movement  in  that  it  has  for  its  object 
the  better  housing  of  the  people  in  the  suburbs  of 
existing  towns.  In  this  respect  it  is  more  closely 
identified  with  to\vn  planning  than  the  Garden  City. 
In  the  respect  that  it  is  purely  residential  in  character 
the  Garden  Suburb  is,  howe\er,  less  like  what  an 
a\  erage  town  planning  scheme  will  be  than  a  "Gar- 
den City"  scheme.  The  Hampstead  Garden  Suburb 
IS  the  most  successful  example  of  the  garden  suburb 
created  by  private  enterprise  before  the  Town  Plan- 
ning Act  came  into  force.  Now  that  this  Act  exists 
local  authorities  can  obtain  all  the  advantages  offered 
b\-  the  private  garden  suburb  under  a  town  planning 
scheme.  Coterminous  with  the  early  stages  of  de- 
\elopment  of  garden  cities  and  suburbs,  at  a  time 
when  the  need  was  felt  for  more  elastic  and  com- 
prehensive powers  than  were  possible  under  a  code 
of  by-laws,  public  notice  was  drawn  to  the  example 
of  Germany  and  S\\  eden  in  matters  connected  with 
the  planning  of  cities.  "The  Example  of  Germany," 
a  book  written  by  Mr.  T.  C.  Horsfall,  took  a  con- 
siderable part  in  attracting  public  notice  to  this  aspect 
of  the  question,  and  since  its  publication  there  has 
been  a  constant  stream  of  visitors  to  Germany  to  in- 
spect some  of  its  beautiful  cities. 

.'\lthough  Britain  has  no  doubt  profited  by  Ger- 
many's example,  yet,  in  view  of  the  difference 
between  German  and  British  conditions,  the  British 
Planning  Act  has  of  necessity  had  to  be  cast  in  a 
very  different  mould  to  the  Prussian  Act  of  1875. 
The  former  goes  much  further  in  dealing  with  unde- 
veloped areas,  but  is  probably  much  more  limited  in 
its  scope  in  dealing  with  areas  already  built  upon. 
The  Act  of  1909. 
Part  II.  of  the  Housing,  Town  Planning,  etc.. 
Act,  1909,  was  thus  placed  on  the  statute  book  after 
a  period  of  thirty-four  years'  experience  of  the  by- 
laws, after  some  lessons  had  been  derived  from  the 
Garden  City  movement,  and  after  attention  was 
drawn  to  the  examples  set  by  other  countries,  includ- 
ing Germany. 

Town  conditions  in  Britain  are  peculiar  in  that 
the  natural  tendency  is  for  the  population  to  spread 
o\er  wider  areas  than  in  Continental  cities.  The 
same  urban  population  covers  larger  areas  in  Eng- 
land than  IS  the  case  in  Germany,  and  therefore  in 
proportion  to  the  increase  of  population  a  greater 
acreage  is  covered  every  j^ear  by  houses.  In  a  speech 
delivered  by  Mr.  John  Burns,  President  of  the  Local 
Government  Board  in  England,  to  whose  statesman- 


34 


CONSTRUCTION 


ship  the  Housing  and  Town  Planning  Act  is  due, 
he  said  that  in  every  fifteen  years  500,000  acres  of 
land  was  converted  from  use  as  agricultural  land  and 
used  for  new  houses,  railways,  factories  and  work- 
shops. The  town  planning  part  of  the  Act  of  1909 
has  for  its  chief  aim  the  controlling  of  this  new  de- 
velopment in  order  to  secure  the  objects  of  conveni- 
ence, amenity  and  proper  sanitation  in  connection 
with  it.  It  is  not  concerned  with  the  acceleration  of 
development,  but  merely  with  its  proper  control  in 
the  public  interest.  For  this  purpose  local  authorities 
may  either  promote  schemes  themselves,  or  adopt 
schemes  of  owners,  dealing  with  land  which  must 
either  be  "in  course  of  development"  or  "likely  to  be 
used  for  building  purposes."  The  Act  provides  that 
the  latter  description  may  include  land  proposed  to 
be  used  as  open  spaces,  roads,  etc.,  but  only  allows 
the  inclusion  of  land  already  built  upon,  or  that 
which  is  comprised  in  existing  open  spaces  if  these 
are  so  situate  to  the  remainder  of  the  area  that  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Local  Government  Board  they  ought 
to  be  included.  Buildings  may  not  therefore  be  in- 
cluded for  any  purposeso  lely  connected  with  them- 
selves, but  only  for  some  purpose  connected  with  a 
scheme  as  a  whole,  or  w'ith  that  part  of  it  which  deals 
with  an  undeveloped  area. 

But  buildings  may  be  demolished  or  altered  if  this 
is  necessary  to  carry  a  scheme  into  effect.  In  Britain 
we  look  to  our  Housing  Acts  to  control  the  sanitary 
condition  of  existing  property,  and  Part  I.  of  the  Act 
of  1909  added  considerably  to  the  powers  of  local 
authorities  in  this  respect.  The  town  planning  part 
of  the  Act  does  not  overlap  with  these  powers  and, 
I  have  already  pointed  out,  is  primarily  concerned 
with  proposed  and  not  with  existing  development. 

A  local  authority  has  to  make  out  a  prima  facie 
case  to  the  Local  Government  Board  before  it  can 
embark  on  the  preparation  or  adoption  of  a  scheme. 
This  case  rests  on  the  suitability  of  the  land  proposed 
to  be  planned,  its  likelihood  to  be  used  for  building 
purposes,  and  whether  any  object  of  the  Act  is  to 
be  served  by  preparing  a  scheme.  It  is  important 
to  note  as  justification  for  this  preliminary  step  that 
the  consent  of  the  Board  carries  with  it  the  power  to 
control  any  development  within  the  area  of  the  pro- 
posed scheme  while  it  is  being  prepared.  After  the 
application  of  an  authority  is  sent  to  the  Board,  or 
after  such  other  time  as  the  Board  may  fix  for  the 
purpose,  no  person  is  entitled  to  obtain  compensation 
on  account  of  any  building  erected  on,  or  contract 
made  or  other  thing  done  with  respect  to  land  in- 
cluded in  a  scheme. 

An  important  provision  in  the  Act  is  that  it 
enables  local  authorities  to  include  in  their  schemes 
land  "in  the  neighborhood"  of  their  areas  as  well  as 
withm  their  own  boundaries,  if  they  satisfy  the  Local 
Government  Board  that  such  land  should  be  includ- 
ed. Therefore  the  ordinary  artificial  boundaries  of 
towns  and  districts  do  not  necessarily  apply  to  the 
areas  of  town  planning  schemes,  and  in  the  absence 
of  co-operation  between  two  authorities  one  may  be 


able  to  make  out  a  case  for  including  part  of  the  area 
of  the  other.  While  this  power  is  given  the  Act 
appears  to  contemplate  and  provide  for  a  large 
measure  of  co-operation  between  different  local 
bodies  and  between  these  bodies  and  the  owners  of 
land.  Every  person  interested  has  to  be  notified  at 
each  stage  of  the  scheme,  and  statutory  conferences 
have  to  be  held  with  a  view  to  encouraging  co-oper- 
ative action. 

A  town  planning  scheme  may  go  so  far  as  to  in- 
clude provisions  for  suspending  enactments  contained 
in  public  general  Acts,  but  whereas  in  nearly  every 
case  the  approval  of  the  Local  Government  Board 
is  sufficient  to  make  a  scheme  operative,  in  the  case  ot 
suspension  of  enactments  a  draft  has  to  be  laid  before 
Parliament,  which  has  a  right  to  object  to  the 
scheme. 

Section  58  of  the  Act,  dealing  with  compensation, 
is  of  exceptional  interest.  Any  person  whose  pro- 
perty is  injuriously  affected  hv  the  making  of  a  ioTvn 
planning  scheme  is  entitled  to  compensation  if  he 
makes  a  claim.  The  words  in  italics  should  be  noted, 
as  they  lay  the  basis  of  any  claim  which  is  made. 
This  section  includes  the  limitation  as  to  work  done 
after  the  application  is  made  to  the  Local  Govern- 
ment Board. 

The  Act  is  probably  unique  in  providing  for  re- 
covery by  the  authority  of  half  of  any  increase  in 
the  value  of  property  which  is  due  to  the  "making 
of  the  scheme."  In  both  cases  the  question  of  de- 
preciation or  appreciation  of  the  value  of  property 
as  a  result  of  the  scheme  being  made  has  to  be  settled 
by  a  single  arbitrator  appointed  by  the  Local  Gov- 
ernment Board,  unless  the  parties  agree  on  some 
other  method. 

There  are  two  important  respects  in  which  claims 
for  compensation  are  excluded.  One  is  that  no  claim 
Construction  Adams  Town  planning  four 
can  be  made  in  respect  of  provisions  included  in  a 
scheme  when  they  are  such  as  would  have  been  en- 
forceable if  they  had  been  contained  in  local  by- 
laws. Anything  which  may  therefore  be  deter- 
mined as  reasonable  and  proper  in  a  by-law  may 
apparently  be  included  in  a  scheme  without  compen- 
sation having  to  be  paid,  even  if  injury  is  caused. 
The  second  respect  is  more  important  still,  as  it  sug- 
gests certain  positive  directions  in  which  town  plan- 
ning schemes  may  go  further  than  the  by-laws  in 
controlling  buildings  within  the  area  of  a  scheme.  I 
shall  quote  it  in  full: 

"Property  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  injuriously 
affected  by  reason  of  the  making  of  any  provisions 
inserted  m  a  town  planning  scheme,  which,  with  a 
view  to  securing  the  amenity  of  the  area  included 
in  the  scheme  or  any  part  thereof,  prescribe  the  space 
about  buildings  or  limit  the  number  of  buildings  to 
be  erected,  or  prescribe  the  height  and  character  of 
buildings,  and  which  the  Local  Government  Board, 
having  regard  to  the  nature  and  situation  of  the  land 
affected  by  the  provisions,  consider  reasonable  for  the 
purpose." 

This  sub-section  speaks  for  itself  and  indicates  the 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  /  O  N 


wide  scope  and  great  possibilities  of  the  Act  if  wisely 
applied. 

Provision  is  made  in  the  Act  for  revoking  schemes 
by  approval  of  the  Local  Government  Board,  for 
compulsory  purchase  of  land  and  for  action  of  the 
Board  in  cases  of  proved  default. 

When  a  scheme  is  approved  by  the  Local  Gov- 
ernment Board  It  has  effect  as  an  Act  of  Parliament. 
The  Board  has  prepared  a  set  of  Procedure  Regu- 
lations which  have  to  be  conformed  to  in  the  various 
stages  of  preparation,  and  has  also  power  to  prepare, 
but  has  not  yet  prepared,  a  general  set  of  provisions 
for  carrying  out  the  objects  of  the  scheme. 

Theab  ove  is  a  brief  resume  of  the  most  important 
powers  conferred  by  the  Act  of  1909  in  regard  to 
town  planning.  They  show  a  great  advance  on  the 
powers  hitherto  possessed  by  public  bodies  in  Britain 
in  connection  with  the  development  of  land.  .Added 
to  the  increased  powers  granted  by  housing  legisla- 
tion, they  should  do  much  to  help  in  solving  the  evils 
associated  at  all  times  with  the  disorderly  and  unsci- 
entific growth  of  towns.  Local  authorities  are  now 
able  to  exercise  foresight  in  determining  the  position 
and  width  of  main  arterial  roads  in  the  suburbs  of 
our  towns  before  development  takes  place;  they  are 
now  encouraged  to  exercise  judgment  in  regard  to 
the  lay-out  of  their  suburban  areas,  because  they  are 
asked  to  initiate  schemes  and  not  merely  to  see  that 
they  conform  to  general  regulations,  and  they  are 
able  to  take  a  more  active  interest  in  the  amenities  of 
their  district,  because  an  Act  of  Parliament  enables 
them  to  protect  them.  At  every  stage  in  connection 
with  town  planning  schemes  co-operation  is  suggest- 
ed, and  by  these  schemes  new  forces  will  be  set  at 
work  to  stimulate  co-operation  between  all  parties 
interested  in  the  development  of  building  land.  The 
proper  planning  of  land  development  and  the  pre- 
servation of  amenities  are  as  desirablein  the  interests 
of  private  owners  as  in  the  interests  of  the  general 
community  from  an  economical  point  of  view,  and 
from  the  point  of  view  of  public  health,  who  can 
defend  the  enormous  waste  of  vitality  and  happiness 
which  IS  caused  every  day  by  the  disorder,  the  con- 
gestion, the  overcrowding,  and  the  shutting  out  of 
the  beauties  of  nature  from  the  homes  of  the  people, 
which  have  together  been  the  result  of  the  haphazard 
growth  of  towns  in  the  past. 

Practical   lVorl(ing  of  the  Act. 

I  have  only  space  for  brief  reference  to  the  work- 
ing of  the  Act.  For  practical  purposes  it  has  only 
been  in  operation  for  little  over  a  year.  During  that 
time  it  is  estimated  that  about  100  authorities  in 
England  have  taken  preliminary  steps  with  a  view 
to  eventually  securing  the  consent  of  the  Local  Gov- 
ernment Board  to  the  preparation  of  schemes.  The 
Board  has  held  twenty  inquiries  into  schemes,  and 
has  consented  to  the  preparation  of  seventeen.  Two 
inquiries  have  also  been  held  in  Scotland  by  the 
Scottish  Local  Government  Board.  Other  applica- 
tions are  being  received,  and  the  general  indications 
are  that  the  Act  will  be  very  widely  applied  in  the 


course  of  a  ^■ery  few  years.  I  am  debarred,  by 
reason  of  my  official  position,  from  dealing  with  this 
part  of  the  subject  as  fully  as  I  think  it  should  be 
dealt  with  at  your  congress;  but  I  trust  that  on  the 
next  occasion  when  you  meet  and  when  town  plan- 
ning has  made  more  substantial  progress,  you  \vill 
have  the  working  of  Part  II.  of  the  Act  of  1909 
more  fully  dealt  with  by  another. 

Town  planning  is  a  subject  in  regard  to  which 
Germany  and  Great  Britain  may  learn  from  one 
another,  and  profit  by  each  other's  example.  In 
both  countries  we  want  to  proceed  with  some  caution, 
after  careful  research  and  tried  experience,  but  none 
the  less  boldly  after  having  convinced  ourselves  what 
are  the  right  lines  along  which  to  build  up  the  cities 
of  the  future.  The  city  is  more  than  ever  becoming 
the  nursery  in  which  civilized  races  are  reared,  and 
those  of  us  who  love  our  respective  countries  and 
desire  their  future  welfare,  can  put  our  minds  and 
hands  to  no  better  task  than  that  of  devising  means 
and  carrying  out  schemes  to  improve  the  health  con- 
ditions in  which  our  children  have  to  live. 


THE  COMMITTEE  on  Town  Planning,  in 
reporting  to  the  forty-sixth  annual  convention  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects,  recently  held  in 
Washington,  D.C..  said: 

It  is  gratifying  to  note  the  continued  interest  and 
the  growing  appreciation  of  the  value  of  town  plan- 
ning. During  the  past  year  many  cities  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  have  turned  their  attention  to  the 
subject,  some  are  taking  active  steps  to  improve  their 
water  fronts,  solve  the  railroad  problem  or  to  plan 
civic  centres.  Others  are  turning  their  attention  to 
suburban  development  and  in  a  few  more  ambitious 
instances  comprehensive  plans  are  being  prepared 
for  the  growth  and  development  of  the  entire  city. 
The  activity  in  the  various  societies  and  civic 
bodies  continues  and  lectures  on  city  planning  and 
meetings  devoted  to  the  subject  are  on  the  increase. 
The  result  of  these  activities  has  been  to  interest  the 
city  authorities  themselves  and  it  is  encouraging  to 
note  that  in  numerous  cases  the  local  city  governments 
have  espoused  the  idea,  and  recognizing  the  value  of 
technical  advice  have  appointed  expert  advisers  to 
guide  them  in  the  development  of  their  cities. 

Much  interest  has  been  shown  in  the  Town  Plan- 
ning Act  now  in  force  in  England  and  it  seemed 
possible  that  this  Act  or  a  modification  of  it  might 
serve  as  a  basis  for  a  similar  law  that  would  be  suit- 
able to  American  cities.  After  consideration,  how- 
ever, this  did  not  appear  feasible.  The  English  town 
planning  law  provides  for  a  central  body  possessing 
absolute  power  who  can  criticize  and  control  the 
plans  for  all  English  cities  which  must  be  presented 
to  it  for  its  approval.  This  does  not  appear  to  be 
possible  in  our  country.  The  conditions,  not  only  in 
different  states,  but  in  different  cities,  vary  so  greatly 
that  we  believe  it  \\ould  not  be  well  to  attempt  to 
frame  a  general  law. 


36 


C  O  \  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


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KCoi.K  i)i;s  I'.KAl'x  ARTS  i;t  i'.li:i.l(iTm:nri-:  'n:  i.a  vii.i.i:.  marsKii.i.K: 


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TWO    EXAMPLES    OF    FRENCH    WORK. 


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CONSTRUCTION 


39 


CONSTRUCTION 


CALENDARS  for  1913  have  been  received 
from  the  B.  Greening  Wire  Company  at  Hamilton, 
and  Goldie  &  McCulloch  Company  at  Gait.  These 
calendars  show  considerable  taste  in  arrangement 
and  will  prove  a  valuable  feature  for  office  use  on 
account  of  their  artistic  merit  and  pleasing  appear- 
ance. 

ESTIMATING  for  Reinforced  Concrete  Work 
is  the  title  of  a  handbook  for  measuring  and  prying 
reinforced  concrete.  It  was  compiled  by  T.  E.  Cole- 
man for  the  use  of  engineers,  architects  and  estimat- 
ors. The  items  and  prices  are  based  on  the  average 
cost  of  materials  and  labor  in  the  London  district. 
The  work  contains  154  pp.,  bound  in  cloth,  price 
4s.  net,  postage  4d.  extra.  B.  T.  Batsford,  94  High 
Holborn,  London,  publishers. 


ONE  OF  THE  MOST  important  developments 
of  the  year  in  the  hardware  and  metal  trades  was 
recently  announced  upon  the  consolidation  of  the 
Metal  Shingle  and  Siding  Co.  and  A.  B.  Ormsby 
Co.,  together  with  the  Canadian  interests  of  the  U.S. 
Metal  Products  Co.  of  New  York.  The  Metal 
Shingle  and  Siding  Co.  are  familiarly  known  to  the 
trade  in  all  parts  of  Canada  as  being  manufacturers 
of  herringbone  lath,  metal  roofings,  sidings,  ceilings, 
portable  steel  garages,  steel  buildings,  and  other 
lines  of  sheet  metal  building  goods.  A.  B.  Ormsby 
Co.  have  specialized  in  the  manufacture  of  fireproof 
doors  and  windows,  skylights,  ventilators,  factory 
sash,  etc.  The  U.S.  Metal  Products  Co.  are  large 
manufacturers  in  the  United  States  of  sheet  steel 
fireproofing  materials. 


PUMP  MANUFACTURERS  have  been 
repeatedly  asked  to  supply  a  pump  with 
electric  motor  drive  for  returning  the  condens- 
ation from  radiation  placed  below  the  water  line 
of  the  boiler.  Attention  has  been  turned  towards 
the  centrifugal  or  turbine  pump  for  this  service,  as 
there  is  so  little  expense  attached  to  both  the  first 
cost  and  the  upkeep.  The  problem  has  been  suc- 
cessfully met  in  the  "Economy"  Automatic  Con- 
densation Pump  and  Receiver,  manufactured  by 
Thomas  &  Smith,   Inc.,  of  Chicago,  Illinois. 


THE  ENGLISH  SYSTEM  of  destroying 
combustible  refuse  by  high  temperature  destructors 
has  been  adopted  in  every  quarter  of  the  world. 
One  of  the  very  few  destructors  which  have  met 
with  marked  success  in  practical  use  is  the  Sterling, 
designed  by  Messrs.  Hughes  &  Sterling,  of  London. 
For  this  continent,  the  Griscom-Russell  Company 
enjoys  full  rights  under  the  Sterling  patents.  De- 
signs, specifications  and  estimates  for  Sterling  De- 
structors of  any  desired  capacity,  and  calculated  to 
deal  with  any  description  of  municipal  and  trade 
waste,  will  be  furnished  upon  request. 


THE  Canadian  H.  W.  Johns-Manville  Co., 
Limited,  Toronto,  has  recently  secured  contracts  for 
rectifying  the  acoustical  defects  in  two  of  Toronto's 
most  imposing  edifices.  The  faulty  acoustical  pro- 
perties in  the  Legislative  Chamber  of  the  Govern- 
ment Buildings,  Queen's  Park,  have  long  been  a 
source  of  annoyance  to  our  Parliamentarians.  The 
handsome  appointments  in  the  auditorium  of  Knox 
Church,  Spadina  Avenue,  have  also  been  quite 
marred  by  a  perceptible  reverberation,  which  has 
entailed  hardship  upon  both  speakers  and  hearers. 
The  process  to  be  employed  absorbs  all  excess  of 
reverberation  and  eliminates  all  curtain  wires  or  |>ara- 
bolic  sounding  boards. 


A  REORGANIZATION  was  effected  Janu- 
ary 1st  of  the  Gutta  Percha  and  Rubber  Manufac- 
turing Company  of  Toronto,  Limited.  The  directors 
of  the  main  company  working  in  various  parts  of 
Canada  through  the  subsidiary  branches,  the  Winni- 
peg Rubber  Company,  Limited,  and  the  Vancouver 
Rubber  Company,  Limited,  decided  to  operate  all 
the  branches  under  one  name.  To  this  end,  applica- 
tion was  made  for  a  Dominion  charter  under  the 
name  "Gutta  Percha  and  Rubber,  Limited,"  with 
an  authorized  capital  of  $6,000,000.  The  new 
company  is  controlled  by  the  same  interests  and 
under  the  same  management  as  the  old.  It  has 
acquired  all  the  trade  marks,  patents,  properties  and 
good  will  of  the  old  company,  and,  as  heretofore, 
will  be  an  entirely  independent  concern  without  con- 
nection or  affiliation  with  any  other  company  in  or 
out  of  Canada. 


OF  THE  MANY  modem  improvements  that 
have  done  much  to  remove  the  feeling  of  dissatisfac- 
tion with  farm  and  country  life  by  giving  residents  in 
such  parts  conveniences  which  they  formerly  lacked, 
none  is  of  more  importance  than  the  water  supply 
system.  By  such  installation  the  comforts  and  sani- 
tary advantages  of  the  city  home  are  made  possible, 
i-^cluding  the  hot  water  tank  for  kitchen  and  laundry, 
a  direct  pipe  line  to  dairy  and  barn,  and  what  is 
still  more  essential,  the  modern  bath  room  with  its 
tub,  water  closet  and  basin.  At  the  present  time  a 
most  reliable  and  efficient  system  of  this  kind  is  being 
installed  in  Camda  by  the  Canadian  Fairbanks 
Company.  This  system  consists  of  an  air-compressor 
which  may  be  driven  by  a  small  gasoline  engine  or 
electric  motor,  an  air-tight  steel  tank  for  air  storage, 
and  an  auto-pneumatic  pump  for  each  source  of 
water  supply.  One  of  the  advantages  of  this  system 
lies  in  the  fact  that  the  air  storage  tank  can  be  located 
wherever  convenient  since  the  compressed  air  can  be 
piped  from  any  distance. 


GONSTOJCnON 


V  OL.  VI 


NO.  2 


CONTENTS    FOR    FEBRUARY,    1913 


EDITORIAL 

Th,-    H.il 


ar    in    rcKanl    tu    tlu'    .Icsliuclioii    of 

nil   [.,  Ill,-  lutuic  londitiDii  of  anhit.'i-ture 

e    th>-    U,l.l;,A.    in    London I'ity    i.laniiins 

l.ioviri.rs Rapiil     )>H'-«'>-s>-     "I     bliii.lilli;     i 


Tin-    I'.alkan    war    in    its 

ilian  arihiliM-tuie  presented 
liMit  throiLslKut  the  Cana- 
ry    part     of    tilt     Dominion. 


THE     RITZ-CARLTON     HOTEL    

EUROPEAN    TURKEY.  — I.      By    F.    R.    Major    

COLONIAL    ARCHITECTURE.— III.       By    Thomas    W.    Ludlov 


CURRENT    TOPICS     

Plans    for    ?:f.r.iMi. penitentiary    at    .loliet.    111. Concrete    radiators    in    r.t 

Monument     to     General     Wolfe Federal     Square      ii      London.     Diil 

Annual    meeting    of    Quebec     .\ssociation    of    Arcliiteets InauKural    addr 

-\la\or   at    llerlin.    Ont. 


WIND    PRESSURE    ON    BUILDINGS.      By    Albert   Smith    . 
CODE    OF    ETHICS    FOR    VANCOUVER    ARCHITECTS 


Full   Pa^e  Illustrations 


RITZ-CARLTON      HOTEL      Frontispiece 

RITZ-CARLTON    HOTEL    (Exterior    view)     45 

RITZ-CARLTON    HOTEL    (Detail    of    Ball    Room)    51 

MOSQUE     OF     SANTA    SOPHIA     56 


SPIRES    ON    COLONIAL    CHURCHES     

IFORD  MANOR.  BR  A  DFORD- ON  -  A  VON.  ENGLAND 
BERRY  BROTHERS'  OFFICE  BUILDING.  DETROIT 
L'OPERA     COMIQUE.     PARIS      


64 


H.    C;AGNIER,    LimitL^d,    Publishers 

GRAPHIC    ARTS     BUILDI.VJG.   TORONTO,   CANADA 

HR.ANCH    OFFICES  : 

WINNIPEG  CHICAGO  NEW  YORK  LONDON,  ENG. 


MONTREAL 


RITZ-CARLION    HOTEL,    MONTREAL,   CAN. 


n 


The  Balican  Tva: — Its  s\:mpathclic  side — Tlie 
disastrous  results  to  the  political  situation  a.- 
n>ell  as  in  the  field  of  art. 


g 


The  Balkan  War — W l\at  mieresl  it  has  to  the 
arctntect — 1  lie  tremendous  cost  to  commer- 
cialism and  to  the  fine  arts. 


THE  HEARTFELT  SYMPATHIES  of  all 
thinking  people  must  he  with  the  Balkan  nations  in 
the  present  struggle  of  the  Cross  against  the  Crescent. 
It  is  a  contest  waged  in  the  interest  of  right,  of  free- 
dom from  massacre  and  oppression.  For  many  cen- 
turies the  cruelty  of  the  Turks  has  been  the  shame 
of  all  European  countries.  And  what  could  be 
more  of  a  reprimand  to  these  powerful  Christian  na- 
tions than  the  clean  cut  victories  of  Bulgaria,  Ser\ia 
and  Greece?  Their  efforts  should  instill  into  these 
supposedly  enlightened  nations  traits  of  justice  and 
honor  instead  of  their  present  jealous  and  covetous 
natures.  Aside  from  the  cause  of  right  and  ultimate 
beneficial  results  there  is  great  danger  ahead.  It  is 
in  the  realm  of  art  where  this  fear  lies.  The  Turks 
have  religiously  guarded  their  sacred  architecture.  In 
one  instance  they  destroyed  many  holy  relics  for  fear 
of  Christian  contamination,  at  another  time  through 
superstitious  sentiment  they  filled  in  their  finest  ex- 
ample of  gateways,  leaving  only  traces  of  its  former 
grandeur-  In  the  event  of  the  Turks'  religious  zeal 
running  rampant  through  the  encroachment  of  Chris- 
tian nations,  we  may  look  for  nothing  less  than  a 
wholesale  destruction  of  art.  Little  else  could  be 
expected  than  a  complete  demolition  of  mosques, 
palaces,  etc.  The  finest  example  of  Christian  archi- 
tecture to-day  is  judged  to  be  St.  Sophia,  and  reports 
have  it  that  this  wonderful  structure  is  undermined. 
How  much  truth  is  attached  to  this  we  do  not  know, 
but  it  is  an  established  fact  that  the  1  urks  will  never 
allow  a  foreign  creed  to  defile  the  inner  sanctum  of 
their  religious  edifices.  What  a  loss  to  the  world  if 
this  centre  of  Byzantine  art  should  become  a  memory 
of  the  past — if  its  ancient  ruins  of  Constantine  the 
Great;  its  relics  of  the  glorious  reign  of  Justinian; 
its  vast  creations  under  Mohammed  II.;  its  splendor 
of  Suleiman  the  Great;  all  should  perish  with  the 
elimination  of  the  Turkish  power  in  Europe?  No 
more  will  their  faith  in  Mohammed  enable  them  to 
regain  their  former  glory — with  all  their  sacred 
temples  destroyed,  their  spirit  cowed  by  the  Euro- 
pean display  of  strength,  they  will  die,  as  they  lived, 
inseparable  from  the  glories  of  their  religious  beliefs. 


DOES  THE  BALKAN  WAR  and  the 
ultimate  result  interest  the  Canadian  architect? 
Most  emphatically,  yes.  Aside  from  the  loss  ot  art, 
the  world's  progress  in  civilization  and  commercial- 
ism will  be  interrupted  tor  centuries,  should  the 
present  conflict  terminate  in  a  general  European 
war.  The  Turks  will  undoubtedly  be  conquered, 
but  will  each  Balkan  nation  be  allowed  to  enjoy  the 
iruits  oi  their  victory?  What  if  Servia  insists  upon 
having  a  seaport  and  Austria  refuses  to  entertain 
such  a  proposition?  It  would  mean  a  conflict  he 
tween  them  in  which  England,  Russia  and  France 
would  uphold  Servia,  while  Germany  and  Italy 
would  back  up  Austria's  objections.  Then  what? 
A  general  financial  demoralization  throughout  the 
world  which  would  paralyze  the  growth  of  all  na- 
tions. IVl.  Jules  Roche,  alter  a  thorough  and  ana- 
lytical study  of  the  expenses  during  the  French  war 
of  1870,  estimates  the  maintainance  of  the  armies 
representing  the  six  nations  tor  one  month  to  ap- 
proximate $5, 400,0^0,000.  Such  an  expense 
would  mean  the  death  of  all  commercial,  industrial 
and  financial  interests.  Shortly  all  means  of  sub- 
sistence would  fail ;  the  mills  and  factories  would 
stop  either  from  a  dearth  of  laborers  or  a  marketing 
field;  food  stuffs  would  soon  be  exhausted,  with 
little  hope  of  being  able  to  import  same.  It  is  utterly 
impossible  to  calculate  the  tremendous  effects  such 
a  war  would  have;  but  we  are  awake  to  this  one  fact 
— Architecture  and  Building  would  be  dealt  a  ter- 
rific blow,  from  which  not  one  of  us  would  witness 
the  recovery  again  to  its  present  prosperous  outlook. 
All  building  transactions  would  be  interrupted,  the 
many  and  large  contracts  awarded  would  be  re- 
called and  the  unprecedented  plans  contemplated 
for  the  year  1913  would  become  our  Castles  in 
Spain.  Picture  for  one  moment  all  Europe  and 
possibly  Canada  involved  in  such  a  warfare — think 
of  the  human  lives  sacri'iced,  the  devastating  inroads 
into  the  trade  centres  of  the  world,  and  the  irrepar- 
able destruction  to  Fine  Arts.  The  resulting  panic 
u-ould  surpass  all  former  ones  and  bring  nothing  but 
regret  and  hardshij)  in  its  wake. 

43 


44 


CONSTRUCTION 


Canadian  architecture  abh  presented  to  the 
English  members  of  this  profession  in  London 
Critics  universally  praise  our  high  class  Worl(. 


IT  IS  ENCOURAGING  to  read  the  editorial 
comments  of  the  English  press  m  their  praise  of  the 
Canadian  achievements  in  architecture.  This  whole- 
some criticism  has  been  inspired  through  the  efforts 
of  F.  S.  Baker,  F.R.I.B.A.,  who  presented  this 
subject  recently  before  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects  in  London.  The  paper  dilated  on  the 
better  class  of  work  being  done  from  Halifax  to 
Vancouver  and  was  illustrated  by  lantern  slides  and 
photographs.  Mr.  Baker  commented  on  the  superi- 
ority of  the  work  being  done  by  local  architects  and 
showed  conclusively  the  folly  of  having  Canadian 
institutions  designed  and  executed  by  foreign  con- 
cerns. It  is  a  high  tribute  to  the  architectural  pro- 
fession that  the  ex-president  of  the  RA.I.C,  and 
one  so  eminently  fitted  for  such  a  task,  should  lay 
aside  his  ever  increasing  business  activities  to  present 
this  phase  of  commercial  life  before  the  members  of 
the  R.I.B.A.  It  is  a  sacrifice  deserving  of  sincere 
commendation  and  can  only  result  in  a  better  know- 
ledge of  the  tremendous  strides  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  is  making  in  the  world  of  art,  as  well  as  a 
more  wholesome  attitude  towards  our  consistent 
efforts  in  creating  an  architectural  style  worthy  of 
emulation. 


Citv  planning — The  need  of  studied  schemes 
for  the  improvement  of  national  features — 
Work  ihat  is  being  done  throughout  Canada 


NO  OTHER  MOVEMENT  is  progressing 
so  rapidly  as  the  beautifying  of  our  cities  and  towns. 
It  is  demonstrated  by  the  vast  expense  incurred  in  re- 
planning  and  changing  the  existing  conditions  in  our 
large  cities;  it  is  shown  in  the  Town  Planning  Act 
passed  by  the  Legislatures  of  the  various  provinces; 
it  is  revealed  in  the  actions  taken  by  our  architectural 
associations;  and  it  is  being  exemplified  by  our  small 
villages  which  are  earnestly  considering  their  public 
growth  and  possibilities. 

In  Ottawa,  Edward  White,  the  British  expert 
engaged  by  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden,  reports  that 
for  the  best  economic  advantage  of  the  Capital  there 
should  be  a  double  line  of  buildings  njnning  east  and 
west  separated  by  a  broad  boulevard.  At  the  centre 
should  be  a  wide  open  square  with  the  Supreme 
Court  and  Railway  Commission  occupying  a  pro- 
minent position  encircled  by   an  elaborate   terrace. 

In  New  Brunswick  the  Legislature  passed  an  Act 
thai  ^11  future  developments  in  towns  and  cities  are 
to  be  carried  out  under  Government  supervision. 
This  regulation  is  a  little  too  drastic,  but  may  result 
in  a  sanitary  and  artistic  treatment  of  many  places 
which  would  otherwise  adopt  an  unwholesome 
scheme. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Alberta  Association  of 
Architects  the  members  went  on  record  as  approving 
the  work  of  the  Provincial  Town  Planning  Commis- 


sion, which  has  for  its  object  the  betterment  of  con- 
ditions in  the  matter  of  housing,  sanitation,  traffic 
and  the  beautification  of  towns  and  cities. 

Many  other  instances  could  be  cited  to  show  the 
general  awakening  of  the  people  towards  schemes 
of  individuality  and  character.  Plans  are  being 
prepared  in  the  new  cities  of  the  West  which  show 
wide  boulevards,  parks,  recreation  grounds,  monu- 
mental buildings  and  civic  centres.  It  is  an  encour- 
aging sign  and  full  of  great  promise.  Let  the  en- 
thusiasm grow  until  every  part  of  this  great  Dominion 
is  released  from  the  clutches  of  selfish  commercialism 
and  the  people  are  privileged  to  enjoy  the  blessings 
of  freedom  and  beauty. 


Building  statistics — The  remarl(able  activity) 
during  the  ^ear  nineteen  hundred  and  iTvelve 
— Prospects  for  the  present  vear  phenomenal. 


IT  IS  EXTREMELY  GRATIFYING  to  see 

the  remarkable  record  made  in  building  permits  for 
the  year  1912.  But  our  greatest  pleasure  comes 
from  the  character  of  the  work,  both  in  an  artisitc 
sense  and  in  the  improved  methods  of  construction. 

The  future  outlook  is  exceedingly  bright.  Our 
population  IS  having  a  surprising  growth,  which 
means,  in  itself,  a  continuation  of  the  large  building 
industries.  We  must  house,  we  must  school,  we  must 
provide  for  sickness,  we  must  govern,  we  must  live 
— all  of  which  necessitates  new  structures.  Unless 
some  unforeseen  calamity  comes  to  us  it  is  safe  to 
predict  that  the  combined  total  of  building  for  the 
present  vear  will  be  50  per  cent,  increase  over  that 
of   1912. 

The  following  table  will  be  of  general  interest  in 
reviewing  the  relative  merits  of  the  various  cities  as 
to  their  standing  and  actual  increase  in  building  lines: 


Amount 

Increase 

of  building. 

Percent. 

1    Toronto    

.   $27,401,761 

12 

2   Winnipeg    

.      20,475,350 

15 

3   Calgary    

.      20.394,220 

58 

4   Montreal    

19.641,955 

34 

5    Vancouver    

19.428,432 

10 

6   Edmonton     

14,446.819 

293 

8.208.155 
8.047.309 
7.640.530 

103 

57 

9   Saskatoon     

54 

1 0    Hamilton      

5,491,800 
5.275,797 

29 

1  1     Moose   Jaw    

119 

1 2    Fort  William    .... 

4,211.285 

37 

1  3   Ottawa     

3,261,850 
3,004,815 

20 

1 4    Point  Grey    

15    Medicine   Hat    .  .  .  . 

2,836.239 

281 

1 6   Maisonneuve     

2,685,828 

124 

1  7   South  Vancouver    . 

2.550.000 



1 8    Port    Arthur     

2,494,179 

318 

1 9    Prince    Albert    

2,006.925 

117 

20   Westmount     

1.824.369 

11 

2 1    New    Westminster 

1.634.518 

45 

22   Outremont    

1.582,000 

20 

23    Lethbridge    

1.358.240 

31 

24   St.    Boniface    

1.251.012 

10 

25    Brantford     

1.167.105 

90 

26    Brandon     

1,166,214 

13 

27    London    

1,136.108 

9 

28   Windsor     

1.098.063 

48 

^(^%. 


;kound  laooR  plan. 


VIi;\V    KROM    SHI-.kl;RO0KK   STREET. 


RITZ-CARLTON   HOTEL, 
MONTREAL,   QUE. 

45 


46 


CONSTRUCTION 


Vf 


\ 


Hr:i  tiH 

mm 


FmT 


1 


^1 


i^ 


i;nim,  i-kom   sai.on. 


The    Ritz-Carlton    Hotel,    Montreal,    Can. 


THE  RITZ-CARLTON  HOTEL  at  Mont- 
real is  one  more  link  in  the  marvelous  growth 
of  a  creation  started  through  the  ingenuity 
of  a  Swiss  farmer.  M.  Caesar  Ritz  has  demon- 
strated the  advisability  of  a  unity  of  purpose  devel- 
oped in  a  practical  and  artistic  manner.  From  the 
common  life  of  a  peasant  he  has  risen  to  the  summit 
of  success  and  will  live  as  an  example  most  worthy 
of  emulation. 

It  might  be  well  to  consider  for  a  moment  the 
traits  which  forced  such  recognition  from  the  whole 
civilized  world.  He  had  a  clear  insight  into  the 
centralizing  of  interests;  he  was  imbued  with  a  desire 
to  make  his  finished  product  one  harmonious  whole; 
he  grasped  the  advisability  of  eliminating  the  mer- 
cenary impressions;  he  sensed  in  a  remarkable  degree 
the  purity  of  color,  form  and  taste.  In  fact  each 
succeeding  hotel  is  only  a  broader  development  of 
the  ideas  he  incorporated  in  his  first  large  enterprise 
— the  Ritz  Hotel  at  Paris,  1897.  From  that  time 
on  the  growth  has  been  truly  marvelous,  and  to-day 
there  are  eighteen  hostelries  built  and  several  n 
course  of  construction. 

The  finality  of  an  undertaking  is  what  makes  the 
original  thought  worthy  of  consideration.  Unques- 
tionably the  fundamental  principles  were  all  that  the 
critic  could  expect — what,  then,  are  the  practical  ap- 
plications which  give  each  hotel  the  stamp  of  general 
approval.  A  careful  study  of  one  will  furnish  you 
with  the  reason  for  the  high  standing  of  all. 

In  the  first  place  the  planning  is  carefully  stiidie  1 
with  a  view  of  best  suiting  the  needs  of  the  commun- 
ity in  which  the  hotel  is  to  be  erected.  Then  the 
architectural  treatment  both  upon  the  exterior  and 
upon  the  interior  is  considered.  In  every  instance  the 
possibilities  of  the  site,  the  general  surroundings,  the 
vistas,  the  character  of  buildings  near  by,  etc. — 
all  weigh  in  the  style  adopted  and  the  materials  used. 
The  impressions  obtained  from  the  exterior  neces- 
.sarilv  must  be  maintained  upon  the  interior.  After 
the  decorative  features  are  arranged  attention  is  given 


to  the  lurmshings.  In  addition  to  perfect  harmony 
in  color  and  design,  they  must  invariably  have  the 
quality  of  comfort.  When  all  is  complete  in  the  way 
of  equipment  then  the  features  essential  to  the  preser- 
vation of  its  highly  established  reputation,  viz.,  cook- 
ing and  service,  are  standardized. 

The  citizens  of  Montreal  may,  and  in  fact  do.  feel 
that  in  their  new  hotel  they  have  the  finest  and  most 
artistic  building  of  its  character  in  the  Dominion  ot 
Canada.  They  realize  that  the  standard  already 
established  has  been  raised  a  trifle  higher  in  this 
resultant  of  genius,  through  a  broad  exj^erience  with 
all  phases  of  the  work  and  a  studied  handling  of  the 
aesthetic  capabilities.  And  it  is  safe  to  assume  that 
they  will  be  able  to  claim  such  a  distinction  as  long 
as  the  hotel  is  under  the  advisement  of  M.  Rudolph 
Bischoff,  the  present  manager.  With  his  careful 
attention  to  the  minutest  details  of  all  departments, 
his  strict  disciplinary  tactics  prevalent  throughout  the 
complete  working  corps,  and  his  keen  and  hospitable 
interest  in  every  guest — these  qualities  will  foster  the 
existing  atmosphere  of  charm  and  comfort.  In  this 
way  the  harmonious  blending  of  the  aesthetic  and 
the  practical  will  continue  to  live,  while  time  will 
only  strengthen  and  enhance  in  every  respect  the 
praiseworthy  features  of  the  present  edifice. 

The  hotel  is  situated  at  the  corner  of  Sherbrooke 
and  Drumniond  streets  in  the  centre  of  a  rich  resi- 
dential district — a  guarantee  in  itself  that  the  en- 
virons will  maintain  its  setting  of  wealth  and  dignity 
for  many  years  to  come.  The  site  commands  a 
superb  view  in  every  direction.  To  the  north  rises 
the  stately  and  far-famed  Mount  Royal;  to  the  east 
the  many  attractive  features  of  the  city  with  the  Belle 
Isle  Mountains  forming  a  suitable  background  many 
miles  away,  and  to  the  south  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  the  Victoria  Bridge,  the  Green  and 
Adirondack  Mountains.  Surrounded  by  a  forest  of 
trees  and  a  stretch  of  wealthy  homes  in  all  directions, 
it  IS  still  withi"  a  few  hundred  yards  of  the  business 
section.     Remo\  ed  from  the  constant  noise  of  endless 


48 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


;ra\|)   i;.\i,i.   HonNf. 


traffic,  it  furnishes  quiet  and  comfort,  exceptional 
qualities  to  be  found  in  the  most  modern  and  up-to- 
date  hotels  of  our  cities. 

Externally  the  general  appearance  is  a  master- 
piece of  refinement  and  dignity.  The  terra  cotta 
trimmings  at  the  window  openings  and  elsewhere 
are  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  limestone  which 
gives  the  structure  a  feeling  of  solidity  and  strength. 
Rising  majestically  for  eleven  stories,  the  internal 
treatment  is  expressed  by  means  of  the  horizontal 
courses.  The  base  consisting  of  the  ground  and 
mezzanine  floor  plans,  the  narrow  frieze  between 
the  two  cornices  denoting  the  first  or  servants'  dor- 
mitory floor,  and  the  shaft  and  cornice  indicating  the 
living  quarters  for  guests.  The  three  top  stories  and 
cornice  are  rich  in  ornamentation  and  demonstrate 
the  artistic  and  practical  use  of  terra  cotta.  It  is  well 
to  notice  the  natural  blending  of  the  terra  cotta  with 
the  stone  and  how  much  the  former  material  ex- 
presses the  latter.  The  balustrade  at  the  top  rests 
upon  an  extremely  high  base  which  permits  of  its 
architectural  merits  being  enioyed  from  the  street 
below.  The  balconies  give  the  desired  break  in  the 
two  central  divisions  and  lend  an  additional  value 
to  the  decorative  treatment.  The  marquise  acts  as 
a  vestibule,  having  the  part  adjoining  the  building 
encased  in  metal,  painted  white,  one  end  of  which 
is  used  for  the  telephone  booth,  while  the  other  per- 
mits of  a  direct  entrance  from  the  street  to  the  grill 
or  oak  room  below. 

Upon  entering  the  office  lobby  the  first  impression 


is  that  of  quiet  dignity.  Instead  of  gazing  into  an 
obtrusive  and  mercenary  office  desk  and  the  accom- 
panying lobby  of  bustle  and  smoke,  one  catches  a 
glimpse  through  an  artistic  glass  treatment  of  doors 
into  the  palm  court  and  old  rose  dining  hall  beyond. 
The  lobby  has  a  marble  floor  the  coldness  of  which 
is  relieved  by  heavy  oriental  rugs;  the  walls  are 
covered  with  imitation  Caen  stone  above  a  warm 
Hauteville  marble  wainscot  which  is  also  used  for 
the  office  counter  and  openings.  In  addition  to  the 
vista  towards  the  main  dining  room  there  is  one 
equally  charming  looking  through  the  foyer  to  the 
ball  room.  Here  is  demonstrated  one  of  the  traits 
already  mentioned  as  being  characteristic  of  the  Rit.t 
hotels.  All  mercenary  suggestions  are  removed  by 
placing  the  office  in  the  corner,  readily  accessible  to 
the  main  entrance,  elevators,  etc.,  and  at  the  same 
time  in  an  inconspicuous  location.  Careful  attention 
has  been  paid  to  the  individual  features;  the  parti- 
tions separating  the  palm  room  from  the  lobby,  also 
the  foyer,  are  made  of  clear  glass  panels  furnishing 
an  unobstructed  view;  the  elevators  are  screened  by 
mirror  doors;  the  office  enclosed  in  an  ornamental 
screen;  and  the  heating  and  ventilating  hidden  at 
the  windows  by  a  marble  enclosure  flush  with  the 
walls.  Little  touches  of  comfort  are  added  by  easy 
chairs,  palm  boxes,  and  small  ornate  tables. 

Directly  opposite  the  main  entrance  to  the  lobby 
IS  the  light  and  cheerful  opening  into  the  palm  court. 
This  room  inspires  one  with  a  feeling  of  restfulness 
and  deep  content,  making  the  entry  into  the  dining 


C  O  .\  S   T  R  U  C  7   /  O  .V 


49 


"^ 


room  beyond  a  matter  of  ease  and  grace,  a  feature 
often  objectionable  on  account  of  openmg  directly 
from  the  lobby.  The  court  is  made  quite  inMting 
by  means  of  a  number  of  small  Antoinette  tables 
where  tea  is  served.  The  decorative  scheme  is  very 
happy.  The  heavy  soft  Wilton  carpet,  the  tables 
and  \vicker  furniture  and  the  clusters  of  palms  form 
the  rich  green  coloring  in  striking  contrast  to  the 
French  HauteviUe  marble  wainscot  and  deep  cream 
walls  above.  The  six  gold  candelabra  and  sixteen 
wall  brackets  containing  one  hundred  and  fifty  candle 
lights  together  with  the  concealed  lighting  in  the 
cornice,  flood  the  place  with  a  powerful  glow  of  sub- 
dued radiance.  At  the  far  end  broad  steps  lead  to 
the  landing  on  the  same  level  as  the  floor  of  the  din- 
ing room,  which  raised  portion  is  admirably  suited 
to  the  needs  of  the  orchestra.  An  iron  balustrade  n 
black  and  old  gold  similar  to  that  of  the  main  stair- 
way encloses  the  platform.  A  large  open  fireplace 
adds  still  more  cheer  to  the  attracti\eness,  \\hile  the 
delicately  molded  ornament  of  the  walls  and  cornice 
reveal  the  cleverness  of  the  designer  in  uniting  the 
architecture  with  the  furnishings  in  making  a  har- 
monious treatment  of  the  many  and  varied  parts. 

Opening  from  the  palm  court  is  the  oval  dining 
room  or  restaurant  with  three  large  window  treat- 
ments. The  room  is  seventy-eight  by  fifty-six  feet 
and  capable  of  accommodating  two  hundred  and 
fifty  guests.  It  is  decorated  in  the  Adams  style  and 
contains  a  slightly  domed  ceiling  with  elaborately 
moulded   details   in   very   low   classic   reliefs.      The 


lighting  comes  effectively  from  a  myriad  of  lights 
hidden  behind  the  ornate  cornice  and  reflected  from 
the  curved  surface  above.  The  eye  is  led  from  the 
white  duresco  ceiling  to  the  floor  by  the  entrance 
design  and  window  openings,  which  are  also  finished 
in  a  very  light  tone.  Between  these  prominent  fea- 
tures are  delicate  cream  panels  admirably  adapted 
as  a  setting  for  the  graceful  wall  lights  in  dull  gold. 

While  the  upper  part  of  the  dining  hall  is  kept  m 
a  light  tone  which  has  the  tendency  of  making  the 
room  seem  much  larger,  the  lower  part  is  more  cozy 
through  the  use  of  old  rose  effects.  The  heavy  super 
Wilton  carpel  is  in  two  shades  of  old  rose,  the  lighter 
harmonizing  with  the  silk  tapestry  upholstering  of  the 
chairs.  The  curtains  are  of  heavy  rose  silk  hung 
by  shaped  pelmets  with  applique  of  the  hotel  crest 
in  the  centre.  At  one  end  the  windows  extend  to 
the  floor  and  open  upon  the  ball  room  terrace  which 
overlooks  the  Dutch  garden.  This  garden  will  be 
used  for  summer  parties  and  is  accessible  from  the 
terrace  by  means  of  steps  and  balustrade,  recalling 
to  mind  the  old  approaches  of  famous  chateaux. 

From  the  entrance  lobby  one  passes  through  the 
foyer  into  the  grand  ball  room,  ninety  by  forty  feet 
and  capable  of  accommodating  four  hundred.  Here 
are  held  receptions,  concerts,  banquets,  and  all  other 
social  functions.  The  character  of  the  design  is  in 
[perfect  harmony  with  the  other  parts  already 
described  and  is  finished  with  duresco  plaster  and 
wood  work  in  white  relieved  by  the  gilded  metal 
work  and  curtains.     TTie  ornament  is  of  extremely 


50 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  J  O  N 


y 


T  -  -m 


DETAIL   OK    BALL    ROOM. 

RITZ-CARLTON    HOTEL,    MONTREAL.   CAN. 


C  O  A'  STRUCTION 


•:XTKAXCI{    I'nvKR. 


rich  low  relief  work  in  striking  contrast  and  at  the 
same  time  maintaining  a  unison  with  the  plain  vault- 
ing above,  which  is  interrupted  by  a  delicately 
moulded  course  forming  a  centre  panel.  Within 
are  two  elaborate  patterns  which  form  the  setting  of 
electric  crystal  ceiling  fixtures  of  cut  glass  and  metal 
finished  in  dull  gilt.  The  balcony  extends  around 
the  room  and  affords  an  opportunity  for  the  architect 
to  make  his  work  of  unusual  interest.  The  various 
widths  of  the  bays  necessitated  different  curves  which 
break  the  monotonous  effect  so  often  obtained  in 
equal  divisions.  This  feature,  together  with  the  low 
relief  of  the  design  and  the  upward  tendency,  gives 
the  room  an  unusually  large  appearance.  From  the 
piers  of  the  balcony  hang  electric  lights  encased  in 
etched  alabaster  glass  globes  and  finished  in  dull 
gilt;  the  hanging  brackets  have  the  same  metal  work 
with  crystal  beaded  bowls.  The  curtains  are  of 
French  gray  moire  silk,  extremely  heavy,  and  of 
same  material  as  the  upholstering  work  and  the 
covering  of  the  balcony  rail.  A  spring  floor  has 
been  laid  of  quartered  oak;  all  furniture  is  of  ma- 
hogany. An  independent  entrance  from  Sherbrooke 
street  gives  access  to  the  ball  room  from  the  foyer 
without  having  to  pass  through  the  entrance  lobby. 
The  foyer  is  the  connecting  link  between  the  ball 
room  and  main  lobby.  The  main  stairs  lead  to 
the  foyer  above,  which  opens  into  the  salon,  smoking 
room,  and  balcony  of  ball  room.  At  a  landing  half 
way  up  the  stairs  is  the  entrance  to  the  manager's 


office,  directly  over  the  ladies'  dressing  parlor.  The 
floor  of  the  foyer  is  laid  in  light  gray  marble  squares; 
the  walls  consist  of  a  wainscot  of  French  Hauteville 
marble  with  imitation  Caen  stone  extending  up 
through  to  the  ceiling  on  the  next  floor;  the  steps 
are  of  marble  similar  to  the  wainscot  with  an  iron 
railing  in  black  and  gold. 

The  oak  room  presents  one  of  the  most  attractive 
features.  Upon  entering  from  the  corridor,  which 
is  accessible  from  the  main  office  and  from  the  vesti- 
bule, a  remarkable  effect  of  daylight  is  present. 
This  transformation  from  the  subdued  lighting  to  the 
more  glorious  spectacle  of  covered  day  is  caused  bv 
a  superb  method  of  indirect  lighting.  The  myriad 
of  lights  are  well  hidden  behind  the  upper  members 
of  the  cornice,  encircling  the  walls  and  surrounding 
the  seven  piers.  TTie  room  lends  itself  to  this  treat- 
ment by  having  a  simple  but  very  ornate  design.  The 
wainscot  of  quarter-sawed  oak  is  finished  in  its 
natural  tone,  extending  within  two  feet  of  the  ceiling 
and  highly  panelled.  The  furnishings  consist  of  fift^ 
tables  accommodating  one  hundred  and  sixty  hungry 
mortals;  chairs  upholstered  to  match  the  rich  green 
effect  of  the  heavy  Wilton  carpet  with  the  wood  in 
perfect  harmony  to  the  wainscot.  The  only  features 
breaking  the  continuitv  of  the  wall  surface  consist  of 
entrances  from  the  lobbv  and  serving  room,  opening 
for  cashier's  Quarters  and  four  small  sterilizing  rooms 
which  are  finished  in  white  enameled  tile.  The  wall 
brackets  are  of  antique  silver.     Directly  across  the 


C  O  A'  S  T  R  i'  C  T  I  O  N 


53 


REST.WRANT    OR     MAIN     I)INI.N( 


entrance  hall  is  the  bar,  designed  similarly  to  the  oak 
room,  excepting  a  mne-inch  square  tile  floor  with 
wide  tinted  jointing  and  wicker  furniture. 

Located  over  the  manager's  office  on  the  mezza- 
nine floor  IS  the  smoking  room,  the  walls  of  which 
are  in  buff  plaster  with  panel  mouldings  and  cornice 
in  natural  oak.  The  carpet  and  upholstery  are  a 
myrtle  green,  producing  a  pleasing  appearance. 
Passing  from  here  through  the  foyer,  we  come  to  the 
salon  and  petit  salon,  known  as  the  blue  room.  Here 
is  found  a  radical  departure  from  the  general  tone 
of  the  whole  decorative  scheme.  The  floor  is  cov- 
ered with  a  rich  deep  blue  super-Wilton  carpet; 
portiers,  table  covers  and  uijh.clstering  of  dark  blue 
repp,  and  walls  of  bluish  gray  tone.  There  is  no 
larring  note  to  the  whole  scheme,  the  elevator  open- 
ing having  mirror  doors  and  the  wood  work  of  a 
light  gray  matching  the  tint  on  the  walls.  The 
electric  standards,  brackets  and  hanging  fixtures  are 
of  antique  siKer  and  alabaster.  From  the  balcony  of 
this  room  is  obtained  a  most  interesting  view  among 
the  bevy  of  ferns,  along  the  delicately  creamed  orna- 
mented walls,  over  the  small  shaded  candle  lights, 
and  through  the  elaborate  partition  of  slender 
columnettes  with  some  three  hundred  and  fifty 
opaque  glass,  into  the  charming  old  rose  dining  hall. 

The  first  floor  is  practically  the  servants'  dormi- 
tory, and  provides  for  the  help's  bed  rooms,  sewing 
rooms,  dining  rooms,  dressing  rooms,  supply  rooms 
and  lounge.     A.rangements  are  also  made  for  the 


guests'  barber  shop  and  hair-dressing  parlors  with 
gray  and  white  mosaic  floor,  marble  wainscot,  stands 
and  bowls,  and  mahogany  woodwork. 

All  above  the  first  floor  are  bed  rooms  for  the  use 
of  guests,  with  the  vice-regal  suite  on  the  second. 
There  are  twenty-seven  suites,  one  hundred  and 
sixty-four  double  bed  rooms  and  seventeen  single 
rooms.  The  salons  of  the  suites  have  silk  armure 
curtains,  Chesterfield  sofas,  mahogany  tables,  writing 
desks,  chairs,  commode,  etc.,  and  washable  plaster 
walls.  In  the  bedrooms  are  brass  beds,  mahogany 
furniture,  chintz  portiers  and  plaster  walls  with  very 
delicate  panel  mouldings.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  this 
IS  one  more  feature  emanating  from  the  first  principles 
laid  dow^n  by  M.  Ritz.  Every  room  is  exceptionally 
large  with  a  built-in  wardrobe,  portable  electric  light 
standards  and  trunk  stand. 

Adhering  strictly  to  the  attractive  and  cleanly 
policy  maintained  throughout  all  departments,  the 
kitchen  walls  and  partitions  are  built  of  white  glazed 
tile  and  floors  of  nine-inch  square  tile.  Connecting 
the  kitchen  with  all  floors  are  electrical  dumb  waiters 
equipped  with  special  heating  apparatus  underneath, 
for  the  purpose  of  keeping  meals  served  to  the  vari- 
ous floors  warm.  Corresponding  lifts  without  the 
heaters  administer  to  the  cold  storage  needs.  AH 
liquors,  etc.,  are  ser\ed  from  a  special  bar  attached 
to  this  department.  Considerable  marble  is  used, 
especially  in  the  oyster  bar  and  places  demanding 
unusual  cleanliness. 


C  O  A'  -S   T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


CONSTRUCTION 


55 


The  cellar  floor  provides  for  a  service  dining  room, 
refrigerating  plant,  trunk  rooms,  wine  room,  elevator 
motor  room,  filter  space,  lockers,  help's  barber  and 
tailor  shops,  blower  room  and  switch  board  room. 
In  the  refrigerating  plant  are  two  twenty-five  ton  ice 
machines,  one  of  which  is  held  in  reserve,  the  other 
being  operated  from  exhaust  steam  at  a  very  low 
pressure.  There  are  also  fifty  cold  storage  boxes 
cooled  with  brine.  One  high  pressure  system  oper- 
ates the  cold  storage  boxes  located  on  each  floor, 
another  of  low  pressure  takes  care  of  the  basement, 
kitchen  and  butcher  shop.  All  ice  is  made  from 
filtered  water.  Four  filters  of  two  hundred  gallons 
capacity,  with  coagulating  tank  for  feeding  the  alum 
solution,  purify  all  cold  water  used  throughout  the 
building.  The  filters  consist  of  an  eight-inch  laye. 
of  screened  gravel  over  specially  equipped  strainers, 
all  of  which  is  directly  beneath  three  ieet  of  filtering 
sand. 

Three  floors  underneath  level  of  main  entrance 
is  located  boiler  room  containing  three  boilers  of 
seven  hundred  and  fifty  horsepower,  coal  bunkers, 
elevator  space,  vacuum  cleaners  and  tanks,  thermo- 
static pumps,  twenty  thousand  gallon  suction  tank 
operated  by  two  air  compressors,  pit  for  oil  buffers 
and  hot  water  tanks.  All  toilet  and  bath  rooms  are 
supplied  with  hot  water  by  means  of  the  thermostatic 
system.  Two  heaters  operated  from  exhaust  steam 
at  about  four  pounds  pressure  supply  three  thousand 
gallons  of  hot  water  per  hour  from  50  to  1 60  F.,  one 
supplying  every  need  below  the  ground  floor,  the 
other  everything  above.  All  lower  sewerage  is  taken 
care  of  by  means  of  automatic  compressed  air  cast- 
iron  ejecters  with  a  capacity  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
gallons  each  at  a  pressure  of  thirty  pounds. 

In  the  sub-basement  are  found  four  fresh  air  fans 
of  the  multi-vane  type.  One  supplies  all  the  base- 
ment and  service  quarters,  another  the  ball  room,  oak 
room,  bar  and  smoking  room;  the  third  is  a  general 
supply  fan  providing  for  rest  of  building,  including 
the  palm  court,  lobby,  main  dining  room,  etc. ;  the 
last  or  rotating  fan  with  fresh  air  connections  to  the 
wine  cellar  and  grill  room,  the  latter  having  an 
exhaust  into  the  service  dining  room.  Fresh  air  in- 
takes are  supplied  with  air  filters  consisting  of  steel 
frames  and  gaKanized  wire  netting  covered  with 
cheese  cloth.  A  fresh  air  supply  fan  with  indepen- 
dent exhaust  fan  at  roof  is  arranged  for  the  kitchen 
and  boiler  room  with  adjustable  iron  swivel  ducts. 
Bath  and  toilet  rooms  have  a  fifteen  horsepower 
exhaust;  ball  room  has  two  forty-two  inch  exhaust 
fans;  all  other  rooms  to  the  first  floor  have  a  sixty 
horsepower  motor  capable  of  discharging  ninety 
thousand  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute. 

The  radiator  system  consists  of  seven  hundred 
vertical  sectional  patterns  with  thermograde  valves 
and  auto  valves  which  prevent  all  escape  of  steam. 

The  corridors  throughout  are  finished  with  cement 
floors  having  marble  borders  and  base,  duresco  ceil- 
ings and  walls,  heavy  Wilton  carpets  of  tan  shade 
with  dark  borders.     Elevator  doors  into  each  corri- 


% 


i:i-l)   ROOM. 


dor  are  made  of  the  double  process  chipped  wire 
glass  excepting  at  basement,  ground  and  mezzanine 
floors,  where  are  installed  mirror  doors. 

The  building  is  fireproof  throughout,  with  all 
floors  laid  in  cement  and  all  partitions  of  gypsum 
blocking  and  metal  furring.  The  approximate  cost 
of  entire  building  is  $2,C00,000. 

Among  the  contractors  who  materially  assisted 
in  the  equipment  and  finish  of  the  hotel  are  R.  De 
Vigan  &  Co.,  of  Montreal,  makers  of  artificial  Caen 
stone  cement;  the  Lautz  Company  of  Toronto,  deal- 
ers in  foreign  and  domestic  marble;  Otis-Fensom 
Elevator  Co.  of  Hamilton,  Ont.,  makers  of  elevators; 
William  Rutherford  &  Sons  Co.  of  Montreal,  whole- 
sale and  retail  dealers  in  all  branches  of  millwork; 
and  J.  &  J.  Taylor,  Ltd.,  of  Toronto,  manufacturers 
of  safes.      Architects,   Warren  &  Wetmore. 

The  other  hotels  erected  by  the  Kitz-Carlton 
Hotel  Co.  are  located  in  London,  Paris,  Madrid, 
Lucerne,  Naples,  Rome  and  Evian-les-Bains,  in 
Europe;  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Montreal, 
in  North  America;  Sao  Paulo,  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Guaruja,  and  Buenos  Aires,  in  South  America. 
Restaurants  of  this  company  are  established  on  the 
S.S.  "Amerika,"  S.S.  "Kaisenn  Auguste  Victoria" 
and  S.S.  "Imperator"  of  the  Hamburg-American 
liners. 


r 


'''^!?^ 


RKD    ROOM. 


56 


Eu 


ropean 


Turk 


ey- 


Constantinople 


F.  R^  MAJOR 


Awakf'    fur    Morning    in    tin-    i;n\vl 

i.f   Xight 
lias   flung    the    Stone    that    pi:ts    the 

Stars  to  Flight; 
Antl    lo!    the    Hunter    uf    th.- 

East    has    caught 
The   Sultan's   Turret    in    a    Xoose 

of    Light. 

—  r;..     riiihiiiiMl    ../    <l„„n-    hhniimim 


The  Crescent,  taken  by  the  Moharrmedans  from 
the  Christian  Byzantine  Empire,  had  already  been 
taken  by  Christianity  from  Paganism.  Constanti- 
nople first  assumed  the  Crescent  in  339  B.C.  I  he 
attack  of  Phihp,  of  Macedon,  which  was  made  on 
a  dreary  winter's  night,  was  revealed  by  the  howling 
of  the  dogs  and  shortly  after  by  a  meteor  which  lit 
up  the  Macedonian  army.  Saved  by  this  miracle, 
the  citizens  erected  a  statute  to  Hecate  the  Torch- 
bearer  and  struck  corns  bearing  her  emblem,  the 
cres:ent  moon. 


^  A 


MILITARY'  FEUDALISM  of  European 
Turkey  is  at  an  end.  The  revolution  of 
the  Bulgarians,  Serbs,  and  Greeks  has  pro- 
tested emphatically  against  the  many  centuries  of 
oppression  and  suffering.  As  the  Balkan  races  fell 
in  the  fourteenth  century  through  a  divided  interest, 
so  have  they  failed  to  escape  the  cruelty  of  the 
Moslems  for  these  hundreds  of  years.  But  at  last 
driven  to  the  extreme  limit  of  endurance,  they  have 
formed  a  solid  front  and  practically  expelled  the 
Turk  from  European  shores.  Will  it  be  permanent? 
Or  is  it  only  momentary — for  how  often  have  they 
been  driven  to  their  very  thresholds  only  to  emerge 
again  and  again  mightier  than  before. 

The  Turk  possesses  a  remarkable  amount  of 
inactivity.  We  can  scarcely  attribute  this  to  laziness 
even  though  one  obtains  this  impression  to  a  remark- 
able degree.  Fine  looking  and  well  proportioned, 
they  ha\e  a  marked  capacity  for  military  discipline, 
hardships  and  privations  in  spite  of  their  indolent 
disposition.  Some  one  has  said  that  this  static 
condition  of  inactivity  of  the  race  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  Turk  is  too  proud  to  be  a  laborer;  too  stupid 
to  engage  in  any  calling  requiring  unusual  ingenuity 
and  inventiveness,  and  that  his  religion  inculcates  a 
fatalism  which  is  hostile  to  effort.  His  whole  teach- 
ing has  been  to  enjoy  the  rights  of  oppressing  Chris- 
tians, for  in  doing  so  he  is  carrying  out  the  will  of 
God.  In  religious  matters,  therefore,  he  is  cruel, 
intolerant  and  vindictive,  while  his  sympathies  for 
music,  drama  and  art  are  highly  cultured. 


To-day  Constantinople  has  practically  a  million 
and  a  half  people,  a  third  of  whom  are  Turks,  a 
fifth  Greeks,  and  a  like  number  of  Armenians.  The 
remaining  consist  of  Jews,  Bulgarians,  Persians, 
Kurds,  Gypsies,  etc.  The  city  itself  is  extremely 
dirty  and  alive  with  the  repulsive  diseases  like 
scrofula  and  leprosy.  The  picturesqueness  of  its 
background  and  the  charm  of  its  architecture  and 
customs  hide  so  much  of  the  objectionable.  The 
streets  are  narrow,  extremely  crooked,  and  badly 
paved,  but  in  spite  of  all  this  they  are  extremely 
attractive  with  the  various  types  of  nationalities  and 
their  variegated  costumes.  Imagine  a  congested 
scene  of  peddlers  hawking  their  wares,  slaves  car- 
rying all  sorts  of  merchandise  from  baskets  of  fruit 
to  pianos,  women  mysteriously  veiled,  pilgrims, 
donkeys,  dogs,  etc.,  etc. 

In  order  to  imagine  ourselves  in  the  midst  of  this, 
lets  have  Mark  Twain  tell  us  of  a  Constantinople 
street  scene:  "It  was  an  eternal  circus.  People 
were  thicker  than  bees  in  those  narrow  streets,  and 
the  men  were  dressed  in  all  the  outrageous,  outland- 
ish, idolatrous,  extravagant,  thunder-and-lightning 
costumes  that  ever  a  tailor  with  the  delirium  and 
seven  devils  could  conceive  of.  There  was  no  freak 
in  dress  loo  crazy  to  be  indulged  in;  no  absurdity 
too  absurd  to  be  tolerated;  no  frenzy  in  ragged 
diabolism  too  fantastic  to  be  attempted.  No  two 
men  were  dressed  alike.  It  was  a  wild  masquerade 
of  all  the  imaginable  costumes — every  struggling 
throng    in    every    street    was    a    dissolving   view    of 


58 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTANTINOPLE,    SHOWING    MOSQUES   OF    ST.    SOPHIA    AND    AHMED. 


stunning  contrasts.  Some  patriarchs  wore  awful 
turbans,  but  the  grand  mass  of  the  infidel  horde  wore 
the  fiery  red  skull-cap  they  call  a  fez.  All  the 
remainder  of  the  raiment  they  indulged  in  was 
utterly  indescribable.  The  shops  are  mere  hen- 
coops, mere  boxes,  bath-rooms,  closets — anything 
you  please  to  call  them — on  the  first  floor.  The 
Turks  sit  cross-legged  in  them  and  work,  and  smoke 
long  pipes,  and  smell  like — like  Turks.  That  covers 
the  ground.  Crowding  the  narrow  streets  in  front 
of  them  are  beggars  who  beg  forever,  yet  never 
collect  anything;  vagabonds  driving  laden  asses; 
porters  carrying  dry  goods  boxes  as  large  as  cottages 
on  their  backs;  peddlers  of  grapes,  hot  corn,  pump- 
kin seeds,  and  a  hundred  other  things,  yelling  like 
fiends;  and  sleeping  happily,  comfortably,  serenely. 


FIFTH    MILITARY    GATE. 


among   the   hurrying    feet,  are   the   famed   dogs   of 
Constantinople." 

It  IS  difficult  to  picture  such  a  remarkable  change 
from  the  splendor  of  this  city  during  the  reigns  of 
Constantine  the  Great,  Justinian  I.,  Mohammed  II., 
and  Suleiman  the  Great.  Conquered,  pillaged  and 
burnt  for  centuries, 
she  was  rebuilt  by 
these  various  rulers, 
who  endeavored  to 
make  it  the  most 
magnificent  metro- 
polis in  the  world. 
And  each  one  suc- 
ceeded in  his  one 
supreme  e  ff  o  r  t, 
bringing  materials 
from  all  parts  of 
the  world  which 
would  adorn  and 
beautify.  No  labor 
or  expense  was 
considered  too  great 
m  restoring  the  old 
edifices  and  in 
erecting  new  ones. 
As  a  result  of  their 
enthusiasm  and  self 
glorification  there 
are  to-day  three 
hundred  and  seven- 
ty-nine mosques, 
palaces  costing  as 
high  as  thirty  mil- 
lion dollars,  and 
fountains  that  vie 
in  ornamentation  and 
in  existence. 

In  reviewing  the  growth  of  these  remarkable 
structures,  together  with  their  architectural  proper- 
ties, we  must  constantly  keep  in  mind  the  conditions 
under  which  they  developed.  Strange  as  it  may 
seem,   the  Delphic  oracle   told   the  Greeks  in   the 


OF    CONSTANTINE. 


ichness  to  the  most  elaborate 


C  O  A    S   T  R   U  C   T  1  O  N 


59 


ixM'ANTiNcii'i.i:,  sri.Ki\r AX   ^rn5o^K  in   iurkcudund. 


&¥i 


eighth  century  B.C.  to  "Build  ye  opposite  to  the  City 
of  the  Bhnd."  Faithful  to  the  command  the  galleys 
of  the  Hellenic  race  swept  past  the  site  of  their 
blind  forerunners  and  landed  on  the  peninsula 
I'eMiiie  I  to  lieconie  one  ot  the  most  illustrious  places 

in      history.       The 
■'City  of  the  Blind" 
'x^,>^^  was      undoubtedly 

.;>■;■'•''/;  Chalcedon    on    the 

Asiatic  shore  op- 
posite, which  was 
founded  six  hund- 
red and  fifty-seven 
years  before  the 
Christian  era.  By- 
zantium, so  called, 
arose  on  the  seven 
hills  commanding 
a  beautiful  view  of 
t  h  e  Bosphorus. 
And  from  her  first 
settlement  down  to 
the  present  era  this 
llustrious  haven  of 
political  and  com- 
mercial advantages 
has  gone  through  a 
continuation  o  f 
sieges  and  warfare 
unequalled  in  the 
history  of  the  world 
and  which  exem- 
(.Ai.i,,,Kii,s  (ii- sr.  soi'iMN  plify    the    remark- 

able   recuperating    powers    of   her    people. 

One  hundred  years  after  the  foundation  of  Con- 
stantinople there  were  two  hundred  and  fifty  large 
public  buildings.  The  city  had  few  rivals  and 
readily  became  the  terminus  of  the  chief  routes  of 
the  empire,  with  an  annual  revenue  of  $20,000,000. 
She  boasted  of  the  strongest  fortress,  the  best 
equipped  naval  station,  the  greatest  arsenal,  in  addi- 
tion to  being  the  centre  of  education  and  the  Mecca 


for  religion.  Situated  "at  the  meeting  of  two  seas 
and  two  continents,  like  a  diamond  between  sapphires 
and  emeralds,"  it  developed  into  a  commercial  focus. 
All  this  in  spite  of  wars,  the  ravages  of  ferocious 
hordes,  and  internal  strife.  In  148  B.C.  Byzantium 
became  a  Roman  ally  and  was  exceptionally  rich  in 
works  of  art.  Through  all  her  vicissitudes  she 
religiously  guarded  the  monumental  structures  as 
well  as  her  other  artistic  treasures.  The  decision  to 
take  sides  with  the  Syrian  general  in  1  70  A.D.  led 
the  Romans  to  sack  the  city  and  foolishly  destroy 
her  splendid  fortifications.  The  alternate  cruelties 
of  the  Romans  and  barbarians  continued;  captured 
by  Darius;  burned  by  the  Persians;  besieged  by 
Philip  of  Macedon;  destroyed  by  Septimus  Severus 
— it  managed  to  exist  until  Constantine  the  Great, 
ruler  of   the   Roman  empire,   changed  the  name  of 


^^^T^r 


THE   (.Oi.liKN    CATi;, 


60 


CONSTRUCTION 


an  indestructible  monument  to  the  living  character 
of  the  great  emperor  who  had  inscribed  on  the  base, 
"O  Christ,  Ruler  and  Lord  of  the  world,  to  Thee 
I  consecrate  this  obedient  city  and  the  sceptre  and 
power  of  Rome!  Guard  Thy  city!  Guard  it  from 
every  harm !" 

The   palace    of    Belisarius    near    the    Adrianople 
gate   IS   among   the   few   ancient   edifices   remaining. 

Stripped  of  its  outer 
i  coverings,  it  is  still 

!  most  impressive  and 

contains  several  ex- 
amples of  delicate 
carvings  most  ex- 
quisite in  design. 
There  is  much  to 
admire  and  study 
in  this  one  massive 
example  of  Byzan- 
t  i  n  e  architecture 
which  still  exists. 
The  underground 
palace  and  the  cis- 
tern of  Binbirdirek 
are  attributed  to  the 
skill  of  Constantine. 
The  former  rests  on 
three  hundred  and 
thirty-six  white  pil- 
lars with  Corinthian 
capitals.  The  lat- 
in i  TiiwKK  1)1  cAi.ATA.  ter.  Called  the 
"Thousand  and  one  Pillars,"  is  arranged  so  that 
the  pillars  form  aisles  beneath  the  overhead  arches. 
Monograms  of  Constantine  the  Great  are  to  be  seen 
upon  the  bricks  built  into  the  arches  as  well  as  into 
the  shafts  of  the  columns. 

The  rulers  succeeding  Constantine  down  to 
Justinian  I.  did  little  to  advance  the  realm  of  archi- 
tecture. Valens  is  noted  for  the  aqueduct,  parts  of 
which  are  still  in  use,  although  it  presents  little  else 
than  a  picturesque  ruin  with  its  Gothic  arches  covered 
with  vines.  Theodosius  I.  celebrated 
his  victories  with  a  memorial  hall 
graced  with  delicately  carved  col- 
umns. Arcadius  lives  through  the 
splendor  of  his  court.  Theodosius 
II.,  408-451,  designed  the  Golden 
Gate  after  the  Triumphal  Gate  of 
Rome.  It  was  an  entry  for  all  con- 
querors who  were  to  be  honored  for 
victories  both  at  home  and  abroad. 
The  Turks  living  under  a  tradition 
that  by  means  of  this  gateway  some 
Christian  monarch  would  conquer 
Turkey,  had  it  walled  up.  A  few 
columns  of  a  greenish  tint  and  mas- 
sive towers  are  still  in  evidence. 
Anastasius  built  the  great  wall  ex- 
tending from  the  Sea  of  Marmora  to 


.Kx AxnKk  Tin- 


liie  Black  Sea  and  which  became  a  vital   factor  in 
ihe  safety  of  the  city  afterwards. 

Under  the  reign  of  Justinian  I.,  A.D.  527-565, 
his  government  extended  over  Italy,  Illyricum, 
Africa,  islands  of  the  Mediterranean  and  part  of 
Spain;  the  legal  reforms  were  far-reaching  in  their 
scope;  churches,  basilicas,  monasteries,  fortresses, 
hospitals  arose  everywhere.  The  greatest  monument 
was  the  Church  of  the  Divine  Wisdom,  which  is 
considered  the  most  perfect  specimen  of  a  Christian 
Temple.  In  Anthemius  of  Tralles  he  had  one  of 
the  world's  greatest  architects.  Two  hundred  fort- 
resses and  military  towers  were  built  in  the  Balkan 
provinces  alone.  The  long  wall  of  Anastasius  was 
repaired,    the   summer   palace   of   Heraeum   erected 


K.VTRAXCK    or    TIIK 


C  O  A'  5  r  R  U  C  T  I  o  .\ 


61 


ANCIENT    GREEK    CHURCH    OF    KHARIA. 

Byzantium    to    Constantinople    and    made    her    the 
capital  of  the  civilized  Nvorld,  330  A.D. 

According  to  St.  Augustine:  "Throned  in  the 
Hippodrome,  ever  to  be  the  centre  of  Byzantine 
life,  Constantine  gave  thanks  to  God  for  the  birth 
of  this  fair  city,  the  daughter,  as  it  were,  of  Rome 
herself.  "  The  new  emperor  aimed  to  make  his 
capital  the  grandest  city  ever  known  and  succeeded 
to  no  small  degree  in  carrying  out  his  chief  desire. 
Magnificent  edifices,  theatres,  baths,  palaces,  and 
churches  arose  as  if  by  magic.  Adorned  as  they 
were  by  the  treasures  from  Rome,  Syracuse,  Athens, 
Delphi  and  Antioch,  they  represented  the  artistic 
creations  of  all  nations.  Private  houses  sprung  up 
all  over  the  city,  while  foun- 
tains, aqueducts  and  porticos 
showed  the  prosperous  state  of 
affairs  existing  at  that  time. 

But  how  little  remains  of  the 
Hippodrome  in  the  great  forum 
of  Constantine  which  held  one 
hundred  and  twenty  thousand 
people.  Here  were  proclaimed 
the  emperors,  awards  bestowed 
upon  the  victorious  leaders, 
criminals  and  heretics  punished, 
and  sportive  festivals  inaugur- 
ated to  feed  the  brutal  desires 
of  the  populace.  Now  one 
finds  only  the  Serpent  Column, 
the  Egyptian  obelisk  and  the 
burnt  pillar.  The  Serpent 
Column  belonged  to  Greece 
over  twenty-three  hundred 
years  ago  and  commemorated 
the  final  defeat  of  Xerxes.  It 
IS    the    greatest   metal    relic    of 


ancient  history,  wound  around 
by  three  serpents  on  whose  coils 
are  inscribed  the  cities  which 
participated  in  the  battle  of 
victory.  The  heads  \vere  de- 
stroyed by  a  subsequent  con- 
queror. 

The  syenite  obelisk,  sixty 
feet  high,  was  brought  from 
Heliopolis  by  Theodosius,  and 
contains  bas-reliefs  depicting 
scenes  in  the  Hippodrome  dur- 
ing the  fourth  century.  The 
Latin  inscription  tells  of  the 
difficulty  in  raising  the  column 
with  its  marble  and  granite 
base: 

"To  raise  this  four  square  pillar 

to  its  height. 
And  fix  it  steady  on  its  solid 

base. 
Great    Theodosius    tried,    but 

tried  in  vain. 
In  two  and  thirty  days,  by  Proclus"  skill. 
The  toilsome  work,  with  great  applause,  was  done." 
The  column  of  Constantine  the  Great  was  raised 
by  him  on  the  spot  where  his  tent  stood  during  the 
siege  of  Byzantium.  It  originally  consisted  of  ten 
drums  of  porphyry,  each  one  of  which  were  ten  feet 
high  and  eleven  feet  in  diameter.  The  joints  were 
concealed  by  bronze  laurel  wreaths.  A  white 
marble  pedestal  held  the  column  topped  by  a  statue 
of  Constantine  himself  by  Phidias.  Iniuied  by  an 
earthquake  in  1012,  numerous  fires  and  a  collapse 
during  the  reign  of  Comneus,  it  now  presents  a 
wrecked  appearance.  This  "burnt  column"  is  the 
source  of  legends  and  superstitious  beliefs  and  exists 


KGVl'TIAN    0|;KI.T>K     ami    SERl'EXT    Cnl.rMX    (IE    HIITODROME. 


62 


CONSTRUCTION 


with  magnificent  gardens  and  the  old  Byzantine 
palace  restored.  The  old  Byzantine  church  founded 
by  Justinian  possesses  a  spirit  and  action  in  the 
decorations  unusual  in  works  of  that  period.  It 
contains  some  remarkable  mosaics  and  frescoes  of 
the  fourteenth  century. 

Although  San  Sophia  was  founded  by  Constan- 
tine  the  Great  and  rebuilt  by  Theodosius,  consider- 
able credit  must  be  given  Justinian  I.  for  this  mag- 
nificent temple,  so  much 
of  which  still  remains. 
It  is  hard  to  realize  the 
historical  and  religious 
importance  of  this  edi- 
fice which  caused  Jus- 
tinian to  exclaim,  "God 
be  praised,  who  has  es- 
teemed me  worthy  to 
complete  this  work!  O 
Solomon,  I  have  even 
surpassed  thee!"  Four 
white  minarets  added 
by  Mohammed  II., 
1453,  rise  above  the 
white  and  rose-colored  ^'^'"^""   '"^^''^ 

walls.  Upon  the  interior  one  hundred  and  seven 
gigantic  and  beautiful  pillars  of  green  marble  and 
red  porphyry  support  the  four  arches  which  in  turn 
uphold  the  illustrious  dome  with  its  forty  windows. 
These  marble  columns  were  imported  from  Phrygia, 
Egypt,  Rome,  Athens,  the  Cyclades  and  elsewhere. 
In  its  entirety  it  is  a  temple  of  marble,  metals,  ivory, 
pearls  and  cedar  gathered  from  the  entire  world  and 
stands  a  living  monument  to  the  skill  and  artistic 
nature  of  its  creators.  The  previous  conflagrations 
persuaded  Justinian  to  use  little  wood.  He  enriched 
the  walls  with  mosaics;  made  the  doors  of  silver  gilt, 
ivory,  amber  and  cedar:  laid  the  pavement  in  marble 
so  veined  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  water  flow- 
ing through.  Enormous  green  disks  with  pious  in- 
scriptions in  gold  are  hung  to  the  upper  gallery, 
while  the  cartouches   lower  down   are   of  porphyry 


bearing  the  names  of  Allah,  the  Prophet  and  his 
Caliphs.  Ferguson  says:  "The  eye  wanders  up- 
wards from  the  large  arcades  of  the  ground  floor  to 
the  smaller  arches  of  the  galleries,  and  thence  to  the 
smaller  semi-domes.  These  lead  the  eye  to  the 
larger,  and  the  whole  culminates  in  the  great  central 
roof.  Nothing,  probably,  so  artistic  has  been  done 
on  the  same  scale  before  or  since.  So  far  as  the 
interior  is  concerned,  no  Gothic  architect  ever  rose  to 
the  conception  of  a  hall 
one  hundred  feet  wide, 
two  hundred  and  fifty 
feet  in  length  and  one 
hundred  and  eighty  feet 
high,  and  none  ever 
disposed  each  part  more 
artistically  to  obtain  the 
effect  he  desired  to  pro- 
duce. In  fact,  compare 
it  as  we  may  with 
any  other  buildings  of 
its  class,  the  verdict,  in- 
ternally at  least,  is  that 
San  Sophia  is  the  most 
'"    i''<""'^""  perfect  and  most  beau- 

tiful  church   which   has   yet    been   erected   by   any 
Christian    people." 

The  tower  of  Galata  is  a  hollow  cylinder  with 
walls  twelve  feet  in  thickness  and  stairway  leading 
to  the  top.  This  white  fortification  was  built  by  a 
Christian  emperor  and  originally  had  a  large  cross 
at  the  summit  which  was  destroyed  by  Mohammed 
II.,  who  in  turn  crowned  the  apex  with  a  tapering 
cone. 

Among  the  many  interesting  treasures  found  in  the 
Imperial  Museum  of  Antiquities  is  the  sarcophagus 
of  Alexander.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  examples  in 
the  museum  and  considered  to  be  the  best  relic  of 
ancient  art.  Among  other  works  found  here  are  the 
tomb  of  Tabnith,  various  inscriptions,  a  head  of 
Minerva,  Byzantine  and  Persian  pottery  and  glass. 
The  triple  wall  \s-ill  be  discussed  in  next  article. 


r.VZ.WTIXE    TRII'Li:    \V.\LL. 


i"'""'iiniiiiirtiii1iii'iritiiliM« 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  \ 


63 


In  connection  with  the  foregoing  article  it  might 
be  well  to  mention  certain  books  bearing  on  the  hie. 
customs  and  characters  of  the  Turks,  dealing  par- 
ticularly with  life  in  Constantinople.  Some  of  these 
from  an  architectural  standpoint  are  very  valuable, 
and  any  or  all  of  them  would  make  excellent  works 
of  reference  in  connection  with  Turkish  life. 

The  first,  "The  Thousand  and  One  Churches." 
by  Sir  W.  M.  Ramsay  and  Miss  Gertrude  M.  Bell, 
contains  hundreds  of  illustrations  dealing  with 
ancient  churches  and  buildings  throughout  the 
Turkish  peninsula.  In  some  instances  ground  plans 
and  details  are  also  given.  When  the  author  visited 
the  thousand  and  one  churches,  along  with  the  late 
Sir  Charles  Wilson,  in  1882.  he  hoped  that  some 
attention  might  be  given  to  these  ruins,  which  are 
perhaps  the  most  interesting  in  Asia  Minor  for 
church  antiquities.  He  had  not  the  knowledge  of 
architecture,  however,  needed  for  the  task,  and 
therefore  did  not  re-visit  the  spot.  Some  years  later 
Sir  William  Ramsay  sent  a  letter  to  the  Athenaeum 
in  reference  to  a  proposed  trip  which  attracted  the 
attention  of  a  Miss  Bell,  who,  being  very  much  in- 
terested in  the  architectural  features,  arranged  to 
join  Sir  William  Ramsay  and  his  wife  in  making 
the  tour.  The  result  is  very  gratifying,  particularly 
from  an  architectural  standpoint,  and  the  book  will 
prove  of  extreme  value  to  every  lover  of  art.  The 
work  contains  580  pages,  and,  as  has  been  before 
mentioned,  is  profusely  illustrated.  The  price  is 
$3.00,  postpaid. 

The  next  book  to  be  mentioned  is  "The  Sultan 
and  His  Subjects,"  by  Richard  Davey.  This  work 
embodies  the  results  of  an  earnest  attempt  to  set 
forth  the  chief  characteristics  of  those  heterogeneous 
nationalities  which,  in  process  of  time,  and  by  virtue 
of  conquest,  have  fallen  under  the  dominion  of 
Islam.  The  work  deals  with  the  Ottoman  and 
Christian  subjects  of  the  Sultan  generally,  but  chiefly 
with  the  Turks  of  Constantinople.  The  book  gives 
an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  life  and  manners  of  the 
Turks,  and  of  the  Eastern  Christians,  and  of  their 
religious  and  political  views. 

To  show  the  interest  of  the  volume  a  few  of  the 
chapter  headings  may  be  quoted:  "A  Saunter  by 
the  Walls  of  Constantinople,"  "Round  and  About 
Stambul."  "In  the  By-ways  of  Modern  Stambul." 
"In  the  Hareem."  "The  Sultan's  Court  and 
Hareem."  "Brief  History  of  Reform  in  Turkey," 
'Sancta  Sophia,"  the  last  named  chapter  being  an 
important  one  from  an  architectural  standpoint.  The 
price  of  this  book  is  $1-50,  postpaid.  The  volume 
contains  over  500  pages. 

A  third  book  to  be  reviewed  is  "The  Revolution 
in  Constantinople  and  Turkey."  a  diary,  by  Sir  W. 
M.  Ramsay,  with  episodes  and  photographs  by 
Lady  Ramsav.  Sir  William  Ramsay,  when  taking 
the  train  for  Constantinople,  resolved  to  take  a  record 
of  what  he  saw  and  heard  in  events  that  seemed 
likely  to  be  historical,  and  day  by  day.  in  train  or 
steamer,  cab  or  club,  the  diary  was  written.     It  was 


reproduced  in  this  volume,  improved  in  expression, 
but  unchanged  in  meaning.  This  work  was  written 
in  1 909,  and  of  course  primarily  referred  to  the  revo- 
lution which  was  taking  place  at  that  time  in  Con- 
stantinople. On  account  of  the  present  condition  in 
Turkey  this  volume  has  a  great  historical  signifi- 
cance. The  revolution  was  a  phase  of  the  long 
conflict  which  has  been  waged  throughout  historical 
memory  between  Asia  and  Europe.  It  resulted  in 
introducing  European  science  and  order  into  Turkey, 
and  was  essentially  patriotic.  Sir  William  Ramsay 
at  the  time  of  writing  had  a  very  strong  belief  in  the 
true  patriotism  and  noble  purpose  of  the  many  lead- 
ing young  Turks,  and  of  the  movement  generally. 
Now  that  the  young  Turk  party  is  particularly  in 
the  ascendancy  in  Constantinople  this  volume  is  of 
very  particular  interest. 

A  very  interesting  feature  of  Sir  William's  ex- 
periences in  Turkey  was  that  in  connection  with  the 
transaction  of  business.  He  states  that  there  is  no 
country  where  business  is  done  with  so  little  loss  of 
time,  although,  as  he  savs,  there  is  infinite  delay  if 
you  try  to  obtain  from  the  Turks  what  thev  do  not 
wish  to  give.  If  you  go  direct  to  the  Turkish  official, 
he  says,  and  deal  straight  with  him.  and  make  him 
feel  sure  you  have  no  hidden  motive,  things  often 
arrange  themselves  in  a  few  minutes,  but  our  West- 
ern red-tape  and  unreal  forms  are  an  abomination  to 
him.  and  he  loves  to  foil  official  reouests,  which  he 
believes  to  be  all  deceotive,  a  belief  in  which  he  is 
too  often  justified.  This  work  contains  some  34 
very  interesting  illustrations  of  life  in  Turkey,  and  is 
published  at  $3.00  net  postpaid. 

A  very  interesting  volume  is  that  entitled  "Tur- 
key and  the  Balkan  States,  Described  by  Great 
Writers,"  by  E.  Singleton.  In  this  volume  has  been 
gathered  together  what  has  been  said  by  the  great 
writers,  in  connection  with  Turkey  and  the  Balkan 
States.  It  makes  a  most  interesting  collection  for 
general  reading- 

A  beautifully  illustrated  work  is  that  by  F.  G. 
Aflalo.  entitled  "Rebuilding  the  Crescent."  This 
contains  24  illustrations  taken  from  photographs  and 
a  map.     The  price  is  $3.00. 

A  book  rather  intimate  with  court  life  in  Turkey 
is  entitled  "In  the  Palaces  of  the  Sultan,"  by  Ira 
Seamour  Dodd.     The  price  is  $4.00. 

A  book  which  gives  a  good  idea  of  domestic  life 
in  Turkey,  is  one  written  by  L.  M.  J.  Garnet,  and 
IS  titled  "Home  J  ife  in  Turkey."  The  price  is 
$1.75.  "Behind  Turkish  Lattices."  by  H.  D.  Jen- 
kins, is  a  volume  which  gives  intimate  descriptions  of 
Turkish  home  life  also. 

Sir  W.  M.  Ramsay,  in  his  "Impressions  of  Tur- 
key During  TweKe  ^'ears  Wandering,"  gives  his 
reminiscences  of  life  as  he  has  seen  it  in  various  parts 
of  the  Turkish  empire  during  his  many  and  varied 
journeys.     The  price  of  this  book  is  $1.75. 

Any  or  all  of  the  above  mentioned  books  can  he 
ordered  from  William  Briggs,  publisher.  29-^7 
Richmond  street  west.  Toronto. 


f-'^T  ^ 


DETAILS  OF 
SPIRES   ON   COLONIAL  CHURCHES. 


'I'.  li'.TiiR  s  iin'Ki  II, 

I'lln.AllKMMI  lA. 


Mil    II  Ai;i.  s 
'HAKLi:ST()N'.    S.C. 


Colonial    Architecture — III, 


THOMAS  W.  LUDLOW.  M.A. 


THE  first  places  of  public  worship  to  be  built 
in  the  colonies  were  plain  and  severe  in  the 
extreme.  In  the  natural  reaction  which  al- 
ways follows  such  a  course,  buildings  which  were 
unmistakably  churches  began  to  be  erected,  copying 
closely  the  type  established  by  Wren.  These  are 
oblong  in  plan  with  four  or  six  round-headed 
windows  on  each  side,  a  pediment  with  a  bulls-eye 
window  at  either  end,  a  tower  with  a  graceful  taper- 
ing spire  more  slender,  perhaps,  than  its  London 
prototype  rising  through  the  roof,  and  in  New  Eng- 
land two  front  doors  recalling  the  quaint  social 
custom  of  seating  the  men  and  women  on  opposite 
sides.  Their  details  are  rather  free  in  their  classic 
treatment.  In  the  smaller  towns  and  villages  these 
structures  are  usually  of  wood,  clapboarded  or 
shingled,  while  in  the  cities  they  are  more  substan- 
tially built  of  brick  or  stone. 

The  towers  are  their  most  prominent  features  and, 
like  Wren's,  the  scheme  is  simple;  a  square  base 
above  which  are  several  contracting,  usually  octa- 
gonal stones  terminating  in  a  steep  spire.  The 
lower  stories  are  treated  with  orders,  cornices,  pedi- 
ments, balustrades  and  large  scrolls  used  with  much 
variety,  though  often  rather  awkwardly. 

The  interiors  also  closely  follow  English  models 
and  show  the  system  adopted  by  Wren  and  his  suc- 
cessors of  the  column  carrvins;  an  ugly  and  irrelevant 


fragment  of  entablature,  which  serves  as  the  impost 
of  the  arch.  On  the  whole  the  interior  details  are 
more  correct  than  those  on  the  exterior,  because  the 
amateur  architect,  who  always  designed  these  struc- 
tures, was  assisted  in  the  execution  by  the  mechanics. 
"Indeed  it  is  noticeable  throughout  the  whole  colonial 
period,  at  least  the  politically  colonial  period,  that 
the  carpenters  were  much  better  trained  than  the 
stonecutters,  and  the  woodwork  habitually  betrays 
the  result  of  this  superior  training,  being  at  once  more 
correct  in  design  and  very  much  more  accurate  in 
detail  than  the  stonework,  in  the  comparatively  few 
instances  in  which  classic  detail  was  attempted  in 
stone."* 

Christ  Church,  at  Philadelphia,  was  built  between 
I  727-31 ,  with  the  tower  completed  in  1  754  from  a 
design  drawn  by  Dr.  John  Kearsbey,  a  physician. 
It  IS  a  plain,  pleasing  brick  structure  with  a  not  un- 
graceful wooden  spire  without  orders;  the  chancel 
has  a  square  end  in  which  there  is  a  very  effectne 
Palladian  window.  At  the  end  of  erection  it  was 
by  far  the  finest  building  in  the  colonies. 

The  life  of  the  Southern  planter  was  more  de- 
voted to  luxury  and  ease  than  to  any  especial  religious 
zeal;  consequently  he  built  but  few  churches  of  any 
note.  The  best  two  examples  are  both  in  Charles- 
ton, St.  Michael's  and  St.  Philip's.     St.  Michael's, 

•.MontKomerx    S.liii>  li-i  :   "A   Hisl..r\-  iiC  (•f.l.nrial   Architecture." 


li.xxsvLVAXiA  iiiisi'iTAi,.  run. AUKi.rii  i; 


17%. 


65 


66 


CONSTRUCTION 


I II I  t  II.  1 1  M  t  1 1  n  I  i  I  !  M  M  I  n  M  I  M  M  I  M  M  })  I  M  »  P  F  ;  H  I  m  m  I  •  M  n  $  II  M  M 


mmM       uaaif       *<•■)«       iuaa)«       »'Ki>$       "'•^■'^jS      ji'"^^    .  l^^^i      ^'^ 


S^^Z     JI'nB'a      ws^fVj      vasln      AtME;* 


CORNICE    DETAIL.    VK^TIiaM.E,    CITY     HALL.     NEW     YORK    CITY. 


the  larger  and  more  pretentious  of  the  two,  was 
commenced  in  I  752  from  a  set  of  plans  drawn  pre- 
sumably by  James  Gibbs  and  brought  over  for  the 
purpose.  The  South  Carolina  "Gazette"  of  Febru- 
ary 22,  1  752,  says  in  describing  the  proposed  edifice: 
"It  was  to  be  erected  from  designs  drawn  by  Mr. 
Gibson,  an  Englishman."  The  addition  of  the  "son" 
on  the  end  of  the  name  can  readily  be  accounted  for 
by  an  editorial  error,  as  no  eighteenth  century  archi- 
tect by  the  name  of  Gibson  has  been  handed  down 
to  posterity.  The  church  is  130  feet  long  by  60 
feet  wide,  having  a  square  tower  and  steeple  1 68 
feet  high  rising  from  separate  foundations.  A  beau- 
tiful portico  with  four  colossal  Doric  columns,  sup- 
porting a  pediment,  projects  from  beyond  the  tower. 
Although    older    than    St.    Michaels,    havins    been 


DETAIL    or    CHRIST    CHURCH,    PHIL-*  DEl.l'H  I  A. 


built  in  I  733,  St.  Philip's  is  very  similar,  although 
the  tower  is  not  quite  so  high  or  so  slender  and  the 
details  are  coarser,  points  naturally  expected  on 
earlier  buildings. 

New  York  can  still  boast  of  two  ecclesiastical 
structures  of  colonial  times,  the  chapels  of  St.  Paul's 
and  of  St.  John's,  Varrick  street,  belonging  to 
Trinity  parish.  Both  of  the  Trinity  chapels  are 
of  the  Wren  type.  The  older  one,  St.  Paul's, 
was  built  from  1 764-66  by  McBean,  a 
Scotchman,  supposed  to  have  been  a  pupil  or  assist- 
ant of  Gibbs  from  the  strong  resemblance  between 
the  interior  of  this  chapel  and  St.  Martin's-in-fhe- 
Fields.  The  other,  St.  John's,  by  John  McComb, 
was  built  from  1803-7.  The  chancel  and  choir 
are  very  effective,  the  architecture  of  each  being 
distinctly  marked.  The  towers  of  these  chapels  are 
quite  similar,  being  slender  and  graceful  composi- 
tions. That  of  St.  Paul's  is  the  most  pleasing,  as  it 
is  the  more  slender  and  tapering.  The  porches  of 
these  churches  differ  greatly,  the  little  two-columned 
entrance  to  St.  Paul's  is  iust  as  insignificant  as  the 
high  Corinthian  portico  of  St.  John's  is  colossal  and 
o\erpowenng. 

The  public  buildings  prior  to  the  Revolution  are, 
with  few  exceptions,  of  little  interest,  owing,  no 
doubt,  to  the  poverty  of  the  colonies,  to  the  difficulty 
of  obtaining  sufficient  grants  from  the  Crown,  and 
to  the  speed  with  which  they  necessarily  had  to  be 
built  to  fulfil  their  especial  requirements. 

In  the  post-revolutionary  structures  the  classical 
spirit  predominates,  and  a  reflection  of  the  more 
refined  qualities  of  the  Louis  XVI.  are  to  be  seen. 
This  is  perhaps  illustrated  in  the  New  York  City 
Hall  as  well  as  m  any  other  structure. 

John  McComb,  mentioned  above  in  connection 
with  St.  John's  Chapel,  and  the  architect  credited 
with  the  design  of  the  Citv  Hall — 1803-12 — was 
an  ardent  admirer  of  Sir  William  Chambers  and  the 
.Adams,  the  influence  of  whom  is  to  be  seen  in  this 
great  work:  the  former  in  its  monumental  design  and 
the  mechanical  perfection  of  the  \\ork,  and  the  htter 
in  the  delicacy  of  its  ornament  and  the  lack  of  denth 
and  breadth  of  the  reveal.  In  plan  the  building 
consists  of  a  central  pavilion,  two  wings,  and  a 
pavilion  at  each  end.     It  is  two  stories  high,  raised 


CONSTRUCTION 


67 


BALCDNV    IN    ROTUNDA,   llTV    HALL.    NKW    VdRK  CITY, 


on   a   rusticated  basement   and  is  marble  on   three 
sides.     It  was  building  from  1803-12. 

The  first  educated  American  to  devote  himself  to 
the  profession  of  architecture  was  Charles  Bulfinch, 
born  in  Boston  in  1  763.     After  his  graduation  from 
Harvard  in   1781  he  spent  three  years  studying  in 
Europe,  and  on  his  return  entered  seriously  upon  his 
career.     In  1  795  he  was  appointed  architect  to  the 
new  Massachusetts  State   House,   which,   with  the 
exception  of  the  Federal  Capital  at  Washington,  was 
the  most  monumental  building  then  projected  in  the 
States.     In  general  composition  it  is  very  successful 
and  consists  of  two  stories  above  a  rusticated  base- 
ment.    The  flatness  of  the  wings,  the  slight  reveal  in 
the  openings  and  the  treatment  of  the  details  are 
purely  colonial,  while  the  arrangement  of  the  centre, 
where  a  colonnade  is  superimposed  above  an  arcade 
for  the  first  time  in  America,  is  distinctly  French  and 
recalls  some    of    Mansard's    work    at    Versailles. 
Another  innovation  is  the  placing  of  the  pediment 
on  the  sub-structure  of  the  dome  instead  of  over  the 
colonnade,  by  this  means  an  awkward  juncture  be- 
tween the  base  of  the  dome  and  its  supporting  mass 
IS  skilfully  overcome.      The   general   excellence  of 
this  structure  is  remarkable  considering  the  date  of 
its  erection,   and   it   remains  to-day  a   dignified  and 
creditable  public  building.      It  is  still  worthv  of  the 
position  it  holds  as  the  inspiration  for  classical  domed 
state  capitals  many  of  which  ha\e  since  been  built. 
In  this  new  country,  where  everything  was  at  first 
struggling   for  existence,   the   influence  of  Jacobean 
architecture  was  barely  felt,  but  later  as  the  people 
gained  in  strength  and  numbers  the  Renaissance  was 
becoming  stronger  in  England.     Inigo  Jones  returned 
from  his  studies  in  Italy  full  of  enthusiasm  for  Pal- 
ladio's  work  and  at  once  found  favor  for  his  classical 
designs.     This  movement,  now  fairly  begun  in  the 
mother  country,  was  carried  to  its  height  and  con- 
tinued throughout  the  eighteenth  century  bv  a  bril- 
liant grouD  of  men  like  Wren,  Vanbrugh,  Hawks- 
more,  Gibbs.  Campbell.  Tavlor,  the  Adams,  Cham- 
bers and  others.      TTie  influence  of  these  men  \sas 
felt  over  a  large  sphere  and   the  work  of  the  con- 
temporary amateur  and  carpenter  architects  in  the 
colonies  reflected  their  ideas,  while  striving  to  live  up 
to  and  improve  upon  their  standard.     Therefore  the 


richest  and  most  interesting  period  of  colonial  archi- 
tecture is  included  between  the  lives  of  Wren  and 
Chambers. 

Many  of  the  architectural  folios  then  published 
found  their  way  across  the  Atlantic,  and  it  is  to  them 
that  the  graceful,  well  studied  work  of  the  period  is 
largely  due.  Classical  details  were  used  by  every 
carpenter  with  beautiful  results  without  a  too  super- 
stitious reverence  for  the  rules  in  the  Italian  text- 
book. As  far  as  it  is  possible  to  ascertain,  the  names 
of  the  books  in  common  use,  together  with  the 
author's  name,  during  the  colonial  period  were  as 
follows:  Robert  and  James  Adam:  "Works  in 
Architecture,"  three  parts,  125  plates,  London, 
I  773- 1 822.  A.  and  R.  Banjamm :  "The  American 
Builders'   Companion,"   44   plates,   Boston,    Mass., 


DETAIL    OF    CHRIST    CIIL-RCH,    PHILADKLPHIA. 


68 


CONSTRUCTION 


1806.  Asher  Benjamin:  "The  Rudiments  of 
Architecture,"  Boston,  Mass.,  1814:  "A  Hand- 
book of  Architecture,"  Boston,  Mass.,  1834;  "The 
Country  Builder's  Assistant,"  Greenfield,  Mass., 
1796.  C.  Campbell:  "Vitruvms  Britanicus,  '  Lon- 
don, 1715-25;  "The  Builder's  Dictionary,  or 
Gentlemen's  and  Architects"  Companion,"  33  plates, 
London,  1734.  James  Gibbs:  "Rules  for  Drawing 
the  Several  Parts  of  Architecture,"  London,  1  753. 
Inigo  Jones:  "Designs  Consisting  of  Plans  and 
Elevations  for  Public  and  Private  Buildings," 
London,  1 770,  published  by  Wm.  Kent.  Inigo 
Jones  and  others:  Designs  published  by  Isaac  Ware, 
London,  1756.  Batty  Langley:  "The  City  and 
County  Builder's  and  Workman's  Treasury  of  De- 
signs." 200  plates,  London,  1  756.  B.  and  T.  Lang- 
ley:  "Builders'  Jewel,"  London,  1763.  Thomas 
Langley:  "Builders'  Jew- 
el." James  Norman: 
"The  Town  and  Country 
Builders'  Assistant,"  etc., 
59  plates,  Boston,  Eng- 
land, 1786.  William 
Paine:  "The  Practical 
Builder  or  Workman's 
General  Assistant,"  83 
plates,    Boston,    England, 

1792.  Sir  John  Sloane: 
"Sketches  in  Architec- 
ture," 52  plates,  London, 

1793.  A.  Swan:  "The 
British  Architect  o'  Build- 
ers' Treasury  of  Stair- 
cases," etc.,  60  plates, 
London,  1745.  Isaac 
Ware:  "A  Complete 
Body  of  Architecture," 
L  ondon,   I  756. 

On  account  of  the  triple 
association  with  architect, 
contractor  and  carpenter, 
which  every  builder  had 
with  each  house,  there  are 
but  few  instances  where 
names  have  been  pre-erved,  either  by  tradition  or  in 
old  records.  The  few  names  that  do  remain,  given 
in  the  following  list,  are  either  those  of  amateurs  or 
men  of  late  date,  when  architecture  was  beginning 
lo  be  recognized  as  a  profession :  John  Allys  ( 1 666- 
1700),  churches  at  West  Springfield,  Hatfield  and 
Hadley,  Mass.;  John  Ames  (1814),  churches  at 
Ashfield  and  Northboro,  Mass.;  Asher  Benjamin 
(1790),  Carew  and  Alexander  houses  at  Spring- 
field, Hollister  house  at  Greenfield,  West  Church  at 
Boston,  Colton  house  at  Agawam — all  in  Massa- 
chusetts; Peter  Banner  (1810),  Park  Street  Church 
at  Boston,  Mass.;  Joseph  Brown  (1775),  First 
Baptist  Church  and  Providence  Bank,  Providence, 
R.I.;  Chas.  Bulfinch  (1790-1835),  State  houses 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  and  Augusta,  Me,  court  houses  at 
Worcester  and  Cambridge,    Mass.,   State  priso.i   at 


INDErKMil 
I'HU.AI 


•Miiiiinijf^  ' 


i:\TR.\XCE  TO  VKSTIBULE,   CITV    IIALI..    XKW    YORK   CITY, 

Charleston,  Mass.,  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  University  Hall  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  New  North  Church  at  Boston,  Mass.,  meet- 
ing-houses at  Pittsfield,  Weymouth,  Trenton  and 
Lancaster,  Mass.,  at  Peterboro',  N.H.,  and  many 
other  buildings  not  now  standing,  associated  with  the 
National  Capitol  from  1817;  Joseph  Clarke  ( I  772- 
1785),  State  house,  Annapolis,  Md. ;  Isaac  Dam- 
jon  (1804),  First  Church  at  Northampton,  First 
Church  at  Springfield,  church  in  Pittsfield,  court 
houses  in  Pittsfield  and  Lennox,  North  Church  in 
Ware — all    in    Massachu^:etts,    bridges    across    the 


KOTLNllA,    ril'Y     IIAI.I..    m:\V    Ydkk    CIIV. 


C  O  X  S   T  R   U  C   T  J  O  N 


69 


Connecticut  River  at  ChailestoNsn,  N.H.,  Spring- 
field and  Chicope,  Mass.,  and  the  Penobscot.  Hud- 
son and  Ohio  Rivers;  Duff  (1744),  McDowell 
Hall,  Annapolis.  Md. ;  John  Elderkin  (1669), 
First  Church  and  parsonage.  New  London,  Conn. ; 
James  Gibbs  (1714-1754),  St.  Michael's  Church, 
Charleston,  S.C;  John  Greene  (1814),  First  Con- 
gregational, Episcopal  and  First  Universalist 
Churches,  Providence,  R.I.;  Geo.  Hadfield 
(1795),  Federal  Capitol,  Washington,  D.C. : 
Stephen  Hallet  ( 1  793),  Federal  Capitol.  Washing- 
ton, D.C;  Andrew  Hamilton  (1735).  Independ- 
ence Hall,  Philadelphia,  Pa.:  Peter  Harrison 
( 1760),  Christ  Church  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  town 
market.  Redwood  library  and  Jewish  synagogue  at 


New  ^'ork  city;  Richard  Mundy  (1783),  town 
hall,  Newport,  R.I.;  McBean  (1764),  St.  Paul's 
Chapel,  New  York,  N.Y.;  John  McComb  (1803- 
1815),  St.  Paul's  Chapel  and  City  Hall,  New 
^'ork,  N.^'.:  Samuel  Mclntyre  (1805-1820), 
South  Church  and  several  houses,  Salem,  Mass. ; 
Edward  Pell  (1721),  North  Church,  Hanover 
street,  Boston,  Mass.;  Samuel  Rhodes  (1770), 
Pennsyhania  Hospital,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  John 
Smibert  (1742),  Faneuil  Hall,  Boston,  Mass.; 
Robert  Smith,  Carpenter  Hall,  Philadelphia,  Pa.; 
William  Spratz  (1776-1778),  Deming  house, 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  Cowles  house,  Farmington, 
Conn.;     Dr.     Wm.     Thornton     ( 1 793-1800)  ,^  the 


■:\  N'-VI.V AX  I 


STATE  iiorsK. 


Newport,  R.I.;  Davis  Hadley  (1812),  North 
Church,  New  Haven,  Conn. ;  James  Hoban  ( I  794- 
1  83  1  ) ,  Federal  Capitol  and  White  House  at  Wash- 
ington, D.C,  State  Capitol  at  Columbia,  S.C: 
Philip  Hooker  (1813),  Boys  Academy,  Albany, 
N.Y.;  James  Hyde  (1835-1840),  rebuilding  St. 
Philip's  Church,  Charleston,  S.C. ;  A.  Insti  ( 1  750) , 
decorative  iron  work  in  Charleston,  S.C. ;  Thomas 
Jefferson  (1817),  University  of  Virginia,  Moti- 
cello  and  Farmington,  near  Charlotte\  ille,  \a. ;  Eb- 
enezer  Johnson  (1815),  United  Church,  New- 
Haven,  Conn.;  Dr.  John  Kearsbey  (1727),  St. 
Bartholome\v's  and  Christ  Church,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.;  B.  H.  Latrobe  (1803),  Federal  Capitol, 
and      east      portico.      St.       Paul's      Chapel,      at 


Federal  Capitol  and  the  Tayloe  house,  Washing- 
ton, D.C. ;  "Woodlawn,"  near  Mount  Vernon, 
Westmoreland  county,  Va.,  and  the  Philadelphia 
Library,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Robert  Twelves 
(1730),  South  Church,  Boston,  Mass.;  George 
Washington  ( I  793),  additions,  wings  and  outbuild- 
ings at  "Mount  Vernon,"  Westmoreland  county, 
Va. ;  Diedrick  Werner  (  1  750) ,  decorative  ironwork 
in  and  out  of  Charleston,  S.C. ;  Judah  Woodruff 
(1769-90),  Gay  house.  Congregational  church, 
Cowles  house,  Hooker  house,  Whiteman  house, 
Norton  house — all  in  Farmington,  Conn. ;  Sir  Chris- 
topher Wren  (1665-1728),  court  house  and  first 
buildings  of  William  and  Mary  College,  Williams- 
burgh,  Va. 


70 


CONSTRUCTION 


OaNSTRUCnON 

A-  JOURNAL-  FOR  THE  •  ARCHTTECTURAL 

ENGINEERING  •  A14D  •  CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  •  OF  •  CANADA 


FREDERICK    REED,  Editor 

H.  GAGNIER,  LIMITED.  PUBLISHERS 


M-nei-    Kichn 
Toronto. 


Canaaa 


BRANCH   OFFICES: 

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CORRESPONDENCE — All  correspondence  should  be  addressed 
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Vol.  6     Toronto,  February,   1913     No.  2 


CURRENT  TOPICS 

PLANS  for  a  $3,500,000  penitentiary  at 
Joliet,  111.,  have  been  prepared  by  W.  C.  Zimmer- 
man. The  main  features  of  this  structure  will  be: 
Sunshine  in  every  cell;  constant  supervision  of  pri- 
soners from  one  central  point;  circular  cellhouses 
connecting  with  a  general  dining  hall;  outside  cells 
for  each  prisoner  with  separate  heating  and  ventila- 
tion arrangements,  assuring  the  maximum  effect  for 
the  health  of  the  inmates;  connection  of  all  build- 
ings within  the  walls  by  corridors. 

:i<         *         * 

GERMANY  has  found  concrete  a  worthy 
material  for  steam  and  hot-water  radiators.  The 
hygienic  quality  is  the  one  commanding  marked 
attention  among  architects  and  builders.  Of  a  por- 
ous nature,  they  furnish  moisture  as  well  as  heat 
to  the  air,  at  the  same  time  heating  more  quickly  and 
cooling  more  slowly  than  radiators  of  other  sub- 
stances. Special  gypsum  moulds  or  iron  castings 
receive  the  necessary  mixture  of  cement  and  sand, 
making  a  wall  thickness  of  approximately  H  inch 
thick.  The  radiators  can  be  made  in  all  possible 
forms  and  shapes. 


C.  L.  MORGAN,  R.I.D.A.,  of  London,  will 
open  offices  for  the  practice  of  architecture  in  the 
Davis  Chambers,  615  Hastings  street  west,  Van- 
couver. 

*  *    * 

A  MONUMENT  to  General  Wolfe  will  be 
erected  by  the  Battlefield  Commission  to  replace  the 
one  which  now  stands  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham 
at  Quebec. 

D.  W.  F.  NICHOLS  and  J.  Pender  West  have 
formed  a  co-partnership  for  the  practice  of  archi- 
tecture under  the  firm  name  of  Nichols  &  Pender 
West.  Their  new  offices  are  at  91  1  Somerset  build- 
ing, Winnipeg. 

BERTRAND  &  CHAMBERLAIN,  archi- 
tects, have  opened  an  office  in  the  Walter  Scott 
building.  Moose  Jaw.  Their  present  work  consists 
of  the  Moose  Jaw  Engineering  Works,  Ltd.,  the 
Metal  Securities  and  the  proposed  Citizens  Hotel. 

THE  CITY  HALL  Committee  of  the  London, 
Ont.,  council  have  decided  to  purchase  immediately 
the  property  selected  for  the  new  Federal  Square 
scheme.  An  expenditure  of  $250,000  will  be 
necessary  for  a  large  part  of  the  block  bounded  by 
Dundas,  Waterloo,  King  and  Wellington  streets. 
The  work  is  progressing  rapidly  and  augurs  well  for 
the  civic  improvement  of  this  city. 

*  *     * 

GEORGE  A.  ROSS,  A.R.I.B.A.,  of  the 
architectural  firm  of  Ross  &  MacFarlane,  recently 
dissolved,  and  Robert  H.  Macdonald  have  formed 
a  co-partnership  under  the  firm  name  of  Ross  & 
Macdonald.  Their  new  address  will  be  Beaver 
Hall  Hill,  Montreal.  A  considerable  amount  of 
the  more  important  work  of  the  firm  now  dissolved 
will  be  carried  to  completion  by  Ross  &  Macdonald. 

*  *     * 

AT  THE  ANNUAL  meetmg  of  the  Quebec 
-Association  of  Architects,  held  recently,  the  follow- 
ing officers  were  elected  for  the  ensuing  year:  Presi- 
dent, J.  E.  P.  Dussault;  first  vice-president,  W.  F. 
Maxwell;  second  vice-president,  Jos.  Perrault; 
secretary,  J.  E.  Vanier,  and  treasurer,  Hugh  Val- 
lance.  An  interesting  survey  of  the  year's  work  was 
given  by  Mr.  Dussault,  president  of  the  Quebec 
City  Section. 

IN  THE  INAUGURAL  address  of  Mayor 
Euler,  Berlin,  Ont.,  a  progressive  policy  was  urged 
in  regard  to  civic  improvements.  The  new  mayor 
cited  the  necessity  of  planning  for  a  city  of  fifty 
thousand  people:  recommended  a  city  planning 
organization;  the  completion  of  the  tuberculosis 
sanitarium,  a  new  city  hall,  public  comfort  con- 
veniences and  permanent  road  improvements  along 
the  leading  streets. 


Wind   Pressure   on    Buildings 


ALBERT  SMITH.  M.W.S.E/ 


IT  IS,  OBVIOUSLY',  of  the  first  importance  to 
base  practical  assumptions  upon  experiments 
performed  in  the  open  air. — that  is,  in  an  air 
channel  of  infinite  cross  section, — and  upon  such  a 
number  of  models  as  to  show  the  influence  of  the 
shape  of  the  building  upon  the  distribution  of  the 
pressure. 

In  the  fall  of  1911  the  writer  laid  out  the  plans 
for  the  model  building  shown  in  Plate  III.  and  the 
pressure-reading  apparatus  shown  in  Plate  I.  It 
will  be  noted  that  the  m.odel  building  has  three 
different  roof  slopes,  auxiliary  base  sections  which 
give  three  height  variations,  and  is  built  in  two 
length  sections,  giving  three  different  lengths  of 
model.  In  all,  then,  there  were  twenty-seven  dif- 
ferent models  used.  While  the  range  of  three  vari- 
ations IS  not  a  large  one,  it  was  expected  that  the 
variations  of  distribution  due  to  shape  would  be 
fairly  regular,  and  that  three  would  suffice. 

It  was  regarded  as  certain  that  the  maximum  wind 
effects  would  be  found  at  the  middle  of  the  longi- 
tudinal dimension  of  each  model,  and  it  was  accord- 
ingly determined  to  test  three  points  in  each  wall 
and  each  roof-slope  at  this  section.     Some  of  the 

I  D 


models  with  5  ft.  and  6  ft.  height  of  wall  we.e  tested 
at  four  and  five  points  in  the  wall. 

Small  holes  were  bored  in  the  wall  and  roof,  and 
a  brass  nozzle  \\"as  screwed  into  each  hole,  flush  with 
the  outside  surface.  On  the  inside  end  of  each  of 
these  nozzles  was  attached  a  piece  of  ^8  in.  rubber 
tubing.  These  rubber  tubes  led,  by  means  of  a  glass 
tube,  through  a  rubber  stopper  into  the  air  contained 
above  the  surface  of  the  liquid  in  the  bottles.  (See 
Plate  I.)  By  means  of  a  rubber  tube  syphon,  the 
liquid  in  the  bottle  was  connected  with  the  liquid  in 
the  glass  tube  sho\\n  in  front  of  the  scale.  When 
the  air  pressure  inside  the  bottles  was  the  same  as 
the  an-  pressure  in  the  end  of  the  long  glass  tube, 
that  is    the  air  pressure  inside  the  building,  the  level 


•Paper  read  before 
.\Ibert  Smith.  Professor 
versitv.  Similar  tests  1 
Washington    University. 


structural   En.a 


of  liquid  was  the  same  in  the  bottle  as  in  the  tube. 
If,  however,  during  a  wind,  either  pressure  or  suction 
was  produced  at  the  end  of  the  brass  nozzle  in  the 
\sall,  that  pressure  would  be  communicated  to  the 
surface  of  the  liquid  in  the  bottle.  The  level  of  the 
liquid  in  the  long  tube  would  then  either  rise  or  fall, 
and  the  amount  of  this  rise  or  fall  would  be  propor- 
tional to  the  amount  of  the  pressure  or  suction  ex- 
erted. 

Seventeen  such  bottles  and  tubes  were  provided 
for  originally,  but  only  sixteen  were  installed.  The 
tubes  were  placed  in  a  vertical  rack  and  were  spaced 
accurately  on  '2  in.  centers.  The  bottles  were  seated 
on  sixteen  small  steps  whose  height  varied  by  '  1  in. 
Four  were  placed  in  one  row,  so  that  the  end  steps, 
shown  in  Plate  I.,  have  a  2  in.  difference  in  height. 

The  heights  of  the  ends  of  the  tube  rack  were 
controlled  by  two  horizontal  levers  whose  positions 
were  adjusted  by  means  of  the  turnbuckle  shown 
above  the  center  of  the  rack.  It  is  needless  to  say 
that  great  care  was  used  to  make  the  respective 
arms  of  these  levers  exactly  equal.  The  liquid  was 
then  introduced  into  the  bottles  and  syphons  until 
the  upper  edges  of  the  meniscuses  of  the  liquid  in  the 
tubes  were  all  brought  exactly  on  the  vertical  line 
marked  zero.  (See  Plate  I.)  The  line  of  the 
meniscuses  in  the  tubes  should  then  remain  vertical 
for  any  slope  of  the  tubes  produced  by  the  turn- 
buckle.  In  practice  it  was  found  that  this  was  the 
case,  except  for  slopes  very  near  the  horizontal.  All 
the  readings  were  taken  with  a  slope  of  0.024  in  1 , 
but  the  turnbuckle  adjustment  was  used  in  order  to 
be  able  to  take  readings  in  a  40  or  50  mile  wind,  if 
one  should  occur.  The  line  of  meniscuses  was  very 
nearly  vertical  for  a  slope  as  small  as  0.01  in  I,  but 
no  attempt  was  made  to  utilize  a  wind  requiring  such 
delicacy. 

While  the  apparatus  was  being  set  up,  and  during 
the  first  tests,  there  was  some  danger  from  frost,  so 
that  the  tube  rack  had  to  be  very  carefully  adjusted 
for  level.  This  also  made  it  necessary  to  use  a  liquid 
with  a  low  freezing  point.  The  liquid  used  was  the 
\vater  from  the  West  Lafayette  water  works  system, 
mixed  with  alcohol  in  the  proportions  of  two  to  one. 

The  intensity  of  the  pressure  indicated  by  any 
given  reading  was  determined  as  follows:  Calling 
the  fall  of  the  liquid  in  the  bottle  Hi,  and  the  rise 
in  the  tube  H,,  and  the  scale  length  for  I  lb.  pressure 
'  .  difference  of  level  for  I  lb.  per  sq.  ft  =^ 
12  62.5-0.95=0.202  m.  where  0.95  IS  the 
specific  gravitv  of  the  alcohol  and  water  mixture 
L0.2I    .-      H,v2.L'x- 

=  or  H,=0.0l    L 

4  4 

where  0.21  is  the  diameter  of  the  tube,  and  2.1  is 
the  diameter  of  the  bottle.  0.202=Lxtan  slope 
^0.0!    L.      Tan  slopes  (0.202    L)— 0.01.      The 


CONSTRUCT/ON 


probable  useful  slope  was  estimated  to  be  such  that 
1  lb. ^8  in.,  giving  tan  slope=0.202  8 — 0.01 
^0.015.  With  the  tubes  inclined  at  this  slope, 
pressures  could  be  read  directly  on  a  scale  laid  out 
to  8  in.^1   lb.  per  sq.  ft. 

When  the  first  readings  were  being  taken,  it  was 
demonstrated  that  with  a  slope  of  0.01  5  the  readings 
for  some  points  of  the  model  would  not  he  within 
the  visible  part  of  the  tube  during  a  wind  exceeding 
20  miles  per  hour.  The  tubes  were  accordingly 
adjusted  to  a  slope  of  0.024,  but  no  second  scale 
having  been  provided,  the  readings  were  taken  with 
the  8  in.  scale. 

The  original  plan  was  for  an  apparatus  without 
errors,  which  should  show  the  true  pressures  at  each 
point  in  the  model  by  reading  on  the  pasteboard  scale 
behind  the  tubes.  It  was  found,  however,  that  the 
instrument,  when  put  together  as  well  as  seemed 
possible  at  the  time,  contained  tubes  and  bottles  of 
varying  diameter,  and  that  some  of  the  tubes  were 
curved  in  the  vertical  plane.  Since  a  correction  was 
necessary  for  each  reading  before  the  results  were 
diagrammed,  it  was  thought  just  as  well  to  let  the 
observations  taken  with  the  8  in.  scale  stand  without 
repetition,  and  to  take  the  rest  of  the  observations 
with  the  same  scale.  The  correction  factors  are 
discussed  under  the  heading  "Correction  of  Data." 

^^ >^±2S^ (g 


The  Pressure  Indicator. 
On  the  sample  records  will  be  noticed  a  narrow 
horizontal  scale,  above  the  tube  scale,  and  in  front 
of  this  scale  will  be  seen  a  small  triangular  pointer. 
This  scale  gives  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  foot 
on  a  thin  plate  exposed  at  the  end  of  the  building. 
The  pointer  is  earned  on  a  thread  running  over 
pulleys  at  either  end  of  the  tube  rack.  At  the  left 
end  the  thread,  after  passing  over  the  pulley,  carries 
a  small  counterweight.  At  the  right  end  the  thread 
is  carried  around  pulleys,  out  of  the  house,  to  the 
pressure  indicator.  The  pressure  indicator  itself  is 
shown  on  Plate  II.  Two  3  16  in.  steel  rods  were 
imbedded  in  a  heavy  concrete  base.  A  pine  board 
whose  area  was  144  sq.  in.  for  moderate  \vincls  (72 
sq.  in.  for  high  winds),  was  attached  to  the  upper 
ends  of  these  rods.     This  target  was  so  placed  as  to 


be  at  about  the  average  height  of  the  exposed  surface 
of  the  models.  From  the  target  a  thread  led  over  a 
pulley  down  a  covered  channel  and  into  the  house. 
On  a  very  still  day  the  indicator  was  calibrated  by 
hanging  weights  varying  from  0.1  lb.  to  1  lb.,  on  a 
thread  running  from  the  target  over  a  special  pulley 
set  up  for  the  purpose.  This  latter  pulley  was  about 
3  in.  in  diameter  to  reduce  the  friction  to  a  small 
quantity.  A  great  many  trials  were  made,  going 
up  and  coming  down  the  scale,  to  determine  the 
scale  length  for  1  lb.  pressure,  and  the  resulting  de- 
termination IS  believed  to  be  without  any  appreciable 
error.  This  contrivance  undoubtedly  has  some  in- 
ertia, and  will  read  too  low  at  the  beginning  of  its 
motion,  a  fault  which  it  shares  with  the  tube  indi- 
cators, but  it  will  also  read  too  high  at  the  end  of 
its  motion,  which  the  other  will  not  do. 

The  pressure  indicator  was  designed  to  furnish  a 
comparison  of  thin  plate  wind  force  with  the  forces 
on  the  building  surfaces  at  the  same  instant.  There 
are  three  conditions  which  tend  to  vitiate  its  show- 
ings: (a)  The  velocity  of  the  wind  which  hits  the 
target  is  greater  than  the  velocity  which  is  producing 
iorces  on  the  model.  A  large  object  produces  such 
an  increase  of  wind  velocity  around  its  edges  that  a 
small  target  exposed  quite  near  to  the  large  one  will 
have  a  much  greater  unit  force,  (b)  Since  the  size 
of  the  model  varies  very  greatly  the  ratio  of  these 
velocities  cannot  be  constant.  (c)  A  very  slight 
deviation  of  the  angle  of  incidence  of  the  wind  from 
the  normal  to  the  side  of  the  building  produces  a  very 
large  change  in  the  amount,  velocity,  and  direction 
of  the  air  flowing  around  the  ends  of  the  building, 
and  hence  on  the  target  unit-force.  It  was  not  pos- 
sible to  be  sure  that  the  wind  during  a  test  was  not 
as  much  as  I  0  away  from  the  normal,  though  with 
care  we  could  be  fairly  sure  that  it  was  not  more. 
From  the  results  of  Stanton's  and  Duchemin's  tests 
on  inclined  plates,  we  are  justified  in  inferring  that 
the  pressures  on  the  buildings  are  not  apprecialjly 
affected  by  a  small  variation  in  the  direction  of  the 
wind,  but  increased  or  diminished  amounts  of  air 
striking  the  target  will  evidently  greatly  affect  the 
pressure-indicator  readings. 

The  obvious  remedy  for  these  defects  would  be 
to  remove  the  target  to  such  a  distance  that  the  eddy 
around  the  end  of  the  building  would  not  affect  it. 
It  IS  not  certain,  however,  how  far  out  from  the 
building  the  pressures  during  a  gust  may  be  regarded 
as  uniform. 

In  future  tests  it  will  be  necessary  to  get  thin  plate 
pressures  some  distance  in  front  of  the  building  by 
means  of  an  observer  stationed  in  a  pit.  The  obser- 
vations on  thin  plate  pressure  taken  during  these 
tests  are,  perhaps,  interesting,  but  quite  valueless  for 
comparison  with   the  building   forces. 

Records. 

The  original  records  consist  of  photographs  taken 

of  the  instrument  within  the  building  while  the  wind 

was  blowing.     To  make  this  possible  the  liquid  was 

colored   with   a   small   quantity   of  safranin.      After 


CONSTRUCTION 


73 


some  trials,  the  least  quantity  which  would  make  a 
clear  photograph  was  determined,  and  it  was  found 
that  this  mixture  did  not  stain  the  tubes  badly  during 
the  tests.  The  rise  of  the  liquid  in  the  tubes  was 
observed  to  lag  somewhat  behind  the  variations  of 
the  wind  intensity,  due  to  the  damping  effect  of  the 
water  column.  Care  was  taken  in  selecting  the 
instant  for  exploding  the  flash  light  after  the  rapid 
increase  of  velocity  of  the  gust  had  ceased,  and 
before  the  correspondingly  rapid  decrease  had  be- 
gun. The  pressure  indicator,  whose  reading  appears 
in  the  horizontal  scale  above  the  tube  rack  in  all  the 
records,  which  was  quite  sensitive  to  changes  of 
velocity  in  the  wind,  furnished  an  excellent  guide 
as  to  the  proper  time  to  set  off  the  flash.  This  con- 
dition existed  when  both  the  pressure  indicator  and 
the  meniscuses  of  the  liquid  columns  were  as  nearly 
as  possible  at  rest.  In  all  cases  two  photographs 
were  taken  of  each  model  shape.  This  was  done 
to  guard  against  a  failure  of  the  camera,  and  to 
furnish  a  check  record  of  each  shape  with  a  wind 
of  different  intensity.  Altogether,  for  ten  of  the 
twenty-seven  model  shapes  there  is  only  one  good 
photographic  observation.  The  intention  of  repeat- 
ing these  observations  afterward  was  given  up,  be- 
cause on  comparing  the  duplicates  in  the  other  seven- 
teen cases,  it  was  found  that  the  relative  lengths  of 
the  tube  readings  remained  almost  exactly  the  same, 
even  where  the  difference  in  wind  velocity  was 
large.  After  this  comparison,  if  two  photographs 
were  of  equal  clearness  the  one  taken  with  the  greater 
wind  velocity  was  used,  and  no  use  was  made  of  the 
other,  although  it  was  preserved  in  the  records  of  the 
tests. 

Exposure   of   the   Models. 

The  models  were  placed  near  the  north  edge  of 
a  large  level  field  of  the  farm  of  the  Purdue  School 
of  Agriculture.  The  nearest  fence  to  the  south  or 
west  was  about  500  yards  away.  A  quarter  of  a 
mile  to  the  south  is  a  railroad  cut  about  40  ft.  deep 
and  about  200  yards  wide.  At  a  distance  of  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  there  were  a  few  bushes,  and  the 
nearest  trees  were  half  a  mile  away.  The  country 
stretches  off  to  the  southwest  and  to  the  west  in  a 
level  plane,  broken  only  by  the  railway  cut  and  a  few 
small  swales,  until  the  nearest  hill,  about  50  yards 
high,  IS  reached  at  a  distance  of  about  two  miles. 
All  the  tests  were  taken  with  south  and  southwest 
winds,  and  for  these  winds  the  exposure  seems  as 
nearly  perfect  as  it  is  possible  to  get  in  this  part  of 
the  countrv.  In  a  level  plane  of  very  great  extent, 
it  is  probable  that  the  diameter  of  the  whorls  of  the 
wind  would  be  much  greater  than  here,  and  its  struc- 
ture, for  limited  areas,  much  more  nearly  uniform. 

Construction  of  the  Models. 

Five  members  of  the  class  of  1912  in  the  School 
of  Civil  Engineering  of  Purdue  University,  O.  L. 
Canfield.  D.  C.  Hayne,  D.  H.  Miles,  G.  D.  Miller, 
and  C.  W.  Neu.  selected  the  taking  of  these  observa- 
tions and  reporting  upon  the  same  as  a  thesis  assign- 


ment for  the  B.S.  degree.  These  men  constructed 
the  model  shown  on  Plate  III.  The  covering  ma- 
terial was  of  plaster  board,  except  for  the  additional 
base  sections,  which  were  made  of  I  '/2  in.  planks  to 
secure  stiffness.  The  plaster  board  was  used  in 
order  to  make  the  models  light  and  easy  to  turn  in 
a  direction  normal  to  the  wind,  and  to  make  the 
changes  from  one  to  another  shape  of  model  easy. 
The  lack  of  stiffness  of  the  plaster  board  made  it 
difficult  to  handle,  and  in  spite  of  very  thorough 
painting,  inside  and  out,  its  lack  of  durability  added 
greatly  to  the  difficulty  of  the  last  tests,  so  that  some 
other  material  will  certainly  be  used  for  further  tests. 
The  problem  in  the  framing  of  the  models  was  to 
construct  them  so  as  to  facilitate  the  change  from 
one  shape  to  another,  while  a  high  wind  was  blow- 
ing Two  boxes  were  first  made,  6  ft.  x  10  ft.  and 
6  ft.  X  5  ft.,  both  4  ft.  high,  and  open  top  and  bot- 
tom. Four  gables  were  made  for  each  different 
slope,  and  one  peak  strut  for  the  1 0  ft.  and  one  for 
the  5  ft.  house.  The  gables  fitted  into  seats  at  each 
end  of  each  box,  and  were  latched  in  place.  The 
ridges  were  socketed  into  the  gables,  and  were  also 
latched.  Both  the  5  ft.  and  the  1 0  ft.  roofs  were 
made  in  four  pieces  each.  Two  pieces,  30  in.  wide, 
came  down  on  either  side  from  the  ridge,  and  below 
them,  on  either  side,  were  the  pieces  which  varied 
with  the  different  roof  slopes.  In  the  10  ft.  house 
an  intermediate  truss  was  found  necessary  to  prevent 
the  covering  from  bulging.  To  exclude  the  rain 
and  to  secure  reasonable  air  tightness  at  that  point, 
the  peak  was  covered  with  thin  sheet  lead,  which 
was  readily  shaped  to  fit  in  place,  and  whose  weight 
prevented  the  lifting  of  the  roof  at  the  peak,  during 
any  wind  which  was  tested.  One  small  door  was 
made  at  the  end  of  each  house.  The  1  5  ft.  house, 
for  which  tests  are  shown,  was  secured  by  putting 
the  5  ft.  and  the  10  ft-  house  together.  When  this 
was  done  an  open  gable  was  put  in  instead  of  the 
two  closed  gables  which  would  come  together,  thus 
securing  uniformity  of  pressure  conditions  through- 
out the  inside.  When  the  first  trial  readings  were 
taken,  the  amount  of  the  suction  on  the  lee  wall  was 
so  much  smaller  than  the  pressure  on  the  windward 
wall,  that  we  began  to  search  for  an  error.  We 
finally  decided  that  the  building  not  being  air  tight, 
having  indeed  some  very  considerable  cracks,  the 
escape  of  the  air  at  the  ends  of  the  building  was 
causing  the  inside  pressure  to  be  unduly  low,  thus 
diminishing  the  suction  observed  on  the  lee  wall.  If 
the  ends  and  roof  were  absolutely  air  tight,  and  the 
openings  in  the  windward  and  leeward  sides  were 
equal,  the  inside  pressure  should  be  a  mean  between 
the  pressure  and  suction  on  the  walls.  The  ends  of 
a  building  whose  side  is  normal  to  the  wind  receive 
suction  over  their  entire  area,  so  the  suction  area  of 
any  building  is  very  much  greater  than  its  pressure 
area.  This  fact  tends,  obviously,  to  make  the  inside 
pressure  less  than  the  mean  between  wall  pressures 
and  suctions.  While  no  attempt  was  made  to  make 
the  models  absolutely  air  tight,  the  large  cracks  were 


74 


CONSTRUCTION 


stuffed  up,  and  openings  between  the  bottom  of  the 
building  and  the  ground,  due  to  shght  inequalities 
of  the  ground,  were  filled  with  earth.  The  effect  of 
this  was  to  markedly  increase  the  amount  of  the 
suctions.  Openings  were  then  made  in  both  wind- 
ward and  leeward  walls  whose  total  area  was  27 
sq.  in.  The  effect  of  these  was  to  still  further  increase 
the  suctions  in  comparison  with  the  pressures.     (See 


i 

?  ■>. 

i   vl 

>  S  !> 

SH. 

i;\  n 

i  §  1"^ 

>«•;.  ^, 

?^§^f5 

<5>sin 

vit  ^ 

"  i: 

^ 

Plate  IX.  The  same  plate  also  shows  the  effect 
of  closmg  these  openings  on  either  side.  Since  our 
models  were  shorter  in  relation  to  their  width  and 
height  than  the  ordinary  building,  it  seemed  best  to 
approximate  the  conditions  of  a  long  closed  building 
by  leaving  these  openings  in  the  walls,  and  thus 
secure  more  leakage  through  the  walls  than  through 
the  ends.      No  attempt  was  made  to  simulate  the 


CONSTRUCTION 


conditions  of  the  buildings  with  louvres  or  open  ven- 
tilator windov^s.  A  trial  was  made  of  the  effect  of 
opening  the  door  in  the  end,  during  which  the  pres- 
sures were  very  greatly  increased  and  the  suctions 
nearly  disappeared.  The  area  of  the  door  was 
about  15  per  cent,  of  the  area  of  one  end.  It  is 
planned  to  make  further  tests  under  these  conditions 
later. 

Correction  of  Data. 

There  were  two  sources  of  measurable  errors,  for 
which  correction  factors  were  computed  and  applied. 
The  error  due  to  the  change  in  the  scale  was  com- 
bined with  the  error  due  to  variation  in  the  diameter 
of  the  tubes  and  bottles.  The  factors  are  given  in 
the  table  following. 

The  glass  tubes  used  in  these  experiments  were 
the  ordinary  glass  tubes  supplied  to  chemical  labora- 
tories, and  these  were  found  to  have  not  only  varia- 
tion of  diameter  but  curvature  as  well.  These 
sources  of  error  were  partially  removed  by  selection, 
and  that  due  to  curvature  was  finally  computed  for 
each  tube  and  each  reading  thereof,  and  the  correc- 
tions applied  to  the  data.  The  method  of  computa- 
tion was  as  follows:  Assuming  the  curve  of  the  tube 
to  be  a  parabola,  we  call  the  error  in  rise  in  the  tube 
above  zero  point  X,  the  reading  in  inches  R,  and  the 
curvature  ordinate  at  the  middle  C.  We  have,  then, 
X=R"C  1  16.6,  where  I  16.6  is  the  square  of  the 
half  length  of  the  tubes,  10.8  in.  Since  the  total 
difference  in  level  for  1  in.  reading  is,  theoretically, 
0.034  in.,  the  percentage  of  error  will  be  X  0.034 
R,  or.  Error  factor=R-C  116.6-0.034  R= 
RC  116.6  : 0.034.  For  a  reading  of  one-tenth 
on  the  scale,  and  a  curvature  ordinate  of  0.01  in. 
at  center,  this  gives  0.002.  For  curvature  ordinates 
of  0.02  in.,  0.03  m.,  0.04  in.,  0.05  m.,  we  have 
factors  of  0.004,  0.006,  0.008,  0.0 10,  respectively. 
For  any  tube,  then,  the  proper  factor  multiplied  by 
any  number  of  tenths  read,  will  give  the  correction 
to  be  applied  to  the  diagram. 

7  ahle  No.  I. — Correction  Factors. 


Tube.  No. 

Curvature.         Diameter  and  Scale. 

1 

+  0.001  2N 

1.42 

2 

+0.0022N 

1.26 

3 

— 0.0008  N 

1.35 

4 

— 0.0028N 

1.36 

5 

+0.001 2N 

1.26 

6 

— 0.001 8N 

1.26 

7 

+0.0003N 

1.29 

8 

+0.0024N 

1.28 

9 

+0.0004N 

1.29 

10 

+0.0020N 

1.3! 

II 

— 0.0052N 

1.23 

12 

+0.0050N 

1.17 

13 

— 0.0034N 

1.26 

14 

+0.0020N 

1.33 

15 

— 0.0030N 

1.29 

16 

+0.0024N 

1.29 

In  the  above 

table,  the  middle  column  gives  the 

correction  factor  for  curvature  of  the 

tubes.      N  is 

the  number  c 

)f  tenths  read  on  the  scale 

For  small 

readings   the 

va 

lue  of  these   factors  were  all   very 

small.     The 

lar 

gest  correction  applied 

was  about  3 

per  cent.  The  correction  factors  for  the  varying 
diameters  and  for  the  changed  scale,  were  computed 
as  follows:  L  >  D,'  ■  -  4=H,XDi-'X-  4  where 
L  is  the  length  on  scale  for  1  lb.  force,  H,  the  drop 
of  the  liquid  in  the  bottle  for  the  reading  L,  and  D- 
and  Di  the  diameters  of  tube  and  bottle  respectively. 
Then  Hi^LDj  Di'  and,  since  the  difference  in 
height  for  1  lb.  force  is  0.202  in.,  and  the  tangent 
of  the  tube  slope  is  0.024,  L^  0.024 +  LD/  D,^= 
0.202  in. 

Solving  for  L  and  dividing  8  in.  by  the  result,  we 
have     the     correction      formula:      Factor;=0.95  + 

39.6D/  D, . 

From  this  formula  the  values  in  the  third  column 
of  the  table  above  were  derived. 

Pressure   Diagrams. 

The  corrected  pressure  readings  were  then  laid 
out  to  a  scale  of  1  in.^'/i  lb.  on  diagrams  of  the 
models  on  Plates  IV.,  V.  and  VI.  Pressures  were 
shown  on  the  diagrams  outside  the  building  and 
suctions  inside.  The  corrected  force  observation  is 
marked  at  the  point  at  which  it  was  laid  out. 

Lines  were  then  drawn  connecting  the  ends  of 
the  force  ordinates,  and,  beyond,  to  the  edges  of  the 
different  surfaces.  The  areas  of  the  surfaces  in- 
cluded by  the  different  curves  were  then  computed, 
giving  the  forces  on  a  mid-section  of  each  model 
I  ft.  in  length.  The  total  horizontal  force  on  the 
I  ft.  section  was  then  computed  and  noted  below 
the  diagram.  Also  the  total  horizontal  and  vertical 
forces  on  each  roof  were  computed  and  noted  above 
the  diagram. 

Accuracy   of   Observations. 

The  adjustment  of  the  liquid  to  the  zero  point  of 
the  tube,  which  was  accomplished  by  the  addition  or 
subtraction  of  liquid  at  the  open  end  of  the  tube, 
was  made  within  0.01  lb.  on  the  reading  scale.  This 
setting  was  found  to  endure  from  day  to  day  when 
the  apparatus  was  undisturbed,  although  moving  the 
house  and  instrument  often  made  it  necessary  to 
make  new  settings.  The  third  hole  in  the  bottle 
stoppers  was  opened  after  each  series  of  observa- 
tions, to  check  the  return  to  zero.  The  percentage 
of  error,  from  error  in  setting  to  zero  might  be  very 
large  in  the  case  of  small  readings,  but  it  is  to  be 
noted  that  the  effect  on  the  pressure  area  determina- 
tions IS  quite  small. 

A  rather  indeterminate  error,  which  is  believed, 
however,  to  be  of  small  amount,  in  the  relative  values, 
comes  into  the  readings  from  the  lag  of  the  instru- 
ment. Due  to  skin  friction,  friction  of  flow  in  the 
tubes,  and  the  length  of  air  column  over  which  air 
pressure  is  carried,  the  instrument  requires  an  appre- 
ciable interval  of  time  to  register  pressures.  This 
time  interval  was  approximated  as  follows:  The 
wall  tube  was  disconnected,  the  position  of  the 
liquid  in  the  tube  changed  five  divisions  on  the  scale 
by  blowing  and  by  sucking  at  the  wall  end,  and  the 
time  of  return  noted.  At  the  end  of  five  seconds  the 
meniscus  had  returned  to  0. 1 5 ;  at  the  end  of  ten 
seconds  to  0.05 ;   at  the  end  of  fifteen  seconds  to 


CONSTRUCTION 


0.02;  and  at  the  end  of  twenty  seconds  to  0.01. 
The  remainder  of  the  return  occupied  more  than  a 
minute.  If  moved  a  lesser  distance,  the  return  in  the 
same  time  was,  of  course,  closer,  and  for  a  larger 
movement,  farther  away.  If  it  had  been  possible  to 
close  the  third  holes  in  all  the  bottles  simultaneous- 
ly, just  as  a  gust  was  reaching  its  maximum  intensity, 
a  correction  could  have  been  figured  for  the  reading 
of  each  tube,  and  applied  to  the  diagrams.  This, 
however,  did  not  seem  to  be  practicable  in  this  in- 
strument. 

It  appears  quite  certain  that  the  error  of  legistra- 
tion  of  tubes  moving  different  distances  is  not  pro- 
portional, but,  due  to  the  care  taken  to  obtain  read- 
ings after  the  gust  had  reached  its  maximum,  the 
observers  are  confident  that  the  error  from  this  cause 
is  within  2  or  3  per  cent. 

Another  possibility  of  error  comes  into  the  pressure 
area  determinations.  It  is  obvious  that  between  any 
two  readings  on  the  same  surface  the  true  pressure 
ordinates  would  have  for  their  locus  a  smooth  curve. 
There  are  many  places,  however,  in  which  the  curves 
might  be  laid  out  in  a  different  manner  from  that 
used.  At  the  top  of  the  windward  wall,  for  ex- 
ample, the  readings  give  no  clue  of  the  rounded 
corner  of  the  pressuie   area  shown.      It  is  certain. 


"^i 


PL.M'K  VII. 
ijunt  (if   force   on  windward 


of   unit   pressure   on    lioth    walls. 

however,  that  on  roofs  where  the  lowest  reading  is  a 
large  suction,  this  suction  continues  down  to  the  edge 
of  the  roof  and  is  probably,  as  shown,  even  larger 
at  the  edge.  Now  this  suction  is  due  to  the  velocity 
head  of  the  air,  and  it  follows  that  the  upper  hori- 
zontal laminae  of  the  air  in  front  of  the  wall  have 
their  pressure  diminished  by  their  nearness  to  this 
air  current.  It  may  be  that  the  pressure  passes 
through  zero  a  little  below  the  top  of  the  wall, 
though  the  writer  preferred  the  assumption  illustrated. 
In  a  similar  manner  it  was  decided  to  curve  the  upper 
ends  of  the  windv/ard  roof  curve,  when  the  leeward 
roof  had  forces  of  the  opposite  sign.  Where  the 
curves  are  irregular,  as  in  some  of  the  leeward  walls, 
there  is  some  chance  for  varying  curves,  but  these 
variations  of  t^e  curve  give  areas  very  little  different 
from  the  ones  shown. 


It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  lag  error  is  almost  en- 
tirely eliminated  from  the  small  readings,  while  on 
the  other  hand  the  percentage  value  of  errors  in  area 
determinations  will  be  smallest  in  the  large  readings. 

Considering  these  various  sources  of  error,  the 
writer  feels  justified  in  claiming  for  the  corrected 
force  ordinates  a  relative  accuracy  such  that  they 
are  within  3  per  cent,  of  the  truth,  and  for  the  pres- 
sure area  determinations  a  final  accuracy  such  that, 
when  stated  in  terms  of  percentage  of  total  horizontal 
force,  they  are  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  away  from 
the  truth. 

Since  no  use  has  been  made  of  the  absolute  pres- 
sure amounts,  although  the  observed  data  have  been 
corrected  to  make  them  absolutely,  as  well  as  rela- 
tively, true,  no  discussion  of  accuracy  in  that  respect 
is  necessary. 

Table  II. — Tahulaiion  of  Pressure  Area  Relations. 


[4  ft. 


5  ft.  I  5  ft. 


6  ft.' 


4  ft. 


10  ft. 


5  ft. 


6  ft. 


4  ft. 


o 

irio 

49 

"36^ 

ji 

15 

-cti 

21 

3.26 

59 

28 

13 

07 

3.03 

51 

12 

28 

—26 

2.13 

71 

26 

03 

39 

3.12 

72 

17 

11 

02 

3.69 

68 

14 

18 

—08 

3.26 

80 

19 

01 

24 

2.82 

73 

23 

04 

17 

3.40 

70 

21 

09 

1  1 

4.23 

81 

15 

03 

13 

3.61 

67 

24 

09 

21 

3.52 

63 

20 

17 

—06 

3.97 

65 

36 

—01 

61 

3.12 

63 

37 

00 

40 

6.19 

59 

28 

13 

21 

7.77 

88 

17 

—05 

33 

5.63 

81 

19 

00 

22 

8.93 

60 

29 

11 

03 

4.30 

73 

20 

07 

37 

3.85 

65 

17 

18 

10 

4.19 

60 

15 

25 

02 

3.76 

59 

38 

03 

39 

5.78 

64 

30 

06 

19 

8.12 

56 

28 

16 

07 

3.14 

77 

25 

—02 

36 

4.04 

60 

34 

06 

27 

6.99 

52 

39 

09 

26 

15  ft.! 5  ft. 


[6  ft. 


Comparison  of  Data. 

Table  II.  shows  the  effect  on  each  portion  of  the 
surface  in  terms  of  percentage  of  total  horizontal 
force  on  the  building. 

Table  III.  shows  the  total  vertical  effect  on  the 
roof,  in  terms  of  percentage  of  total  horizontal  force 
on  the  building.  It  is  especially  interesting  to  note 
that  this  may  be,  for  some  shapes,  as  much  as  61 
per  cent,  of  the  total  horizontal  force. 

Table  IV.  gives  the  total  force  on  leeward  wall 
in  terms  of  percentage  of  total  force  on  both  walls. 
Both  in  this  table  and  in  Table  III.  the  three  vertical 
columns  under  each  pitch  are  for  the  5,  10  and  15 
ft.  lengths  of  building,  respectively. 

Windward  Roof. — The  ratio   of  unit   pressures 


CONSTRUCTIO  N 


on  the  windward  roof  to  the  sum  of  the  unit  pressures 
on  both  walls  was  computed  for  the   15   ft.  model- 
The  result  is  shown  graphically  in  Plate  VII. 
Table  III. — Vertical   Uplift  in  Percentage  of   Total 
Horizontal   Force. 
Wall  Height.        ',  Pitch.  i  Pitch.  .':  Pitch 

4  ft         21     13    37  7    21     10     —26—8      2 

5  ft         39    61     39         2    40     19       —8    22      7 
6ft.        24    34    36        17    22    27  II       3    26 

From  the  table  above,  the  average  of  the  1  5 
pitch  figures  is  30  per  cent.,  of  the  1  4  pitch.  I  7  per 
cent.,  and  of  the  I    3  pitch,  .03  per  cent. 

Increases  of  height  and  length  both  tend  to  m- 
crease  the  amount  of  the  vertical  force. 
Table  IV. — Force  on  Lee    Wall  in  Percentage  of    Total 

Force  on    Walls. 
Wall  Height.        I  Pitch.  :  Pitch.  :\  Pitch 

4  ft.        42     16     18        n    2b    21  30    24    20 

5  ft.        27    36    39        19    37    32  17    32    33 

6  ft.         19     16    24       24     19    36         23    32    44 
Plate  VIII.  shows  graphically  the  change  in  lee 

wall  percentages  for  different  heights  of  wall  for  the 
three  pitches.  Only  the  1 5  ft.  model  observations 
were  used  in  this  plate.  The  curves  for  the  10  ft. 
length  resemble  these,  although  the  points  of  maxi- 
mum percentage  are  moved  to  the  left,  and  are  in 
the  same  order  as  to  pitch.  In  the  5  ft.  length  of 
model  the  curves  do  not  agree  with  each  other  so 
well  or  resemble  so  closely  the  curves  of  the  15  ft. 
model  observations.  The  shape  of  these  curves  is 
given  them  arbitrarily,  as  the  three  points  given  by 
the  observations  do  not  completely  locate  them. 
There  are  some  general  conclusions  which  the  pres- 
sure diagrams  enable  one  to  draw,  and  which  guided 
the  writer  in  making  these  curves. 

(a)  The  increase  of  height  of  wall  tends  to 
decrease  relatively  the  average  amount  of  pressure 
on  the  windward  wall.  The  decrease  of  wall  height, 
while  the  roof  height  remains  unchanged,  tends  to 
produce  pressure  on  the  windward  roof.  The  pres- 
sures then  do  not  pass  through  zero  at  the  top  of  the 
wall,  but  at  a  point  some  distance  up  the  roof,  and 
the  average  on  the  wall  is  increased. 

(b)  The  increase  of  height  tends  to  increase 
relatively  the  average  amount  of  suction  on  the  lee- 
ward wall.  The  direction  of  the  filaments,  as  the 
air  leaves  the  leeward  slope,  is  evidently  an  import- 
ant factor  in  determining  the  suction  on  the  leeward 
wall.  The  more  nearly  horizontal  the  direction  of 
these,  the  greater  will  be  the  leeward  wall  suction. 
But  the  longer  the  roof,  in  relation  to  the  height,  the 
more  nearly  will  the  air  filaments  at  the  leeward  eave 
be  brought  parallel  to  it.  Turning  these  filaments 
into  a  direction  parallel  to  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
develops  a  higher  absolute  pressure  and  therefore  a 
lower  suction,  than  when  the  filaments  are  more 
nearly  horizontal.  Where,  then,  the  roof  is  long  in 
comparison  with  the  height,  or.  the  span  being  con- 
stant, where  the  height  is  small  in  comparison  with 
the  span,  the  leeward  suctions  will  be  relatively 
small. 

(c)  The  relative  amount  of  the  air  flowing  around 
the  end  of  the  building  increases  as  the  height  in- 


tv^//  Height 

PL-\TF.  vni. 


creases.  When  the  building  is  short  in  comparison 
with  its  height,  the  flow  of  air  around  its  ends  has 
more  influence  upon  the  relative  amounts  of  the 
pressures  and  suctions  than  the  flow  over  the  top. 
On  a  thin  plate  exposed  in  an  air  current,  the  maxi- 
mum pressure  is  found  on  the  windward  side  midway 
between  two  edges  around  which  free  flow  takes 
place,  and  the  minimum  suction  will  be  found  on  the 
leeward  side  directly  opposite  the  same  spot  or  line. 
As  the  amount  of  the  end  flow  increases,  the  tend- 
ency of  the  leeward  suction  at  the  middle  section  to 
become   a   minimum,   as   also   the   tendency   of   the 


■*i/'-o. 


..25  vt 


Full   line.    .^.3.    B3,   C:!   and    D3 — 27°"   of   opening,    lee   wall. 
Dotted   line,    no   openings. 

PL.\TE  IX. 

Effect  of  openings  in  walls  15  ft.  length.  5  ft.  height,   li   pitch. 


78 


CONSTRUCTION 


windward    pressures    to    become    a    maximum,    in- 
creases. 

The  effect  of  (a)  is  probably  not  very  large.  But 
from  (b)  we  have  the  relative  amounts  of  the  lee- 
ward suctions  steadily  increasing  as  the  height  in- 
creases. The  limit  of  the  ratio  will  be  the  ratio  of 
lee  suctions  on  a  very  long  thin  plate  with  one  edge 
resting  on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  We  have  no 
test  data  on  this  case,  but  these  tests  seem  to  indicate 
that  this  limit  is  very  nearly  50  per  cent.  As  the 
height  increases,  however,  the  influence  of  the  end 
flow  on  pressures  and  suctions  at  a  middle  section 
steadily  increases,  finally  overcoming  the  tendency 
of  the  lee  pressures  to  increase,  and  actually  causing 
them  to  diminish.  They  will  then  continue  to 
diminish  until,  the  confined  edge  of  the  building  be- 
coming very  small  in  comparison  with  its  height,  it 
approaches  as  a  limit  the  ratio  of  suction  for  a  long 
rectangular  plate  in  air,  which,  as  shown  by  Stanton, 
is  about  35  per  cent.  In  the  smaller  pitches  of  roofs 
the  maximum  percentage  of  the  leeward  wall  suc- 
tions will  be  arrived  at  more  rapidly,  throwing  the 
points  of  maximum  curve  ordinates  on  Plate  VIII. 
to  the  left,  for  low  pitches. 

In  view  of  these  results,  the  ordinary  methods  of 
assuming  wind  loads  on  mill  buildings  ought  to  be 
somewhat  revised.  For  the  case  of  roof  trusses  on 
masonry  walls,  or  on  steel  bents  with  long  diagonals, 
a  suction  effect  in  the  neighborhood  of  0.4  of  the 
unit  wind  pressure  should  be  placed  on  the  leeward 
roof  of  all  closed  buildings,  and  a  pressure  or  suction 
derived  from  the  curves  drawn  from  the  observations, 
placed  on  the  windward  roof.  The  resulting  stresses 
will  not  only  be  different  in  amount  from  those  com- 
puted on  the  present  basis,  hut  will  in  many  mem- 
bers, differ  as  to  sign.  Wind  loads  on  purlins  might 
in  most  cases  be  entirely  omitted,  and  where  consid- 
ered they  might  be  made  much  less  than  at  present. 
The  necessity  for  secure  anchorage,  not  only  to 
prevent  sliding,  but  to  prevent  actual  uplift,  is  strong- 
ly confirmed  by  these  tests. 

In  buildings  with  knee-braced  bents,  in  addition 
to  the  preceding  points,  the  suctions  on  the  leeward 
wall  should  be  considered.  Approximate  curves 
might  be  made  for  each  pitch  and  for  each  height 
ratio,  and  the  leeward  wall  unit  derived  therefrom 
in  any  given  case.  This,  beside  being  troublesome 
to  the  computer,  still  leaves  his  results  inaccurate, 
since  if  the  pressures  on  the  two  walls  be  unequal  the 
points  of  contraflexure  will  be  actually  at  different 
heights,  though  in  view  of  the  labor  otherwise  in- 
volved, he  must  consider  them  to  be  at  the  same 
height. 

Where  there  is  an  opening  as  great  as  2  per  cent, 
or  3  per  cent,  of  the  outside  surface,  the  suctions  will 
be  seriously  reduced  or  augmented,  according  to 
which  side  the  openings  are  on.  If  on  both  sides,  the 
pressures  and  suctions  will  not  be  seriously  affected, 
except  locally,  unless  the  openings  are  very  much 
greater  than  this. 


IT  IS  HOPED  the  efforts  of  R.  G.  Halford, 
secretary  of  the  Manitoba  Association  of  Architects, 
in  behalf  of  the  establishment  of  an  architectural 
course  at  the  University  of  Manitoba  will  be  more 
than  successful.  Mr.  Halford,  in  communicating 
with  the  proper  officials,  pointed  out  that  a  thorough 
education  is  becoming  essential  for  the  practice  of 
architecture,  and  that  it  is  impossible  for  intending 
architects  to  obtain  the  necessary  training  by  working 
in  an  office.  The  only  means  at  present  for  a  West- 
ern Canadian  to  obtain  this  education  is  by  attending 
a  University  in  Eastern  Canada  or  the  United  States. 
The  matter  has  been  favorably  received  by  the 
faculty  and  augurs  well  for  the  future  development 
of  the  draftsmen  in  that  section  of  the  Dominion. 


ALBERTA  Architects'  Association  at  its  annual 
convention  in  Edmonton,  January  23  to  25,  elected 
the  following  officers:  President,  R.  W.  Lines,  Ed- 
monton; honorary  president,  G.  M.  Lang,  Calgary; 
first  vice-president,  James  Henderson,  Edmonton; 
second  vice-president,  J.  J.  O'Gara,  Edmonton;  sec- 
retary, W.  D.  Cromarty,  Edmonton;  treasurer,  G. 
H.  McDonald,  Edmonton;  council — R.  P.  Blakey, 
C.  Lionel  Gibbs,  R.  P.  Barnes,  Edmonton,  and 
George  Fordyce  and  W.  S.  Major,  Calgary.  G. 
M.  Lang,  retiring  president,  said  that  the  member- 
ship now  consisted  of  67  with  seven  student  associ- 
ates. Thirty-one  applications  were  received  during 
the  year  and  1  7  were  admitted  to  membership.  In 
conclusion,  after  speaking  of  the  success  in  handlmg 
the  year  book,  he  finished  by  saying:  "An  epoch 
was  marked  during  the  year  just  passed  when  affi! 
ation  with  the  University  of  Alberta  was  consum- 
mated, this  puts  the  association  upon  the  same  basis 
as  the  medical,  legal,  dental  and  land  surveyors 
bodies  and  at  the  same  time  the  association  has  lost 
none  of  its  rights  and  privileges,  in  fact,  they  have 
really  been  extended,  for  under  the  agreement  with 
the  university  the  association  has  representation  on 
the  university  senate,  and  names,  in  conjunction  with 
the  president  of  the  university,  the  examiners  for 
papers  set  in  our  examination." 


THE  FIRST  ANNUAL  banquet  of  the  Van- 
couver chapter  of  the  B.C.  Society  of  Architects  was 
held  at  the  University  Club's  quarters,  January  23. 
Some  sixty  members  and  guests  were  present.  G.  A. 
Birkenhead,  responding  to  the  toast  on  Vancouver, 
spoke  in  high  terms  of  the  great  building  progress  of 
the  city  and  stated  that  the  work  done  and  being  done 
by  the  architects  was  and  would  be  a  great  credit 
to  the  Terminal  City.  Mayor  Baxter,  in  response, 
talked  on  the  enormous  possibilities  of  Vancouver 
and  advised  the  architects  to  stand  together  in  the 
work  of  beautifying  the  city.  It  would  be  a  great 
work  to  build  up  Vancouver  to  what  she  would 
some  day  become.  Other  toasts  eliciting  interesting 
and  eloquent  responses,  helped  to  make  the  gather- 
ing a  reallv  delightful  one. 


CONSTRUCTION 


79 


MAIN     >TAIR\\AV. 
GREAT    Tp:rRACE. 


IFORD   MANOR,    BRADFORD-ON-A\  ON,    ENGLAND. 


Ar.  Iiili-.tinal     1 
London.    Eng. 


80 


CONSTRUCTION 


C  O  .\  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  .\ 


L  OPERA   COMIQLE,   PARIS. 


82 


CONSTRUCTION 


THE  FOLLOWING  CODE  of  ethics  was 
endorsed  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Vancouver 
Chapter  of  the  B.C.  architects.  They  are  intended 
to  assist  their  members  in  relation  to  each  other,  to 
builders  and  to  contractors,  they  may  perhaps  be  of 
interest  to  other  members  of  the  profession. 

1 .  An  architect  is  both  an  artist  and  a  practitioner. 
His  functions  are  to  conceive  and  study  the  compo- 
sition of  an  edifice,  to  direct  and  superintend  the 
execution,  to  verify  and  regulate  all  accounts  of  ex- 
penses. 

2.  His  is  a  liberal  and  not  a  commercial  profes- 
sion. This  profession  is  incompatible  with  that  of 
contractor,  manufacturer,  or  furnisher  of  materials 
or  objects  employed  in  the  construction.  No  member 
should  enter  into  partnership  in  any  form  or  degree 
with  any  builder,  contractor  or  manufacturer.  A 
member  having  any  ownership  in  any  building  ma- 
terial, device  or  invention,  proposed  to  be  used  on 
work  for  which  he  is  architect,  should  inform  his 
employer  of  the  fact  of  such  ownership.  He  is  re- 
munerated solely  by  fees  paid  by  his  clients. 

3.  The  architect,  being  neither  a  mercantile  nor  a 
business  agent,  shall  have  nothing  to  do  with  opera- 
tions giving  allowances,  deductions  or  commissions. 
He  should  not  be  a  party  to  a  building  contract  ex- 
cept as  owner.  He  shall  abstain  from  making,  from 
personal  motives,  any  advertisement  or  offer  of 
services  by  means  of  newspapers,  circulars,  signs, 
prospectus  or  other  means  of  publicity  usual  in  com- 
mercial professions.  He  may,  however,  have  his 
card  with  his  name,  profession,  office  hours,  and 
title,  if  any. 

4.  He  shall  abstain  from  seeking  employment  or 
clients  by  means  of  concessions,  commissions,  deduc- 
tions on  his  fees,  or  other  advantages  offered  to  third 
parties,  such  as  manager,  business  men  or  proprietor's 
agents,  and  avoid  in  general  all  acts  which  require 
secrecy  from  present  or  future  clients.  No  member 
should  offer  drawings  or  other  services  (on  approval) 
and  without  any  pecuniary  compensation. 

5.  He  shall  abstain  from  plagiarism  from  his 
fellow-members  and  from  disregard  for  those  deli- 
cate rules  of  conscience  imposed  upon  artists  worthy 
of  the  name  in  their  intercourse  with  others.  He 
must  not  seek  to  acquire  the  position  or  patronage 
enjoyed  by  a  brother  architect.  If  he  should  be 
appointed  to  such  a  position  or  patronage  after  the 
death,  the  resignation  or  revocation  of  a  fellow  mem- 
ber, the  new  architect  shall  consider  himself  the 
guardian  of  the  honor  and  the  interest  of  his  late 
confrere.  A  member  should  not  criticize  in  the  public 
prints  the  professional  conduct  or  work  of  another 
architect  except  over  his  own  name  or  under  the 
authority  of  a  professional  journal.  A  member 
should  not  furnish  designs  in  competition  for  private 
work  or  for  public  work  unless  for  proper  compensa- 
tion and  unless  a  competent  professional  adviser  is 
employed  to  draw  up  the  "condition"  and  assist  in 
tlie   award 

6.    He  shall  recognize  the  quality  and  give  the  title 


of  fellow  member  to  every  architect  exercising  honor- 
ably his  profession. 

7.  When  an  architect  employs,  as  draughtsmen  or 
clerks,  young  men  who  are  at  the  same  time  students, 
he  shall  give  them  the  benefit  of  his  experience  and 
treat  them  with  all  the  consideration  due  to  the  con- 
fraternity. 

8.  The  architect  owes  to  his  clients  the  help  of  his 
knowledge  and  experience  in  the  study  of  the  pro- 
jects submitted  to  him  in  the  direction  and  superin- 
tendence of  his  work,  and  all  proper  and  needed 
advice.  All  his  attention  and  skill  must  be  devoted 
to  the  interests  confided  to  him. 

9.  Nevertheless,  the  architect  shall  not  help  oper- 
ations which  would  conflict  with  the  rights  of  other 
parties,  even  if  asked  to  do  so  by  a  client.  Neither 
shall  he  lend  a  hand  to  operations  of  such  a  nature 
as  to  implicate  him,  or  a  third  party,  or  which  might 
be  the  cause  of  accident.  In  such  a  case  he  must  tell 
his  client  that  it  is  impossible  to  acquiesce  in  his  de- 
mands. He  must  not  guarantee  an  estimate  or  con- 
tract by  personal  bond. 

10.  He  IS  remunerated  by  his  client,  and  by  his 
client  only,  by  means  of  fees.  He  must,  therefore, 
not  only  refuse  any  remuneration  whatsoever  from 
contractors,  dealers,  sellers  or  buyers  of  land  or 
building,  having  contracted  or  being  supposed  to 
contract  with  his  client,  but,  moreover,  when  the  re- 
muneration for  his  work  is  left  over  to  a  third  party 
he  must  accept  only  the  fees  paid  by  his  client,  who 
can  be  refunded  by  those  whom  it  may  concern. 

I  I .  The  architect  must  declare  himself  competent 
to  act  as  expert  in  any  affair  in  which  his  client  is 
interested.  He  shall  do  the  same  if  he  has  already 
given  an  option  concerning  the  contestation. 

12.  When  he  is  appointed  as  expert  by  his  client, 
for  instance,  in  a  question  of  insurance,  valuation, 
etc.,  he  IS  no  longer  the  mandatory  of  his  client,  he 
IS  only  an  expert.  When  he  acts  as  arbitrator,  his 
obligations  are  the  same. 

13.  The  architect  shall  endeavor  to  ensure  har- 
mony, cordiality  and  honorable  conduct  amongst  all 
persons  occupied  in  the  work  under  his  super\ision. 

1  4.  Towards  the  contractors  or  dealers  the  archi- 
tect shall  refrain  from  accepting  any  deduction,  com- 
mission, or  present,  whether  in  money  or  kind,  whe- 
ther these  contractors  or  dealers  be  employed  by  him 
or  not. 

15.  When  the  architect  has  as  client  a  contractor 
or  dealer  he  is  still  in  this  case  remunerated  merely 
by  fees. 

1 6.  The  architect  \vho  becomes  contractor,  con- 
tractor's clerk,  quantity  clerk,  or  clerk  of  works, 
loses  his  title  of  architect.  He  does  not  lose  it  by 
working  for  another  architect. 

I  7.  The  schedule  of  charges  of  the  B.C.  Society 
of  Architects  represents  minimum  rates  for  full  and 
competent  services. 

18.  It  is  not  derogatory  to  the  profession  of  an 
architect  to  sign  his  buildings  in  an  unostentatious 
manner,  similar  to  that  adopted  by  artists  and  sculp- 
tors. 


GONSmJaDN 


VOL.  VI 


NO.  3 


CONTENTS    FOR    MARCH,    1913 

EDITORIAL     85 

CaiKMlus   iit-MiI   of  laise  technical  schools TrelneTiilous  hamiica|i  which   c,iiilr,.nts 

Mill     . halt  Allien Tlu-     skyscrapei-    in    its     iflatimi     to    fanailiaii     cities. 

RECENT     BUILDINGS.     TORONTO 87 

EUROPEAN    TURKEY.  — II.       By    F.     R.     Major    97 

NEW    UNIVERSITY    BUILDINGS.    PROVINCE   OF    BRITISH    COLUMBIA.     By  C.   H.   Boyles.  104 

CANADIAN      ARCHITECTURE      115 

TRADE      NOTES      124 

Fall   Pa^e  Illustru(ioii!i« 

CHAPEL.    TRINITY    COLLEGE,    TORONTO    Frontispiece 

BOWLES      BUILDING,     TORONTO      88 

WILLIAMS    BUILDING.     TORONTO     91 

MACMILLAN     BUILDING.     TORONTO      92 

TREMONT     HOUSE.    TORONTO     93 

BRIGDEN    BUILDING.    TORONTO     C4 

RECENT    AMERICAN     COLLEGE     PLANS     121 


MONTREAL 


H.    GAGiNIER,    Limited,    Publishers 

GRAPHIC    ARTS     BUILDING,   TORONTO,    CANADA 

BRANCH  OFFICES  : 

WINNIPEG  CHICAGO  NEW  YORK  LONDON,  ENG. 


\.5 


I4.  ^' 

w\'i{!if/./       \ 


CHAPEL,  TRINITY   COLLEGE, 
TORONTO,   ONTARIO. 


Canada's  need  of  large  technical  schools — 
Rapid  strides  in  other  countries  reveal  their 
l(een  insight  into  the  essentials  of  sane  progress. 


THE  LAMENTABLE  FACT  in  connection 
with  the  phenomenal  record  of  the  Dominion's  pro- 
gress is  our  inabihty  to  grasp  the  existing  need  of 
proper  educational  facilities.  Grant  that  we  have 
a  number  of  excellent  universities  and  are  planning 
to  erect  another  upon  the  western  coast.  Give  due 
credit  to  the  admirable  work  of  the  technical  institu- 
tions in  Nova  Scotia,  Winnipeg,  and  Toronto.  Add 
to  these  the  powerful  influence  of  the  high  school. 
Still  we  are  woefully  lacking  in  facilities  for  indus- 
trial and  technical  training.  In  an  inventive  age 
which  IS  fundamentally  an  epoch  of  skill  in  the  fur- 
therance of  all  branches  of  trade-work,  the  innate 
tendencies  of  the  boys  and  girls  should  be  allowed  to 
grow.  To  do  this  they  must  absorb  daily  the  rudi- 
ments that  combine  to  make  of  their  natural  ability 
a  progressive  and  successful  termination.  The 
thought  that  for  one  to  be  properly  educated  he  must 
limit  his  efforts  to  a  classical  preparation  is  fast 
losing  vogue.  Education  gives  the  power  to  grasp 
the  problem,  analyze  the  causes  and  results,  and 
produce  a  thoughtful  and  forceful  expression  of  its 
present  and  future  possibilities.  And  while  it  is  not 
necessary  to  attend  the  various  colleges  and  schools 
to  attain  this,  there  is  no  denying  the  fact  that  such 
institutions  are  worthy  factors  in  training  our  youth 
to  think  along  lines  most  conducive  to  their  own 
individual  success.  Up  to  the  present  the  chief  func- 
tion of  our  high  school  has  been  to  prepare  for  further 
work  in  a  collegiate  line,  but  now  the  thought  is  to 
centre  these  efforts  in  a  direction  most  beneficial  to 
the  student's  future  work.  The  high  schools  and 
collegiates  should  enlarge  still  more  their  present 
scope  on  manual  training  and  mechanical  arts.  New 
institutions  must  also  be  erected  with  the  prime  motive 
of  training  the  young  to  grasp  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  the  various  arts,  enabling  them  to  choose 
their  future  work  knowingly  and  wisely.  In  doing 
this  no  detraction  will  be  made  from  a  sound  literary 
training,  and  the  boy  and  girl  will  be  thoroughly 
imbued  with  the  positive  qualities  essential  to  a  mas- 
tery of  the  actual  duties  of  life. 


7  he  tremendous  handicap  ivhtch  co  fronts  our 
draftsmen — The  lacl(  of  a  ututed  effort  to 
hetter  conditions — Need  of  an  aTvalfening. 


IT  IS  LITTLE  CREDIT  to  the  patrons  of 
architecture  to  have  it  said,  "the  architects  have  to 
rely  upon  the  British  Isles  and  the  United  States  for 
skilled  assistants.  "  Such  an  emphatic  statement 
emanating  from  one  so  well  known  in  the  architec- 
tural world  of  Canada  is  worthy  of  analysis.  If  the 
architecture  of  to-day  is  being  done  by  Canadian 
architects  there  should  be  little  reason  for  a  dearth 
in  local  draftsmen.  But  the  truth  is  only  too  evi- 
dent and  the  conditions  demand  prompt  attention. 
By  examining  the  preparation  afforded  to  foreign 
students  the  reason  for  their  superiority  is  quite  evi- 
dent. They  have  at  their  command  the  proper  facili- 
ties for  advance  study  and  criticism.  When  our  best 
architects  volunteer  to  devote  an  evening  or  two  each 
week  to  atelier  work;  when  we  have  sufficient  travel- 
ling scholarships  to  benefit  the  large  number  of 
fellows  eager  to  equip  themselves  to  the  best  advan- 
tage; when  we  find  in  every  city  of  prominence 
rephcas  of  ancient  art — then  and  not  till  then  can 
we  hope  to  successfully  compete  with  the  States  and 
European  countries.  Each  phase  of  this  preparatory 
work  IS  of  vital  importance  and  should  be  taken  up 
by  competent  men  through  the  proper  channels. 
What  could  be  of  more  lasting  benefit  to  the  progress 
of  architecture  than  a  series  of  casts  properly  housed 
and  located  in  the  different  provinces?  These  col- 
lections could  be  purchased  abroad  for  nominal  sums 
from  manufacturers  who  have  a  standing  reputation 
for  the  quality  and  character  of  their  work.  Acces- 
sible to  the  student,  and  general  public  as  well,  there 
would  soon  develop  a  keen  desire  to  emulate  the  pur- 
ity, chasteness  and  freedom,  so  characteristic  of  the 
better  architecture  in  the  past.  It  would  be  hard  to 
estimate  the  value  of  direct  study  from  orders,  vari- 
ous motives,  and  graphic  expressions  of  past  masters 
through  a  representative  collection  of  the  world's  best 
work.  These  would  furnish  a  grasp  of  the  funda- 
mental principles  and  enable  the  draftsmen  to  appre- 
ciate his  first  trip  abroad  and  know  what  to  study 
as  well  as  how  to  grasp  the  big  truths  so  often  lost  in 
"■"  stuuv  of  detail. 


85 


86 


CONSTRUCTION 


fl 


The  skvscraper — Its  mer'il  is  biiterly  discussed 
in  everv  city  throughout  the  Dominion — Final 
action  taken  by  Toronto  City  Council. 


SHALL  WE  or  shall  we  not  change  the  charac- 
ter of  our  cities  through  the  erection  of  skyscrapers? 
This  question  is  a  vital  one  and  is  being  hotly  dis- 
cussed by  the  various  members  of  the  architectural 
and  building  associations  as  well  as  in  the  council 
chambers.  In  some  localities  where  the  tall  building 
has  already  made  its  debut  the  problem  is:  Will 
we  permit  structures  of  over  twenty  stories?  In  other 
places  it  becomes  a  question  of  fixing  a  standard 
height  which  will  adequately  provide  for  all  future 
contingencies. 

Referring  to  the  height  of  new  buildings  to  be 
erected  in  Montreal,  N.  Cauchon  is  quoted  as  say- 
ing: "In  Europe  there  are  many  cities  in  which  the 
height  of  buildings  is  limited.  The  law  in  many 
cases  in  Europe  is  that  no  building  may  be  any  more 
than  one  and  a  half  times  as  high  as  the  street  in 
front  of  it  is  wide.  If  this  were  introduced  on  Sparks 
street,  it  would  limit  the  buildmgs  to  99  feet  high. 
There  is  no  building  on  Sparks  street  yet  that  is  very 
much  more  than  this  height,  so  that  if  it  were  intro- 
duced now,  the  ones  already  built  would  not  have 
any  advantage  over  the  ones  that  would  be  built 
when  the  law  became  effective.  It  seems  to  me  that 
this  is  high  enough.  The  European  cities,  however, 
require  that  the  light  in  the  back  be  sufficient  and  the 
higher  the  building  the  more  space  must  be  allowed 
for  sunlight  for  the  windows  facing  the  back.  It  is 
all  a  question  of  light.  By  the  present  artificial  ven- 
tilation systems  the  offices  on  every  floor  secure  good 
fresh  air  no  matter  how  high  the  building  may  be, 
but  the  sunlight  cannot  be  distributed  by  any  such 
system.  And  sunlight  is  a  necessity  from  a  sanitary 
standpoint." 

At  a  recent  meeting  held  in  Hamilton,  Ont.,  Chief 
TenEyck  spoke  of  the  dangers  ahead  if  some  action 
were  not  taken  in  regard  to  tall  structures.  In  closing 
Mr.  TenEyck  recommended  that  a  by-law  be  passed 
restricting  the  height  of  buildings  to  not  more  than 
eight  stories,  or  one  hundred  feet  high.  He  consid- 
ered any  building  higher  than  that  a  menace  from  a 
fire  standpoint,  as  well  as  to  the  safety  of  the  occu- 
pants in  the  upper  stories  in  the  event  of  a  fire  in  same. 
The  resolution  recently  offered  by  G.  T.  Somers 
against  the  frequent  disregard  by  the  City 
Council  of  the  by-law  limiting  the  height  of  buildings 
in  Toronto  has  been  presented  to  the  Council.  It 
reads  as  follows:  "The  Council  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  regrets  exceedingly  the  frequent  setting  aside 
of  the  city  by-law  limiting  the  height  of  buildings  in 
Toronto  to  ten  stories,  or  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  feet,  and  would  strongly  urge  upon  the  city 
authorities  the  need  for  strict  enforcement  of  such 
limitation,  because,  in  the  opinion  of  this  Council,  the 
steadily-increasing  height  of  skyscrapers  constitutes 
a  serious  menace  to  the  public  health,  especially  of 


those  whose  work  must  be  done  in  the  lower  stories 
away  from  the  sunlight;  it  also  adds  unnecessarily 
to  the  already  great  congestion  in  the  narrow  down- 
town streets  and  unduly  concentrates  land  values  at 
or  near  a  few  leading  corners,  this  concentration  of 
values,  in  turn,  making  necessary  still  higher  struc- 
tures to  meet  the  increasing  ground  rents.     It  is  fur- 
ther resolved  that  a  committee  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
Council  be  authorized  to  wait  on  the  City  Council." 
The     Municipal     Improvement     Association     of 
Toronto  at  a  special  meeting  passed  the  following 
resolution:    "Resolved,  that  we  (the  Council  of  the 
Municipal    Improvement    Association)     place    our- 
selves on  record  in  favor  of  limiting  the  height  of  the 
main  portion  of  any  building  to  twice  the  width  of 
the  street,  but  that  we  are  not  opposed  to  a  portion 
of  the  building  rising  higher,  providing  that  the  upper 
stories  above  the  main  portion  are  set  back  sufficient 
distance  to  allow  light  and  air  to  circulate  freely; 
that  a  copy  of  this  resolution  shall  be  sent  to  the 
members  of  the  City  Council  with  a  request  that  the 
opinions  of  all  other  municipal  and  ratepayers'  asso- 
ciations should  be  secured  before  definite  action  is 
taken  by  the  civic  authorities;  that  this  is  a  question 
which  affects  the  health  and  other  interests  of  the 
whole  business  community,   and  involves  points  on 
which  the   advice  of   town-planning   transportation, 
and  civic  health  experts  might  reasonably  be  sought." 
The  Civic  Property  Committee  in  Toronto,  after 
a  long  debate,  carried  the  following  motion:  "That 
in  the  district  now  served  by  the  high-pressure  system 
buildings  may  be  erected  to  the  height  of  250  feet. 
The  above  resolutions  are  indicative  of  the  great 
divergence  of  opinion  in  regard  to  the  tall  building 
in  Toronto.      Many   prominent   organizations  have 
acted  upon  the  matter  and  tried  to  affect  the  final 
action  of  the  City  Council.     The  Civic  Guild  em- 
phasized the  fact  that  all  newspapers  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  advocate  high  buildings  and  credits  the 
popular  tendency  towards  sky-scrapers  to  the  fact 
that  they  will  make  Toronto  look  metropolitan. 

Mr.  Lawson  Purdy,  president  of  the  Department 
of  Taxes  and  Assessments,  New  \  ork  City,  severely' 
arraigned  the  skyscraper  before  the  Canadian  Club 
and  the  City  Council  of  Toronto.  His  services  were 
evidently  secured  to  influence  the  council  in  their 
final  decision,  but,  like  all  other  emphatic  protests, 
failed  in  its  mission.  Mr.  Purdy  stated  that  the  large 
majority  of  the  50,000  applications  for  reduction 
in  assessment  passed  upon  by  his  department  were 
attributable  to  the  cutting  off  of  light  and  air  by 
neighboring  buildings.  He  claims  that  no  recent  tall 
building  in  New  York  is  practical  from  an  economic 
standpoint;  that  the  appearance  of  the  metropolis  has 
been  ruined;  that  the  value  of  adjacent  properties 
has  been  reduced,  and  that  the  health  of  the  citizens 
is  being  impaired. 

The  "Imp  of  Perverse"  has  done  its  work.  The 
City  Council  of  Toronto  passed  the  recommendation 
that  the  Guardian  Realty  Co.  be  permitted  to  erect 
a  new  20-story  building,  259  feet  high,  at  the  corner 
of  Kinsr  and  Yonge  streets. 


Recent   Buildings,   Toronto 


«tea«hii*BiB^^^^!i 


'*TN  their  appreciation  of  the  value  of  the  natural 
JL  characteristics  of  wood,  marble,  stone,  brick, 
and  terra  cotta,  in  their  subservience  to  some 
definite  purpose  in  the  mind  of  the  architect,  they 
suggest  an  evolution  in  building  which  does  not  at 
present  exist  in  the  Old  Country."  Such  is  the 
comment  of  a  well  known  English  artist  on  Canadian 
art.  And  it  is  an  era  of  creation  carrying  into  oper- 
ation a  marked  trend  towards  a 
more  artistic  and  practical 
architecture. 

One  of  the  phases  of  the 
much  debated  skyscraper  ques- 
tion is  its  artistic  merit.  Some 
enthusiastic  supporters  of  the 
tall  building  go  so  far  as  to 
claim  that  the  low  commercial 
structure  cannot  be  made  at- 
tractive. While  their  live  in- 
terest in  the  subject  is  admir- 
able, few  will  agree  with  them 
on  this  point.  In  every  city  a 
large  number  of  structures 
ranging  from  five  to  ten  stories 
in  height  are  being  erected 
which  evidence  the  falsity  of 
such  an  argument.  They  not 
only  furnish  the  facilities  by 
which  active  business  concerns 
can  economically  handle  their 
work,  but  also  show  a  skill  in 
designing  which  merits  consid- 
erable encouragement. 

Canadian  architecture  must 
stand  for  the  highest  perfection 
of  building  construction.  The 
height  or  length  of  the  structure 
itself  IS  of  little  import  so  long  as 
the  artistic,  oractical  and  sani- 
tary principles  are  maintained. 
The  smallest  building  imagin- 
able can  be  designed  in  beauty, 
harmony  and  proportion. 

The  accompanying  illustra- 
tions take  up  examples  in  To- 
ronto where  the  fundamental 
idea  was  to  house  the  business 
concerns  in  an  attractive  manner.  How  successfully 
this  has  been  done  may  be  left  to  the  reproductions 
and  the  reader's  artistic  taste.  The  limitations  natur- 
ally met  with  have  been  studied  and  every  utilitarian 
motive  kept  constantly  in  mind.  A  feature  worthy 
of  mention  is  the  harmonious  blending  of  the  various 
materials  which  enter  into  the  construction  of  the 
buildings.  The  change  from  stone  to  brick,  or  from 
marble  to  terra  cotta,  has  been  skillfully  executed — 
resulting    in   expressions   logically    and    esthetically. 


I'.DWLKS    BUIIJiIX 


A   brief   description   of   each   building   is   given, 
stating  the  constructional   features. 

Bowles  Building. — The  exterior  presents  a  very 
clean  and  attractive  appearance  in  its  treatment  of 
old  ivory  matt  glazed  terra  cotta  with  green  and  old 
rose  decorations  in  conjunction  with  tapestry  brick. 
The  character  of  the  interior  is  expressed  by  the 
general  outward  effect  and  furnishes  a  type  of  build- 
ing both  decorative  in  its  motive 
and  of  a  practical   nature. 

The  restaurant  is  finished  in 
an  Italian  marble  wainscot  ten 
feet  high,  with  white  glazed  tile 
covering  the  remaining  wall 
surfaces  and  cambered  ceiling. 
The  floor  is  also  of  tile,  while 
the  counters  and  serving  table 
are  of  Italian  marble  and  Car- 
rarra  glass. 

Originally  the  third  floor  was 
designed  for  a  store,  but  has 
been  changed  to  a  billiard  par- 
lor. Above  the  wainscot  is  a 
frieze  of  painted  burlap  with 
appropriate  stenciled  designs. 
In  the  basement  is  a  second  pool 
room,  finished  throughout  with 
light  fumed  oak,  which  wood 
is  also  used  in  the  pool  tables 
and  seats.  The  fireplace  is 
constructed  of  tapestry  brick; 
the  floor  of  cork  tiling. 

The  barber  shop  and  lobby 
n  the  basement  are  treated  with 
Italian  marble  and  white  tile, 
while  the  bake  shop  and  work 
room  are  finished  in  white 
enameled  brick.  A  complete 
\entilating  system  has  been  in- 
stalled with  an  air  washer  for 
moistening  and  purifying  the 
incoming  air. 

Reinforced  concrete  is  used 

in  the  basement;  brick  in  walls 

abo\e    grade    line;    reinforced 

...  inKdM.i.  concrete  and  hollow  tile  in  all 

floors.       The    foundations    are 

sunk  thirty-two  feet  to  solid  rock.     An  approximate 

cost  per  cubic   foot  of  the  building  is  40  cents. 

Williams  Building. — Rising  ten  stories  above  the 
ground,  this  building  presents  a  unique  solution  to 
the  tall,  narrow  business  structure.  Twenty-three 
feet  six  inches  includes  the  entire  width,  while  the 
heights  of  the  various  upper  floors  are  ten  feet  eight 
inches  in  order  to  conform  to  the  building  law  limit- 
ing the  height  to  five  times  the  width.  The  full 
depth  is  one  hundred  feet. 


87 


CONSTRUCTION 


EXTERIOR    DETAIL,    BOWLES    BUILDING,    TORONTO. 

IIAKKIS     &     M];i(l<lTT     AND     U.     It.     H  \ND,      ASSOCIATE  ARCHITICCTS. 


ASEMEN'T  PLAN. 


CONSTRUCTION 


89 


POOL      KOOM 


lUM.IAk!-    I'Akl.iH; 
BOWLES    BUILDING.    TORONTO. 

ICIATK     AUCIHTKOT 


IIAKKI^     .S:     MKUKITT     AM)      II.     1-.      HAMi, 


90 


CONSTRUCTION 


The  exterior  presents  a  frame  of  light  glazed  terra 
cotta  encasing  a  metal  treatment  of  windows  and 
cement  advertismg  spandrels.  The  walls  of  con- 
crete vary  in  width  from  twenty-two  inches  at  the 
basement  to  fourteen  at  the  top  story.  In  order  to 
economize  space  the  building  was  designed  as 
"skeleton  construction,"  considering  three  feet  of  the 
wall  as  column  and  the  adjoining  three  feet  as  span- 
drel treatment.  In  doing  this  the  architects  escaped 
the  law  demanding  similar  walls  to  be  thirty-two 
inches  at  the  first  floor. 

All  floors  are  of  reinforced  concrete  with  a  top 


stories  with  a  high  basement,  the  first  treated  in  Ohio 
blue  stone,  the  remaining  portion  in  stone  and  cherry 
toned  brick  with  white  joints.  Upon  the  interior 
the  vestibule  is  of  marble,  the  inner  hall  of  red  brick 
with  mahogany  finish. 

The  building  is  planned  so  as  to  have  unobstructed 
light  on  all  four  facades,  arranged  by  reserving  a 
certain  portion  of  land  on  each  side.  Casement 
windows  are  employed  in  the  front — all  other  win- 
dows having  metal  frames  and  sashes.  The  roof 
provides  for  a  skylight  of  ample  proportions.  Mill 
construction   is   used   throughout,    the   floors  having 


LUNCH     ROOM,    UOWLES    BUILUIN'G.    TOROXTO. 


covering  of  terrazzo,  made  to  carry  a  live  load  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty-five  pounds  per  square  foot. 
A  wind  pressure  of  thirty  pounds  has  been  allowed 
on  wall  surfaces.  The  footings  extend  forty  feet 
below  street  level  to  rock  bottom,  with  piers  two  feet 
three  inches  by  four  feet  six  inches  for  each  column. 
Macmillan  Building. — Located  on  a  street  of 
churches,  with  shade  trees,  the  design  lends  itself  to 
the  artistic  nature  of  the  surroundings,  and  at  the 
same  time  maintains  a  proper  feeling  of  the  practical 
nature   for  which  it  was  built.      It  consists  of  five 


four-inch  Georgia  pine  and  one-inch  maple,  with  a 
safe  load  of  I  50  pounds. 

Special  attention  has  been  given  to  the  shipping 
arrangements,  all  of  which  is  handled  from  the 
freight  elevator  into  a  paved  court.  The  heating  is 
by  steam,  the  boilers  being  located  in  an  area  built 
beneath  a  lane,  separating  this  feature  from  the  base- 
ment proper.  Cost  of  structure,  I  I  cents  per  cubic 
foot. 

Tremont  House. — The  exterior  of  the  building  is 
finished  to  the  first  floor  in  polished  Crotch  island 


EXTERIOR   DETAIL    AND   SECTION. 


BASEMENT. 


91 


CONSTRUCTION 


O  1- 

H  H 

Z  S 

o  r 


z 

<     '^ 

-J       z 


CONSTRUCTION 


93 


94 


CONSTRUCTION 


BRIGDEN   BUILDING,  TORONTO. 

BOND    &    SMITH,      ARCHITECTS. 


CONSTRUCTION 


96 


CONSTRUCTION 


granite  with  white  glazed  terra  cotta  above.  This 
structure  is  an  excellent  example  of  the  economical 
arrangement  so  necessary  m  busmess  sections.  A 
glance  at  the  first  floor  reveals  a  symmetrical  division 
on  one  side  of  which  is  the  office,  dining  room  and 
servery,  on  the  other  a  bar  room  extending  the  full 
depth. 

The  walls  of  the  office  are  finished  in  Royal-vein 
white  marble,  with  base  and  trimmings  of  Dominion 
blue  and  mahogany  woodwork.  In  the  dining  room 
is  a  quartered  oak  treatment  after  Louis  XVI.  style. 
Mahogany  is  also  employed  in  the  barber  shop,  bar 
room  and  lavatories;  quartered  oak  throughout  the 
upper  floors, 

The  building  is  of  steel  construction,  brick  walls, 
white  glazed  terra  cotta  used  from  top  to  bottom, 
terra  cotta  floors,  and  concrete  roof.  Total  cost  of 
structure  alone,  $100,000. 

Brigden  Building. — The  entire  structure  is  of  re- 
inforced concrete  and  brick,  with  concrete  roof  and 
floors,  steel  sash  and  fire  doors.  There  are  five 
stones  in  addition  to  the  basement  and  a  printing 
department  built  in  the  rear.  The  printing  plant  is 
65  X  75  feet,  divided  into  two  sections  by  a  glass 
partition.  All  lighting  in  this  department  comes  from 
a  skylight  tipped  to  the  east,  giving  an  even  distri- 
bution of  light  throughout  the  room. 

One  of  the  prominent  features  in  the  design  is  the 
lighting  arrangement,  the  front  and  rear  being  prac- 
tically one  solid  window.  Whatever  artificial  light- 
ing is  necessary  is  by  the  indirect  system,  while  the 
power  is  derived  from  individual  motors  attached  to 
each  piece  of  machinery. 


The  exterior  treatment  consists  of  an  outer  coat- 
ing of  white  Portland  cement  and  white  silica  sand 
rubbed  down  with  a  carborundum  block.  A  little 
touch  of  color  is  introduced  at  the  floor  levels  by 
means  of  panels  in  tapestry  brick. 

The  building  is  fireproof  throughout  and  heated 
by  a  vacuum  steam  system.  The  cost  of  building 
approximates  I  6  cents  per  cubic  foot,  which  includes 
the  special  plumbing,  acid  sinks,  etc. 

The  time  has  arrived  when  architects,  engineers 
and  builders  must  put  forth  an  honest  effort  in  com- 
plying with  the  universal  demand  for  ornate  struc- 
tures. The  client  wishes  it,  the  general  appearance 
of  the  city  demands  it — so  the  profession  should 
bend  every  effort  to  produce  the  desired  result.  The 
buildings  shown  herewith  present  an  honest  effort 
upon  the  part  of  the  designer  to  raise  the  standard 
of  commercial  architecture  in  all  its  phases,  and  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  each  one  responsible  for  a  continu- 
ation of  the  standard  already  set  will  hold  them- 
selves ready  to  instill  into  their  work  a  character 
which  will  prove  creditable  to  their  profession. 

Canada  is  growing  rapidly  and  needs  to  consider 
carefully  the  type  of  edifices  it  is  erecting.  Every 
structure  built  or  being  built  has  an  influence  upon 
future  development  as  well  as  standing  for  the  best 
taste  and  skill  of  our  architects  and  engineers.  There 
is  no  need  of  adverse  criticism  for  what  has  been 
done,  but  architecture  must  better  itself  and  this  can 
only  be  accomplished  by  insisting  on  pure  design. 
The  buildings  shown  herewith  present  an  honest 
effort  upon  the  part  of  the  designer  to  raise  the  stand- 
ard of  commercial  architecture  in  all  its  phases. 


JlllCl.,    1;KIi.I)1;\     IjrjI.I'ING,    TOKOXTI" 


European   Turkey      II. 

Constantinople 


F.  R.  MAJOR 


TO  THE  -READER  full  of  admiration  for 
rehcs  of  strength  and  duration  nothing  will 
bring  deeper  pleasure  than  a  visit  to  the  old 
Theodosian  wall  depicted  above.  This  barrier, 
which  meant  the  preservation  of  the  city  for  so  many 
centuries,  may  even  yet  add  one  more  victory  to  its 
slow  ebbing  life.  Of  one  hundred  and  sixteen 
fighting  towers,  only  half  remain,  and  these  are  little 
more  than  illustrious  ruins. 

The  crumbling  walls  were  conceived  by  Constan- 
tine  the  Great.  In  413  Anthemius,  the  Prefect  and 
military  reformer,  finding  the  fortifications  inade- 
quate for  the  city's  protection,  erected  the  first  great 
Theodosian  rampart.  It  extended  more  than  a  mile 
beyond  the  wall  already  existing  and  prevailed 
against  many  savage  onslaughts.  After  the  dis- 
astrous effects  of  an  earthquake  which  destroyed 
fifty-seven  towers,  the  threatened  attack  by  Attila, 
"Scourge  of  God,"  influenced  the  citizens  to  restore 
the  walls.  The  remarkable  undertaking  was  accom- 
plished in  sixty  days.  In  succeeding  years  the  work 
was  enlarged  to  four  successive  lines  of  defence. 
The  first  part  consisted  of  a  moat  sixty  feet  \vide, 
backed  by  a  solid  stone  breastwork  for  archers. 
Adjoining  this  was  a  forty-foot  esplanade  protected 
by  a  wall  thirty  feet  high  and  seven  feet  thick  con- 
taining loop-holes.  This  section  was  buttressed  by 
one  hundred  towers  thirty-five  feet  high.  The  inner 
and  higher  esplanade  was  sixty  feet  wide,  with  the 


first  great  wall  rising  some  forty-five  feet  higher. 
With  fifteen  feet  of  solid  thickness  and  protected  by 
ninety-seven  flanking  towers  sixty  feet  high,  this  wall 
reached  to  the  Blackernae  Hill,  from  which  point  a 
single  wall  extended  to  the  Golden  Horn. 

To  our  mutual  friend  Mark  Twain  these  walls 
mean  nothing  but  useless  enclosures  to  a  city  of  little 
beauty  and  a  people  of  filth  and  uncleanliness.  To 
others  they  stand  as  monuments  of  a  people  whose 
bra\ery  was  their  religion,  whose  character  became 
known  through  illustrious  works  of  art,  and  whose 
habits  in  their  golden  era  could  stand  the  light  of 
publicity  fully  as  well  as  ours  in  this  braggadocio 
age.  For  eight  centuries  the  city  of  Constantinople 
was  guarded  from  attack  and  successfully  withstood 
the  terrific  onslaughts  of  the  savage  Huns,  Slavs  and 
Saracens.  We  somehow  feel  that  their  great  vitality 
will  respond  once  more  to  the  glorious  height  of  their 
ancient  victories. 

From  Justinian  down  to  the  sack  and  destruction 
of  Constantinople — 1204 — the  empire  was  continu- 
ally engaged  in  warfare,  endeavoring  to  hold  itself 
together  and  at  the  same  time  prevent  the  Vandals, 
Goths,  Saracens,  Persians,  Slavs  and  Russians  from 
capturing  the  city.  For  centuries  art  received  little 
encouragement  on  account  of  the  continued  struggle 
for  existence.  The  strength  of  the  Eastern  Empire 
grew  less  and  less  through  misgovernment.  The 
capital   itself  was   fast   degenerating   and   regarded 


97 


98 


CONSTRUCTION 


with  little  pride  and  affection.  But  all  of  this  be- 
came changed.  During  the  tenth,  eleventh  and 
twelfth  centuries  the  splendor  of  Constantinople  was 
beyond  comprehension.  Customs  duties  amounted 
to  twenty  thousand  pieces  of  silver  daily  and  the 
rulers  accumulated  large  fortunes  in  spite  of  the 
maintenance  of  armies,  cost  of  wars,  building  of  the 
city,  games  for  the  populace,  luxury  of  the  court  and 
expenditures  on  ecclesiastical  edifices. 

The  imperial  palace  became  more  magnificent 
under  each  succeeding  sovereign.  Its  gardens  de- 
scended by  many  terraces  to  the  shore  of  the  sea, 
affording  a  suitable  setting  to  its  three  stately  domes. 
The  roof  of  gilded  brass  was  supported  by  pillars 
of  Italian  marble  and  walls  incrusted  with  colored 
marble  mixed  with  Oriental  alabaster.  The  palace 
contained  five  churches,  while  "its  endless  courts, 
corridors  and  apartments,  finished  in  mosaics  com- 


posed of  precious  stones  and  marbles  from  all  quar- 
ters of  the  globe,  were  spacious  enough  to  contain 
the  multitude  of  splendid  paintings,  statues,  vases 
and  magnificent  trophies,  of  an  inconceivable  variety, 
which  had  been  gathered  from  all  the  known  coun- 
tries of  the  globe." 

The  fivefold  creed  of  Mohammedanism — confes- 
sion of  the  unity  of  God;  prayers  at  stated  times; 
almsgiving;  observance  of  the  fast  of  Ramazan;  the 
festival  of  Mecca — brought  about  a  great  change  in 
ecclesiastical  architecture.  Besides  appropriating 
for  their  own  use  the  large  number  of  Christian 
churches  already  existing,  they  erected  hundreds  of 
mosques,  many  of  which  were  structures^  of  great 
magnificence.     Of  the  churches  erected  before  the 


P.\L.\CE  OF   THE  BI..^CKERN".\E. 


Justinian  age,  only  one  example  remains.  St.  John 
Studios,  built  in  463  A.D.,  is  a  three  aisled  basilica 
having  an  over  all  dimension  of  125  by  85  feet. 
The  gallery  is  supported  by  a  range  of  classical 
columns,  while  the  upper  portion  of  the  church  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  arches  with  little  resemblance  to 
the  classical  features  below. 

During  the  Justinian  age  places  of 
worship  sprang  up  in  all  quarters  of 
the  metropolis,  but  were  gradually 
lost  on  account  of  the  combustible 
materials  entering  into  their  construc- 
tion. The  Church  of  Sergius  and 
Bacchus  remains,  however,  due  to 
the  elimination  of  wood,  etc.,  and 
furnishes  an  example  of  considerable 
merit  both  in  its  design  and  propor- 
tional qualities. 

Santa  Irene,  formerly  the  metro- 
politan church,  has  been  converted 
into  a  Turkish  armory.  This  build- 
ing was  rebuilt  in  its  present  state  by 
Leo  the  Isaurian,  718  A.D.,  and 
furnishes  the  first  complete  form  of 
introducing  the  dome  lighting  by 
means  of  a  perpendicular  drum. 
Probably  the  finest  example  of  a 
small  church  is  that  of  Theotokos, 
37  by  45  feet.     It  is  the  most  com- 


C  O  A'  5  7"/^  U  C  T  I  O  N 


plete  structure  of  its  kind,  possessing 
many  details  of  great  beauty  and 
perfection. 

The  remarkable  rise  of  the  Otto- 
man Turks  is  augmented  by  the  fact 
that  they  were  little  more  than  wan- 
dering pastoral  tribes  at  the  beginning 
of  the  thirteenth  century.  From 
central  Asia  they  migrated  into  Asia 
Minor  during  the  following  century 
and  encroached  upon  the  territories 
of  Bulgaria  and  Servia  under  the 
leadership  of  Murad  I.,  1359-1389. 
Henceforth  all  attempts  to  besiege 
Constantinople  were  fruitless  until 
Mohammed  II.,  1451-1481 ,  became 
ruler  for  the  third  time.  Secretive, 
ambitious,  crafty,  and  wide  awake 
was  Mohammed.  When  asked  as 
to  his  plan  of  attack,  he  answered. 
"If  a  hair  of  my  beard  knew,  I  would 
pluck  it  out  and  burn  it."  He  as- 
pired to  the  domains  of  western 
Rome  long  before  he  felt  certain  of  possessing  then- 
eastern  territories;  he  tactfully  held  aloof  the  Hun- 
garians   and    other    powerful    nations    by    peaceful 


fe:-;: 


PIGEON    Cdl-Kl 


irE  oi'  sui.TAN   i:avi:/.ii 


capital  in  the  world  was  looted;  the  city  was  do- 
populated,  thousands  being  killed  and  some  fifty 
thousand  reduced  to  slavery.  Then  the  organizing 
genius  of  Mohammed  stood  out.  He  offered  free 
homes  to  all  former  inhabitants  who  would  return; 
he  transplanted  colonies  from  the  neighboring 
islands;  he  cemented  the  good  will  of  his  officers  by 
distributing  among  them  the  wives  and  daughters  of 
the  nobles  of  the  empire.  He  recaptured  Servia  and 
Bosnia,  annexed  Asiatic  domains,  established  a 
suzerainty  over  Crimea  and  placed  the  /Egean 
islands  under  his  rule. 

Mohammed  II.,  in  beginning  the  conquest  of 
Constantinople,  erected  the  castle  of  Roumelia.  the 
walls   of   which   were   thirty   feet   in   thickness   and 


negotiations;  he  was  the  first  man  to  prove  the  effi- 
ciency of  cannon  against  the  fortified  city.  It  might 
be  of  interest  to  note  that  the  guns  used  in  this  attack 
threw  stones  weighing  twelve  hundred  pounds. 

What  a  marked  contrast  between  the  besieged 
and  the  besieger.  Mohammed  in  making  his  speech 
before  the  final  assault  swore  "by  God,  by  the  four 
thousand  prophets,  by  Mohammed,  by  the  soul  of 
his  father  and  by  his  children,"  that  the  soldiers 
should  have  the  city  for  three  days  in  which  to 
pillage,  destroy  and  kill.  On  the  other  hand.  Em- 
peror Constantine  and  the  people  marched  in  solemn 
procession  to  S.  Sophia  and  here  the  emperor  bade 
his  people  fight  as  became  the  descendants  of  the 
heroes  of  Greece  and  Rome.  This  was  the  last 
Christian  service  in  the  historic  church  called  Hagio 
Sophia. 

As  a  result  of  this  siege  the  wealth  of  the  richest 


nKTAir,.  MOsni'K  OF  sn.fiiMAX  THE  M.\r,xn-u-EN  r. 


100 


CONSTRUCTION 


prtj^fp-^^ 


contained  altars,  pillars,  etc.,  of  Christian  churches. 
On  extended  ground  which  was  christened  Seraglio 
Point  he  built  his  famous 
palace  of  Cheregan,  and  sur- 
rounded the  much  mutilated 
S.  Sophia  with  groves,  foun- 
tains, etc.  His  greatest  glory 
in  the  field  of  art  was  his 
magnificent  mosque  erected 
by  the  great  Greek  architect 
Christodoulos.  Unfortunate- 
ly this  structure  has  lost  its 
original  character.  Within 
the  mosque  are  the  tombs  of 
the  emperor  and  his  family, 
without  are  the  signs  of  what 
must  have  been  the  resultant 
of  a  deep  thinker  and 
humane  character — e  i  g  h  t 
academies,  a  bath,  hospital, 
diet-house    and   caravansary. 

The  tomb  of  Mohammed  II. 

■       .1  hi:  I' A 

occupies    a    position    in    trie 

turbeh  of  Sultan  Ahmed  and  is  surrounded  by  a 

mother-of-pearl  railing  at  the  head  of  which  hangs 

his  enormous  turban. 


JB. 


■^    '^vj^^^j^ 


Between  Mohammed  II.  and 
Suleiman  the  Great,  1520-1566, 
ruled  two  sultans  noted  for  their  civic 
improvements.  Bayezid  II.  erected 
the  Mosque  of  the  Pigeons,  so  named 
from  the  existing  legend  that  in  the 
course  of  building  an  old  woman 
brought  the  sultan  a  pair  of  pigeons 
^.s  her  free-will  offering.  The  kind- 
ness of  such  gratitude  brought  forth 
the  decree  that  the  pigeons  and  their 
offspring  should  be  regarded  as 
sacred.  The  court  has  a  charming 
portico  with  marble  pointed  arches 
in  red  and  white  supported  by  mono- 
lith columns,  ten  of  which  are  verd 
antique,  four  of  jasper  and  six  of 
granite.  Selim  I.  proved  to  be  one  of  the  greatest 
Ottoman  rulers,  annexing  Persia,  Syria  and  Egypt 


:Uk.iiXSf 


THE    SEI.AMLIK. 


MjrK  oi-  si-i.;:iM\x   Tii;:  macxk'icext. 

to  his  domains,  and  bringing  the  sacred  banner  and 
lelics  of  the  prophets  from  Cairo  to  S.  Sophia. 
Suleiman  the  Great,  1520-1556,  has  given  to 
posterity  a  regime  of  splendor  sur- 
passing in  many  ways  the  Justinian 
ers.  Constantinople  was  not  only 
embellished,  but  nearly  every  city  in 
the  empire  felt  the  influence  of  his 
artistic  temperament.  The  great 
aqueduct  and  arsenal  of  the  capital 
were  paralleled  by  the  restoration  of 
the  aqueducts  of  Mecca  and  the  con- 
struction of  the  Tschekmedji  bridge. 
The  Suleimanyeh  is  the  most  art- 
istic mosque  in  Constantinople.  The 
building  still  maintains  its  original 
character  both  as  to  the  constructive 
features  as  well  as  the  treatment  of 
Its  detail.  The  mosque  was  designed 
by  Sinan,  the  most  celebrated  Otto- 


CONSTRUCTION 


101 


TOMI-.S    IIF    MAHMl'l)    H.    AMI    ABDUL    AZIZ. 

man  architect,  and  comprised  a  court,  fountams, 
colonnades,  twenty-three  small  domes  and  four  ex- 
quisite minarets  with  accompany- 
ing galleries.  In  plan  the  main 
structure  covers  practically  fifty 
thousand  square  feet  with  a  fore- 
court 150  by  190  feet  surround- 
ed by  an  arcade.  The  dome,  86 
feet  inside  diameter  and  1  56  feet 
in  height,  rests  on  four  mono- 
lithic columns  of  ancient  fame. 
Upon  the  interior  are  splendid 
examples  of  colored  glass  from 
the  manufactory  of  Ibrahim, 
pamted  m  a  design  with  the  name 
of  God  set  in  an  appropriate 
bevy  of  flowers.  The  screen  of 
windows  under  the  great  lateral 
arches  of  the  dome  are  borne  by 
monolithic  shafts  of  porphyry, 
28  feet  in  height,  with  base  and 
capital  of  35  feet.  The  mosque 
with  its  forecourt  is  surrounded 
by  a  still  larger  court  having  ten 
gates  and  arranged  in  conjunc- 
tion with  four  academies,  three 
schools,  a  hospital,  kitchen  for  feeding  the  poor, 
school   of  medicine,   library   and   a   house  of  refuge 


TOMRS    OP    SULTAX     SUI.KIMAX     AXD    SULTANA    ROXALANA. 

for  strangers.  It  is  surely  a  pity  that  such  a  monu- 
mental structure  should  suffer  from  the  quality  of 
materials  with  which  it  is  con- 
structed. The  walls  are  covered 
with  stucco,  the  dome  with  lead, 
and  the  masonry  abutments  with 
metal 

The  tomb  of  Suleiman  is 
pleasing  and  artistic;  octagonal 
in  shape,  with  a  fluted  roof.  Too 
small  to  be  grand,  it  is  of  unusual 
merit  and  contains  exquisite 
marble  of  various  colors  carefully 
elaborated.  Upon  the  interior 
walls  are  painted  designs  of  deli- 
cate lace-like  arabesques.  The 
costly  decorations  of  the  biers, 
mother-of-pearl  work,  shawls, 
turbans  and  aigrettes  to  be  found 
in  his  resting  place  are  only  sym- 
bolical of  his  work  and  its  accom- 
plishments. What  greater  hom- 
age could  be  paid  so  great  an 
empire  builder? 

The    "turbeh"    of     Mahmud 

II.  is  perhaps  the  most  splendid 

last    tomb    erected    for    a    sultan. 

larble,    it    presents    an    interesting 


VAI.IliK    M( 


as    well    as    the 
Built    of    white 


study  with  the  gilt  grated  windows,  while  the  cupola 


SULTAX    AlIMEIl. 


URLIMIC    PORTE. 


102 


CONSTRUCTION 


is  just  as  attractive  with  its 
stalactites  of  gold  and  deli- 
cate cornices.  The  biers 
themselves  are  covered  with 
richly  embroidered  velvet 
and  protected  by  means  of 
railings  designed  in  mother- 
of-pearl. 

Unquestionably  the  mosque  ^■'^''' 
next  in  importance  to  that  of 
the  Suleimanyeh  is  the  one 
erected  by  Sultan  Ahmed  I., 
1608.  Not  willing  to  limit 
his  ambition  to  the  usual 
number  of  minarets  of  two  or 
four,  Ahmed  insisted  on  hav- 
ing SIX,  but  was  forced  to 
discontinue  his  work  on  the 
ground  of  sacrilege.  It  seems 
that  the  sacred  temple  at 
Mecca  possessed  a  like  num- 
ber and  naturally  the  sultan 
was     committing     a     crime  pai.aci 

which     even     his     unlimited 

power  could  not  carry  through.  History  tells  us  that 
he  completed  the  six  minarets  after  he  added  the 
seventh  to  the  mosque  at  Mecca.  The  plan  measures 
235  by  210  feet.  The  great  criticism  to  this  work 
IS  the  mechanical  arrangement,  the  plan  being  square 

and  the  design 
upon  all  sides 
practically  alike. 
The  redeeming 
qualities  are  the 
SIX  minarets  and 
the  effect  of  the 
smaller  domes  and 
semi-domes  lead- 
ing up  to  the  centre 
in  an  imposing 
manner.  Quite  im- 
pressive also  is  the 
fine  interior,  with 
Its  stone  roof  sup- 
ported by  four 
large  fluted  piers. 
Hundreds  o  f 
fountains  are  to  be 
found  in  Constan- 
tinople. This  is 
due  to  the  promin- 
ent part  water 
plays  in  the  re- 
ligious life  of  the 
Turk.  In  addition 
to  the  fountains  in 
every  mosque  there  are  a  large  number  of  public 
drinking  places,  the  most  beautiful  of  which  is  that 
of  Sultan  Ahmed  III.  The  exterior  decorations  are 
in  arabesque  and  gold,  while  the  interior  consists  of 


mMiin 


uinin 


1'  \kl  JAM  KNT 


a  dead  gold  with  pencilhngs,  traceries  and  panels  of 
roses  and  stars  delicately  carved. 

"La  Sublime  Porte" — the  lofty  gate — is  the  title 
given  to  the  Sultan's  Government  from  their  extreme 
fondness  for  gateways  and  their  skill  in  erecting 
them,  both  as  to  numbers  and  artistic  merit.  The 
variegated  marble  gate  of  Seras  Kievat  is  excep- 
tionally rich  in  ornamentation.  Another  monu- 
mental entrance  flanked  by  fountains  and  marble 
pillars  leads  to  the  Sublime  Porte,  a  large  modern 
palace  in  the  Italian  style. 

Many  and  varied  are  the  palaces  of  Constantin- 
ople. The  favorite  residence  of  the  Commenian 
emperors  was  the  palace  of  the  Blackernae,  the  ruins 
of  which  are  quite  picturesque.  The  Seraglio  is  of 
the  greatest  interest  and  consists  of  a  community  of 
buildings  decorated  in  various  tiles,  arabesques, 
bronze,  ivory,  mother-of-pearl,  and  gold.  At  the 
occupation  of  Constantinople  the  Turkish  conqueror 


E.N'TUANCE    TO    POST    OI-"KICp;. 


IMPERIAL    MUSEU.M    AT   STAMBOUL. 


CONSTRUCTION 


103 


occupied  the  old  palace.  The  new 
one  was  started  in  1  468  and  became 
the  home  of  the  sultans  for  three 
centuries.  A  battlemented  wall  of 
square  towers  separates  it  from  Stam- 
bul,  enclosing  terraces  of  beautiful 
gardens.  Next  to  the  Seraglio  in 
importance  is  the  Dolma  Baghtcheh, 
with  its  picturesque  setting  enclosed 
by  two  richly  decorated  gates.  It 
lies  north  of  the  Golden  Horn  and 
presents  a  varied  architecture  which 
detracts  from  the  general  appear- 
ance. The  interior  is  finished  m 
carved  doors  of  mahogany;  gor- 
geously frescoed  Parian  marble  bath- 
rooms; malachite  fireplaces;  mirrors 
one  hundred  feet  square:  costly 
bronzes,   etc. 

Just  beyond  is  the  palace  of  Beylerbey,  erected  in  1865.  Upon  the  in- 
terior of  this  marble  structure  is  one  great  hall  of  columns  with  a  decorative 
marble  staircase.     Numerous  gardens  and  kiosks  surround  the  palace  which 


DOMA  iioi-.irrniK.N — thk  si'i.tax  s  pai.ai'K. 


^"^.IlIz    K|ii~K 


MAMIDIEH     JAM     .MOSQUE. 

gives  approach  to  the  Bosphorus  by  means  of  marble  steps  and  quay. 

The  palace  of  Tcheragan  cost  $30,000,000  and  is  built  with  the  best  of 
marble.     We  are  left,  however,  to  dream  of  its  su  mptuous  interior  as   noth- 
ing remains  of  the  decorations  and 
furnishings      which      cost      millions.       ii.'"  ■ - 
Elected  by  the  Sultan  Abdul-Aziz, 
according  to  Edmondo  de  Amicis,  it 
reminded  one  of  the  Alhambra,  bar- 
ren and  endless  are  the  rooms,  and 
nothing  to  evidence  its  former  beauty 
but    the    charming    vistas    over    the 
water.     A  palace  but  not  a  palace 
is   the   Yildiz   Kiosk — built   and   re- 
built   for    the    past    thirty    years — it 
resembles  a  veritable  city. 

Little  can  be  said  of  the  modern 
architecture,  one  or  two  views  being 
shown  to  illustrate  its  character. 
Many  of  the  more  recent  mosoues 
have  features  of  architectural  interest 
and  picture  to  us  in  a  realistic  man- 
ner their  religious  nature. 


ir    ^i^vl,^:Rl:^■^■ 


rr 


iii.ocK  ri.A.\. 


COMPETITION    FOR   UNIVERSITY  BUILDINGS.  PROVINCE  OF   BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

ril;ST    PRIZE    DKSIGX     I>.Y    SlIARl'H    &    THOMPSON.    ARCHITF.eTS. 


Key  to  plan: — Surrounding  and  facing  the  great  campus 
are  seven  groups.  Beginning  at  left  is  the  engine.ning  school 
with  the  philosophy  building  near  by;  second  group,  science 
quadrangle  composed  of  physics,  museum  and  chemistry; 
third  group,  agriculture,  finance,  arts  and  pedagogy;  build- 
ing at  end  of  campus  for  the  administration;  fifth  group, 
dentistry,  medicine  and  pharmacy;  sixth  group,  arts  quad- 
rangle composed  of  biology,  library  and  languages;  seventh 
group  is  the  school  of  mines  with  the  law  department  near  by. 


To  the  right  of  the  arts  quadrangle  is  the  theological  group 
of  five  buildings.  To  the  left  of  the  science  quadrangle  is 
the  women's  college.  In  the  rear  of  the  administration 
building  are  two  large  dormitories  facing  a  central  square 
with  the  chapel  at  the  end.  The  students'  club  lies  to  left  of 
dormitory  group  and  the  gymnasium  to  the  right.  PubHc 
gardens,  faculty  accommodations,  men's  club,  etc.,  are 
placed  along  the  driveway  to  the  left  of  the  general  scheme. 
On  the  right  is  Marine  Drive,  skirting  the  edge  of  the  cliff. 


104 


New  University  Buildings,  Province  o{  Britisli  Columbia 


C^   H.  BOYLES 


THE  LARGE  NUMBER  of  competitive 
designs  submitted  for  the  proposed  University 
buildings  at  Point  Grey,  Vancouver,  reveal 
the  capabilities  of  Canadian  architects  to  handle 
comprehensively  problems  of  this  nature.  Each 
scheme  is  highly  commendable  and  the  only  regret 
lies  in  the  fact  that  space  will  not  permit  of  showing 
other  plans  in  add.tion  to  the  winners.  The  complet- 
ed work  will  call  for  an  expenditure  of  $10,000,000. 

It  is  a  worthy  tribute  to  the  advanced  standard  of 
architecture  that  the  nineteen  plans  submitted  drew 
forth  the  unstinted  praise  of  the  assessors.  The 
committee  of  award  consisted  of  the  Minister  of 
Education,  Hon.  Dr.  H.  E.  Young;  F.  L.  Carter- 
Cotton,  Chancellor  of  the  University;  W.  Douglas 
Caroe,  of  London,  England;  A.  Arthur  Cox,  of 
Vancouver,  and  Samuel  Maclure  of  Victoria,  dis- 
tinguished members  of  the  architectural  profession, 
co-operating  with  and  assisted  by  the  Provincial 
Minister  of  Public  Works,  Hon.  Thomas  Taylor. 

The  committee  in  making  its  report  spoke  of  the 
marked  influence  for  good  upon  busy  centres  which 
the  establishment  of  universities  exercise.  In  reaching 
a  decision  they  weighed  the  importance  of  the  design 
in  its  relation  to  the  site,  inasmuch  as  it  will  remain  a 
standard  of  the  present  architectural  taste  in  British 
Columbia  for  years  to  come.  They  allowed  no 
consideration  to  enter  into  their  final  choice  other 
ihan  the  merits  of  the  design. 


-v^ 


The  programme  in  dealing  with  the  site  laid  par- 
ticular stress  on  the  excellent  views  it  commanded 
and  advised  the  competitors  to  keep  this  fact  con- 
stantly in  mind.  The  committee  felt  that  the  proper 
vistas  had  been  laid  down  upon  the  site-plan,  which 
ga\e  in  full  measure  the  levels  and  gradients.  In 
justice  to  the  architects  not  receiving  prizes,  it  may  be 
gratifying  for  them  to  know^  that  several  of  the  most 
elaborate  drawings  submitted  received  an  H.  C. 
through  their  failure  to  grasp  the  essentials  of  the 
treatment  desired. 

Among  other  features  which  influenced  the  final 
decision  of  the  jury  was  the  suggestion  that  one  of  the 
three  distinctive  styles — late  Tudor.  Elizabethan,  or 
Scotch  Baronial — should  permeate  the  whole  design. 
One  competitor  was  thrown  out  by  producing  a 
classical  scheme  of  grandiose  and  palatial  character. 

The  reason  for  the  choice  of  Sharpe  &  Thompson 
IS  given  in  the  words  of  the  report : 

"After  mature  deliberation,  we  conclude  that  No. 
XVI.  has  best  succeeded  in  laying  down  a  well  de- 
vised and  workable  plan  suitable  to  the  site.  There 
IS  much  to  be  said  in  commendation  of  the  straight- 
forward and  direct  scheme  which  the  author  has 
devised.  The  buildings  fit  themselves  naturally  and 
in  a  Simple  and  well-balanced  manner  upon  the  site, 
and  culminate  in  the  dominating  block  of  the  admin- 
istrative group,  which  forms  a  feature  seen  from  all 
points  of  the  compass. 


T 


COMPETITION    FOR   UNIVERSITY   BUILDINGS,  PRONINCE  OF    BRITISH  COLUMBIA 


-IA"M>    TKlZE    IlKSICX     ]:\     l"i 

Kev  to  Pla„  -      I  ,  Admm>strat,on^  Chapel  ^nH  \ss^nnMv 
Han=;  2.  Dormaones:  3.  Students'  Club    4.  Faculty  Club 
5     N;val   Architecture;  t.   Pedagogy   and   PWo.opSy;    7^ 
Tb  olo,y;    8.    Fine    Arts    and    Law;    9.    Pban.acv    and 
Dentitrr    10.  Pbvs.ology;    11.  Ana.o^v;    12  .Surgery  and 


l«   II  ITKCT, 

Hospital;  13,  Finance;  14.  Mining;  13,  Engineering;  16. 
Gymnasium;  17,  Chemistry;  18,  Medicine;  19.  Museum; 
70  and  21,  Arts;  22,  Library;  23,  Conservatory;  24, 
Power  House;  25,  Physics;  26,  Agriculture;  27.  Women's 
College;   28.  Faculty  Residences. 


106 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  1  O  A' 


Second  Prize  Design. — The  committee  of  award 
in  presenting  their  report  placed  Douglas  Scott  Bow 
second  and  gave  the  following  reason:  "We  think 
that  No.  XV'III.  deserves  to  be  placed  second  in 
order  of  merit.  This  scheme  is  also  well  laid  out  on 
the  site,  but  has  defects,  to  which  we  refer  more 
particularly  in  our  detailed  remarks.  The  require- 
ments generally  are  not  so  successfully  met  in  some 
particulars,  although  in  others  there  are  effective 
points  The  style  adopted  is  Scotch  Baronial,  with- 
out some  of  its  defects,  but  in  other  respects  the  treat- 
ment IS  somewhat  hard  and  mechanical,  and  the 
author  has  missed  some  of  the  opportunities  which 
the  style  affords  in  dealing  sympathetically  with  the 
materials  of  stone  and  rough  cast  adopted  by  him. 
There  is,  however,  a  distinctive  character  of  unity 
and  some  dignity  in  the  whole  architectural  scheme. 
The  estimate  of  cost  is  satisfactorily  stated." 

Mr.  Bow,  in  presenting  his  report,  states  that  the 
site  has  been  carefully  studied  and  the  natural  con- 
tours of  the  land  govern  the  general  lay-out  of 
the  buildings.  The  ground  rising  gently  from 
north  to  south  along  the  line  of  \ista  is  taken 
as  the  main  axis  of  the  scheme.  The  athletic 
fields  are  excavated,  the  terracing  for  spectators 
being  on  solid  ground,  while  the  excavated 
earth  will  go  to  maintain  the  general  level  along 
the  main  central  avenue.  Otherwise  th 
tural  surface  wi 
remain  unaltered. 
The  buildings 
presently  proposed 
are  shown  where 
they  can  be  erect- 
ed almost  entirely 
on  the  natural  sur- 


I 


buildings  and  lofty  tower  forming  the  culminating 
and  central  point  of  interest  in  the  scheme.  The 
natural  rise  of  the  ground  introduces  flights  of  steps 
which  tend  to  enhance  the  dominating  effect  of  the 
administrative  group.  As  a  result  the  view  from  the 
south  is  vastly  improved  and  a  promenade  or  balus- 
traded  terrace  is  planned  with  staircase  towers  fur- 
nishing access  to  the  gardens.  The  gardens  are  in- 
formal, to  furnish  a  marked  contrast  to  the  severe 
lines  of  the  main  scheme. 

There  are  two  important  entrances  to  the  Admin- 
istration Terrace  which  pass  through  the  gardens, 
convenient  for  general  purposes  as  well  as  for  access 
to  the  assembly  halls  by  the  public.  Separate  en- 
trances from  the  University  Boulevard  are  shown 
in  connection  with  the  athletic  field  and  the  women's 
club. 

Point  Grey  Boulevard,  North  and  South  Boule- 
\ards,  where  they  enter  University  Boulevard,  are 
designed  to  centre  on  the  points  of  motif  of  the 
buildings  closing  the  vistas  along  these  routes, 
while  the  quieter  streets  to  the  city  are  concen- 
trated on  the  two  students'  entrances  which 
give  access  to  the  main  cross  arteries. 

The   ground   being   practically   level,    lends 
itself  to  a  geometric  treatment,  and  while  this 
has    been     generally    adopted,     the     outlying 
buildings    are    disposed    to    artistically    empha- 
size   the    irregular 
rounded  outline  of 
the  site. 

The  general  re- 
quirements are 
carefully  adhered 
to  and  the  various 
buildings    planned 


.  HKMISTRV    iiKI'ART.MKXl. 


rOWKR  H(ir 


NGRICl'LTURE    DEPARTMI-NT. 


face  of  the  ground,  which  enables  them  to  be 
placed  where  they  will  of  themselves  look  like 
a  finished  unit;  where  their  working  arrangements 
will  in  no  sense  be  impaired  by  future  building  oper- 
ations; and  which  permits  of  the  more  uneven  por- 
tions of  the  site  being  made  up  at  the  present  time 
so  that  they  will  become  e\entually  suitable  for 
building  purposes. 

The  Marine  Drive  in  considered  as  forming  the 
main  approach,  and  at  its  juncture  with  the  Uni- 
versity Boulevard  at  the  north  end,  is  placed  the 
grand  entrance.  A  broad  flight  of  steps,  architec- 
turally treated,  approach  a  spacious  and  monu- 
mental forecourt  intended  to  accommodate  such 
social   functions  as  alumni   gatherings,   etc. 

A  broad  central  a\enue  planted  with  trees  is 
entered  from  the  forecourt  and  terminates  at  the 
Administrative    Terrace,     with     the     administratne 


to  coincide.  The  cost  of  the  proposed  structures  will 
be,  when  fully  equipped,  $1,400,000.  The  style  is 
Scotch  Baronial,  and  will  be  built  of  brick  and  rough 
cast  with  stone  trimmings  and  slate  roofs.  This  style 
seems  most  in  keeping  with  the  surrounds  and  lends 
itself  to  a  broad,  simple  and  inexpensive  treatment. 

The  main  effect  is  produced  by  the  long  lines  of 
the  parapet  and  the  dramatic  concentration  of  the 
motifs  and  ornament  at  the  central  points  of  interest, 
and  by  emphasizing  the  forecourt,  central  avenue, 
and  administration. 

The  various  groups  of  buildings  will  have  a 
gently  varied  skyline  and  simple  detail. 

The  main  motive  of  the  design  is  to  centre  on  the 
richer  buildings,  such  as  the  library  and  museum, 
with  their  towers,  and  on  the  administration  tower, 
visible  both  from  the  city  and  the  sea,  and  which 
will  be  shown  with  a  Scotch  crown. 


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108 


CONSTRUCTION 


lOQ 


Third  Prize  Design. — The  assessors  in  awarding 
third  place  to  Phihp  J.  Turner,  said:  We  place 
No.  XIX.  third  in  order  of  merit.  Mr.  Turner's 
grasp  of  the  conditions  are  taken  from  his  report: 
The  opportunity  of  initiating  a  scheme  for  a  univer- 
sity such  as  contemplated  is  of  such  a  rarity  and 
affords  such  scope  that  every  effort  should  be  made 
to  design  a  plan  worthy  of  the  magnificeni  subject, 
expressive  of  its  purpose,  and  not  merely  an  archi- 
tectural composition.  As  laid  down,  the  main  pros- 
pect from  ships  entering  the  harbor,  and  from  the 
principal  land  approach,  embraces  the  great  lawn 
placed  axially  on  the  main  vista,  flanked  and  framed 
by  two  avenues  lined  on  both  sides  with  the  principal 
university  buildings  gradually  rising  in  gradient,  and 
converging,  thereby  increasing  the  perspective  of  the 
culminating  group,  which  comprises  the  Adminis- 
trative Block,  Library,  and  Museum,  the  whole  ex- 
pressive of  one  great  idea,  on  simple  lines  easy  of 
comprehension,  convenient  of  arrangement  and  a 
landmark  for  all  time. 

In  presenting  this  scheme  for  consideration  by  your 
assessor  the  following  points  are  considered  of  spe- 
cial importance,  and  in  fact  constitute  the  basis  of  the 
argument  from  which  the  plan  was  evolved :  ( I  ) 
Selection  of  main  axis  for  the  whole  scheme;  (2) 
that  the  scheme  should  generally  represent  a  uni- 
versity rather  than  an  architectural  composition; 
(3)  that  there  should  be  a  convenient  grouping  of 
the  various  sections  without  undue  crowding  or  pre- 
vention of  possible  future  extension;  (4)  that  the 
purpose  of  the  several  sections  should  be  clearly 
defined;  (5)  that  the  grouping  of  inter-departmental 
blocks  be  concentrated  in  their  allocation,  with  sub- 
division m  each  department  by  means  of  isolated 
staircases  and  sanitary  annexes,  thereby  facilitating 
extension  as  required;    (6)    that  the  lay-out  should 


be  adapted  to  the  contours  of  the  ground  with  a 
view  to  incorporate  the  natural  beauty  of  the  site 
with  the  scheme  as  a  whole;  (7)  easy  gradients  of 
roads. 

In  conclusion  the  following  points  are  invited 
particular  attention  to:  (I)  That  the  great  lawn 
axial  on  main  vista  from  the  sea  and  mam  approach 
with  the  east  and  west  avenues  and  formal  gardens 
off  same  on  either  side  culminate  in  the  administrat- 
ive buildings  and  Theological  Square  on  the  highest 
portion  of  the  site;  (2)  that  the  main  axis  of  the 
medicine  group  is  north  and  south;  (3)  that  the  gym- 
nasiu  mand  athletic  ground  is  isolated,  yet  still  in 
touch;  (4)  that  the  sanitary  blocks  and  staircases 
are  detached  from  the  buildings  on  a  definite  scheme 
of  arrangement  to  be  followed  throughout. 

In  planning  the  buildings  authorized  to  be  erected 
simplicity  of  arrangement  has  been  the  key-note, 
bearing  in  mind  the  purposes  for  which  the  buildings 
have  to  be  used.  The  dormitory  buildings  have 
been  planned  in  isolated  blocks  arranged  in  the  form 
of  a  quadrangle  on  the  principle  of  the  Universities 
of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  with  detached  commons. 
The  lavatories  and  baths  for  each  house  are  arranged 
in  the  basement. 

The  power  house  authorized  for  the  buildings  to 
be  erected  has  not  been  drawn  to  I -16th  scale,  as  it 
is  felt  that  it  being  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  future 
engineering  building  it  would  be  a  better  arrange- 
ment to  have  a  ten^orary  structure  to  accommodate 
the  plant  required  and  to  house  the  temporary  en- 
gineering shops  of  the  School  of  Engineering  until 
this  block  has  been  authorized. 

The  architectural  treatment  of  the  buildings  shewn 
is  in  the  characteristic  English  traditional  form  of 
building  developed  from  the  old  universities  and 
public   schools. 


LLIVMlOSs  or  HLCX-KSXr."!'    :(-,7,i-,,A'/i(.*.-.<7.-/i  ' 


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I'KRSl'KCTIVE. 


COMPETITION    FOR   UNIVERSITY   BUILDI 

11111(11    I'lUZK    DESIGX    l;v    IMIIM 

Key  to  Plan  and  Perspective: — Facing  the  lawn  and 
terrace  is  the  Administrative  Buildina  with  the  library  and 
museum  on  either  side  forming  the  Northern  Enclosure  of 
the  Theological  sauare.  The  remaining  sidp=  of  the  Sauare 
beginning  on  the  East  are  occupied  by  the  Methodist,  Pres- 
byterian, Anglican,  Roman  Catholic  and  Baptist  Colleges, 
following  in  consecutive  order.  To  the  left  of  the  central 
portion  called  "The  Lawn,"  and  facing  East  Avenue  are 
two  groups,  the  first  one  consisting  of  the  Engineering  depart- 
ment,  the  second  pertaining  to  Arts   and   Science.      To  the 

110 


NGS,  PROVINCE  OF    BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

1'    T.    TTRXKR.    ARlll  ITKCT. 

right  of  the  open  centre  are  the  Chemistry  and  Philosophica. 
groups,  outside  of  which  are  the  Medical,  Botanical  and 
School  of  Mines.  The  Medical  department  occupies  the 
territory  North  of  the  open  air  theatre,  while  the  Botanical 
and  School  of  Mines  lie  between  the  theatre  and  the  athletic 
field.  Facing  University  Avenue  and  extending  from  the 
Northern  end  of  campus  to  the  athletic  field  are  a  series  of 
dormitory  buildings.  The  Chapel  to  the  left  forms  a  balance 
to  the  open  air  theatre.  Accommodations  for  Faculty 
houses  and  Women's  College  lie  to  the  east. 


S(.\I.E    lOO  FF.ET    lO  OSF.    IW 


l:l.(lCK     n.AN. 

COMPETITION    FOR   UNIVEFSITY   BUILDINGS,   PRONINCE  O?    BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

IIIIRD    PRIZE    DESIOX    BY    PHILIl'    J.    TTRXER.    ARCHITFCT. 
Ill 


112 


CONSTRUCTION 


"8^ 


Fourth  Prize  Design. — The  committee  gave  the 
fourth  place  to  Symons  &  Rae  for  the  following 
reason:  "We  place  No.  XX.  fourth  in  order  of 
merit,  on  the  ground  that  the  author  has  shown  in 
his  detail  an  appreciation  of  collegiate  work  of  quiet 
character." 

In  brief  the  conditions  of  the  programme  as  ana- 
lyzed by  Messrs.  Symons  &  Rae  and  incorporated 
in  their  report,  indicate  that  the  lines  marked  vista 
should  be  made  the  principal  thoroughfares  and  that 
the  important  buildings  should  be  grouped  along 
these  lines.  Another  conclusion  is  that  there  should 
be  open  views  from  the  grounds  along  the  vista  lines. 
With  these  fundamental  principles  in  mind  particu- 
lar attention  has  been  paid  to  the  general  effect  of  the 
buildings  from  the  ground. 

A  second  scheme  was  presented  which  preserves 
the  same  vista  lines  but  considers  the  effective  placing 
of  the  buildings  as  viewed  from  the  water  approach 
and  the  Marine  Drive.  Accordingly  the  westerly 
portion  of  the  ground  is  utilized  for  the  important 
structures. 

Particular  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  in 
one  plan  the  power  house  is  located  on  the  cliff. 
From  the  economical  viewpoint  this  is  of  advantage 
as  coal  and  supplies  may  be  brought  direct  by  water. 

The  entry  system  has  been  adopted  for  the  dormi- 
tory groups  in  that  it  is  more  suitable  for  male  stu- 
dents than  the  corridor  plan.  By  such  an  arrange- 
ment connections  between  the  various  entries  are 
made  in  the  basement  only.  Each  entry  or  group 
of  six  double  suites  is  supplied  with  one  toilet-and- 
bathroom. 

The  design  suggests  the  use  of  red  brick  and  stone 
for  the  erection  of  the  principal  buildings,  but  in  case 
variety  is  desired  plaster  on  brick  may  be  employed 


with  stone  dressings.      The  latter  style  is  to  finish 
some  of  the  less  monumental  structures. 


Thinking  it  may  prove  of  interest,  we  are  showing 
in  this  number  several  pages  of  university  plans  from 
work  being  done  in  the  States.  Several  illustrate 
new  schemes,  while  others  depict  a  transformation 
of  the  old  campus  grounds. 


^1^' 


^ 


COLLEGE    or    ARTS    AXn    DIUO 


n      MciiM      I'll 


PROPOSED    VNIVER^ITY 
DR1TI3M      COLUMBIA 


BLOCK   PI,AX. 


COMPETITION    FOR   UNIX'ERSITV   BUILDINGS,  PROMNCE  OF    BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

InlkTU     I'RIZK    DESIGN-    BY    SVMIINS    &    RAE,    ARCHITECTS. 


Key  to  Plan. —  I,  Administration  and  Assembly  Halls: 
2,  Library,  Chapel  and  Museum;  3,  College  of  .Arts:  4. 
Medical  group;  5,  Pharmacy:  6,  Dentistry;  7.  Power 
House;  8,  Women's  College;  9.  School  of  Mines;  10, 
Chemistry;    11.  Faculty  Club;    12,   Law;    13,  Agriculture; 


14.  Finance;  15,  Fine  Arts;  16,  Biology;  17,  Philosophy: 
18,  Engineering  School:  19,  Physics;  20,  Pedagogy;  21, 
Theology  Buildings  surrounding  square;  22,  Dormitories 
surrounding  square  and  located  to  west  of  it.  University 
Boulevard  and  marine  drive  enclose  the  general  scheme. 


113 


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114 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


CaNSTRUCHaN 

A-  JOURNAL-  FOR  THE  •  ARCHITECTURAL 

ENGINEERING  ■  A2TO  •  CONTTl\CTING 

INTERESTS  ■  OF    CANADA 


FREDERICK   REED.  EJ.tor 

H.  GAGNIER.  LIMITED,  PUBLISHERS 

Curnev    niclinioiid    :iii<1    ShcppM  id    Stre.ts, 

Toronto,  -  -  Canaaa 

BRANCH   OFFICES  : 

MONTREAL-171  St.  James  Street 

WINNIPEG.  MAN.     13  Royal  Bank  Building 

LONDON,  ENG.-17  Cockspur  St..  S.W. 

CHICAGO     People's  Gas  Building 

NEW    YORK-1S6   5th  Avenue 

CORRESPONDENCE — All    correspondence    should    be   addressed 
to     "CuXSTRUCTIO.V."      Cinipr     Ki.luiinnd     anl     .Klif  |)|>.n  .1 


^:ti' 


SUBSCRIPTIONS— Canada  and  Great  Britain.  S3. 00  per  annum. 
L'nited  States,  the  Continent  and  all  Postal  Union  countries, 
$4.00   per   annum,    in    advance.      Single    copies,    35c. 

ADVERTISEIVIENTS — ^Changes  of,  or  new  advertisements  must 
reach  the  Head  Office  not  later  than  the  first  ot  the  month 
preceding  publication,  to  ensure  insertion.  Jlailing  date  is 
on  the  tenth  of  each  month.  Adverti.'iing  rates  on  application. 

CONTRIBUTIONS— The  Editor  vrill  be  glad  to  consider  con- 
tributions deahng  with  matters  of  general  interest  to  the 
readers  of  this  .lournaJ.  When  payment  is  desired,  this  fact 
should  be  stated.  We  are  always  glad  to  receive  the  loan  ot 
photographs  and  plans  of  interesting  Canadian  work.  The 
originals    will    be    carefully    pre.vervpd    and    duly    returned. 

Entered  as  Second  Class  Matter  in  the  Post  Office  at  Toronto, 
Canada. 


Vol.  6       Toronto,  March,  1913        No.  3 


CURREXr  TOPICS 

TWO  COMPETENT  architectural  draftsmen 
are  wanted  by  Stewart  &  Witten,  architects,  Hamil- 
ton, Cnt.     Kindly  state  experience  and  salary. 

MODERN  SHOW  CASE  lighting  b  receiving 
more  and  more  attention  from  the  merchants  as  a 
wholesome  means  of  advertising.  William  S.  Kil- 
mer gives  the  following  points  as  essentials  for  the 
progressive  business  man:  First,  the  system  must 
give  an  illumination  in  the  interior  of  the  case  which 
is  approximately  double  that  of  the  general  illumin- 
ation of  the  store  interior;  second,  the  light  must  he 
of  such  a  quantity  and  quality  that  the  goods  are 
shown  in  their  true  color  and  style;  third,  the  interior 
temperature  of  the  case  must  not  be  raised  to  any 
appreciable  extent,  and  any  increase,  however  small, 
must  be  evenly  distributed,  as  a  glass  case  which  is 
warm  in  spots  is  very  liable  to  crack  with  the  first 
cold  draft  which  strikes  the  exterior;  fourth,  the  unit 
of  light  must  be  neat  and  inconspicuous,  and  permit 
an  easy  and  thorough  cleaning  of  the  case;  fifth, 
general  efficiency. 


Canadian  Architecture* 

'T'  HE  PAPER  read  before  the  Royal  Institute 
-*-  oi  British  Architects,  London,  January  20, 
by  F.  S.  Baker,  F.R.I.B.A.,  was  listened  to  with 
unusual  interest.  The  members  were  agreeably  sur- 
prised at  the  rapid  progress  of  architecture  as  de- 
picted by  the  speaker.  Mr.  Baker  gave  his  subject 
life  in  showing  the  various  types  of  commercial  and 
domestic  buildings  by  means  of  lantern  slides  and 
photographs.  It  has  given  us  a  better  value  of  the 
artistic  character  which  is  permeating  every  branch 
of  construction  throughout  the  Provinces,  and  we 
feel  that  the  basic  principles  of  true  art  are  being 
applied  in  a  thoroughly  wholesome  and  practical 
manner. 

The  former  part  of  Mr.  Baker's  address  dealt  with 
the  general  conditions  which  surround  the  architec- 
tural profession  in  Canada.  The  following  extracts, 
taken  from  the  paper,  may  be  of  interest  to  the  read- 
ers of  "Construction"  as  a  summary  of  many  phases 
already  appreciated,  but  which  may  never  have  been 
considered  in  their  vital  importance  to  the  future 
development  of  the  Dominion's  commercial  growth. 

After  an  expression  of  appreciation  for  the  honor 
bestowed  upon  him  by  the  Institute,  Mr.  Baker  said: 
As  in  England,  the  system  of  "pupilage,"  but  with- 
out fees,  is  the  most  common  commencement  for  the 
would-be  architect.  In  four  of  the  Provinces — Que- 
bec, Manitoba,  Saskatchewan,  and  Alberta — the 
title  architect  is  protected  by  law,  and  no  one  may 
call  himself  an  architect  unless  he  has  complied  with 
the  law,  and  qualified  by  passing  certain  examina- 
tions prescribed  by  the  Act.  A  fifth  Province — 
Ontario — also  has  an  Act,  but,  owing  to  the  inser- 
tion of  the  word  "Registered"  before  "architect"  by 
the  Government  of  the  day,  it  has  no  effect,  and 
anyone  who  pleases  may  call  himself  "architect." 
The  remaining  Provinces  are  all  organizing  with  a 
view  to  obtaining  legislation  similar  to  that  in  force 
in  the  four  Provinces  above  named.  In  all  of  these 
four  Provinces  the  degree  of  Associate  R.I.B.A.  is 
accepted  as  a  satisfactory  qualification  for  admission 
to  membership  at  present,  and  here  I  may  say  that 
the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects  is  held  in 
very  high  esteem  throughout  the  Dominion.  The 
universities  of  these  Provinces,  including  Ontario, 
have  special  courses  in  architecture,  and  issue  de- 
grees. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  in  Canada  the  builder  takes 
out  his  own  quantities,  drawings  have  to  be  made 
very  complete,  and  this  has  tended  to  raise  the  quality 
of  draughtsmanship  throughout  the  country,  and, 
incidentally,  gives  the  student  a  chance  to  learn 
details  of  the  work  which  an  English  student  does 
not  come  in  contact  with.  If  this  can  be  said  in 
favor  of  the  lack  of  quantities,  the  opposite  must  be 
said  in  the  difficulties  occasioned  the  practising  archi- 
tect in  dealing  with  builders,  owing  to  the  lack  of 
the  system  in  vogue  in  England. 

At  present  there  are  no  travelling  scholarships  in 

•From    our    I^ondon    correspondent. 


116 


CONSTRUCTION 


architecture,  and  the  necessity  for  these  is  becoming 
more  and  more  apparent.  Private  "atehers,"  in 
which  practising  architects  of  the  younger  school 
mostly  are  patrons,  are  available  for  the  students 
in  many  of  the  large  towns  during  the  winter. 

It  has  been  said  that  "the  next  fifty  years  will 
decide  the  character  and  type  of  Canadian  archi- 
tecture," but,  having  regard  to  the  extreme  youth  of 
the  country,  such  an  event  would  seem  to  be  most 
unfortunate,  and  I  for  one  would  like  to  feel  that  the 
students  of  fifty  years  hence  will  have  something  to 
strive  for  in  creating  a  greater  excellence  than  the  art 
will  then  have  reached  in  Canada.  It  should  be  said, 
however,  that  the  Classic  orders  are  fairly  well 
understood,  the  value  of  proportion  appreciated,  and 
the  application  of  ornament  and  mouldings  handled 
in  a  conservative  way. 

Mr.  Baker  showed  how  the  extreme  changes  in 
the  climatical  conditions  necessitate  careful  precau- 
tions in  all  branches  of  the  building  trades.  In  re- 
ferring to  the  natural  products,  the  vast  resources  of 
the  Provinces  were  brought  vividly  to  our  attention 
and  considerable  emphasis  was  laid  on  the  fact  that 
Canada  would  soon  be  able  to  supply  all  her  needs 
in  this  direction.  The  reference  to  marbles,  stones, 
etc.,  was  as  follows: 

Splendid  marbles  are  now  procurable  suitable  for 
almost  any  purpose,  and  I  will  not  be  surprised  if 
when  these  quarries  are  fully  opened  marbles  will 
be  found  which  equal  any  which  have  been  produced 
on  the  continent  of  Europe.  In  the  eastern  part  of 
the  country  very  fine  granite  is  obtained,  and  also  in 
Central  Ontario.  Good  limestones  are  quarried  in 
the  Eastern  Provinces,  and  throughout  Ontario,  and 
the  West  in  many  parts. 

The  Portland  cement  produced  in  Canada  is  ex- 
cellent; everywhere  fine  grit  sand  is  obtainable,  and 
good  limes  are  burnt  in  nearly  all  districts.  Cana- 
dian bricks  are  well  known  for  their  excellence,  but 
the  production  of  terra-cotta,  other  than  hollow 
blocks,  for  fireproof  construction  work,  is  limited. 
Steel  sections  are  rolled  from  Canadian  ore  in  nearly 
all  the  large  centres.  Castings  in  metal  of  good 
quality  are  easily  obtainable.  Canadian  woods  are 
well  known;  white  pine,  red  pine,  and  spruce,  white 
and  red  oak,  birch,  maple,  walnut,  cherry,  butterr^.t, 
white-wood,  and  cedar  are  the  commonest  varieties. 
Wood  of  all  kinds  is  becoming  more  and  more  diffi- 
cult to  obtain,  and  the  price  is  advancing,  with  the 
result  that  what  is  known  as  "fireproof  construction" 
IS  becoming  more  and  more  popular.  Sheet  metal, 
galvanized  iron,  and  copper  are  almost  entirely  im- 
ported. Sheet  lead  is,  of  course,  scarcely  used  for 
flashing  purposes,  owing  to  the  large  range  of  tem- 
perature which  prevails.  Paints  and  oils  are  pro- 
duced on  a  large  scale,  and  of  excellent  quality,  but 
the  high  grades  of  glass  are  as  yet  mostly  imported. 
Sanitary  pipes  and  fittings,  as  well  as  fixtures,  are 
manufactured,  but  a  large  quantity  is  also  imported. 
Gas  and  electric  pipe,  fittings,  and  fixtures,  with  all 
kinds  of  glassware,  are  made  in  most  localities. 


Considerable  interest  was  shown  to  Mr.  Baker's 
answer  of  the  article  on  "Imperialism  and  Architec- 
ture."* He  referred  to  the  statement  that  U.S. 
American  "ideals  and  methods  of  expression"  are 
being  appropriated  by  Canadians  and  granted  that 
the  Canadian  architects  have  been  experimenting 
along  U.S.  American  lines  in  the  designs  of  all  classes 
of  buildings.  Mr.  Baker  qualified  this  point  with 
the  following  comment:  'I  can  say  definitely,  how- 
ever, that  American  ideals  and  methods  of  expression 
are  not  being  adopted  any  more  tfian  those  of  any 
other  country,  except  in  so  far  as  they  apply  more 
conveniently  to  conditions  in  Canada.  In  the  matter 
of  design,  I  believe  I  am  right  in  saying  that  the  Brit- 
ish influence  is  much  the  strongest  one  affecting  Cana- 
dian architects,  who,  generally  speaking,  are  strong 
Imperialists."  As  for  the  fact  that  "in  Vancouver, 
Toronto  and  Montreal,  the  largest  and  handsomest 
buildings  are  the  works  of  American  architects"  it 
was  forcibly  denied.  The  statement  brought  forth 
the  following  comment:  "I  know  of  only  two  large 
buildings  in  Montreal  which  have  been  erected  in  the 
last  twenty  years  under  U.S.  American  architects. 
In  Toronto,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  Anglican 
Cathedral  of  St.  Alban  is  the  only  building  I  know 
of  \vhich  is  in  the  hands  of  a  U.S.  American  archi- 
tect. Winnipeg  has  one  bank  and  one  railway  ter- 
minal designed  by  New  York  architects.  Vancouver 
may  have  a  building  which  has  been  designed  by  a 
U.S.  American  architect,  but  I  am  not  aware  of  its 
identity.  There  is  no  reciprocity  between  the  archi- 
tects of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  both  are 
subjected  to  practically  prohibitive  Customs  tariffs. 
In  the  above  I  do  not  include  architects  who  have 
permanent  offices  m  Canada  as  well  as  in  New 
York;  but  if  they  were  included,  and  I  say  it  with  all 
modesty,  the  works  of  Canadian  architects  far  away 
surpass  those  few  buildings  which  have  been  erected 
by  foreign  architects.  Canadian  statesmen,  benefit- 
ing by  past  experiences  of  Great  Britain  and  other 
nations,  have  taken  precautions  which  make  it  prac- 
tically impossible  for  foreigners  to  exploit  the  oppor- 
tunities which  Canada  presents  in  any  way  except 
that  which  will  most  benefit  Canada.  Thus  it  is  that 
many  manufacturers  of  building  materials  residing 
in  foreign  countries  and  wishing  to  avail  themselves 
of  the  Canadian  market  have  found  it  desirable  to 
establish  a   factory  in  Canada." 

Reference  was  then  made  to  the  work  already 
done  in  the  field  of  architecture.  Among  other  not- 
able structures  were  described  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment Buildings  at  Ottawa,  and  those  which  house 
the  Legislatures  in  each  Province;  the  Provincial 
buildings  at  Victoria,  city  halls,  post  offices,  court 
houses,  public  libraries,  hospitals,  art  galleries, 
churches,  etc. 

The  following  types  of  buildings  were  then  taken 
up,  which  demonstrate  clearly  the  rapid  progress 
that  IS  being  made  in  the  various  phases  of  commer- 
cial life. 


'Printed  in   "Construction."   November.    1912. 


CONSTRUCTION 


117 


Canadian  shops  are.  generally  speaking,  of  a 
fairly  high  class,  and  show  a  good  deal  of  skill  in 
their  planning  and  arrangement.  In  contra-distinc- 
tion  to  the  English  custom,  the  authorities  in  Canada 
permit  huge  shops  to  be  erected  as  one  room  to  each 
floor,  and  the  effect  of  this  in  the  large  stores,  with 
their  wealth  of  stock,  is  bewildering.  The  newest 
of  these  shops  are,  of  course,  of  fireproof  construc- 
tion, and  are  fitted  with  automatic  sprinkler  installa- 
tions, and  every  other  known  precaution  against  fire 
is  taken. 

The  wholesale  warehouse  is  a  very  distinct  type 
of  building,  and  is  usually  a  fine  structure.  Lately 
these  have  been  built  of  fireproof  construction,  rein- 
forced concrete,  or  steel  frame  with  tile  or  concrete 
casing.  Most  of  them  are  fitted  with  automatic 
sprinkler  installations  and  every  other  known  method 
of  preventing  fire.  In  this  way  the  cost  of  insurance 
on  buildings  and  their  contents  has  been  reduced  to 
a  nominal  sum,  even  in  the  most  congested  districts 
of  the  large  cities. 

Perhaps  the  most  ornamental  buildings  throughout 
Canada  are  the  banks  and  their  branches.  There 
are  some  thirty  chartered  banks  in  Canada,  and  many 
of  these  have  upwards  of  300  branches  each.  The 
designing  of  these  banks  has  brought  out  perhaps 
more  good  architecture  than  any  other  type  of  build- 
ing in  the  country,  as  so  much  work  of  a  high  class 
is  involved. 

The  author  also  referred  to  Canadian  office 
buildings,  railway  stations,  hotels,  houses,  theatres, 
educational  buildings,  and  dwellings  of  the  people. 
The  dwellings  of  the  people  are  most  creditable. 
Although  Canada  is  a  wood  country,  wooden 
houses  do  not  predominate;  they  are  mostly  of  brick 
or  stucco.  Many  of  those  which  are  apparently 
brick  have  a  wood  frame,  with  a  brick  veneering  of 
the  thickness  of  half  a  brick,  and  this  type  of  house 
IS  a  wholesome  and  satisfactory  one. 

This  report  would  not  be  complete  without  the 
valuable  discussions  entered  into  by  the  members 
present  which  are  presented  herewith,  in  which  a 
high  Imperial  note  is  evidenced. 

The  President,  Mr.  Reginald  Blomfield,  A.R.A., 
said  they  had  had  a  most  vivid  and  interesting  paper 
from  Mr.  Baker,  and  were  fortunate  in  having  pres- 
ent two  distinguished  gentlemen  whom  he  would  call 
upon  to  propose  and  second  a  vote  of  thanks.  One 
was  Mr.  Herbert  Baker,  who  had  a  brilliant  repu- 
tation in  South  Africa  in  virtue  of  his  distinguished 
work,  and  who  had  also  had  the  courage  and  the 
generosity  to  establish  a  Studentship  at  the  British 
School  at  Rome  for  the  future  South  African  archi- 
tect. They  had  also  with  them  Mr.  J.  G.  Colmer,  a 
very  distinguished  Canadian,  who  had  done  a  great 
deal  for  Canada  in  this  country.  He  would  there- 
fore call  upon  Mr.  Herbert  Baker  to  propose  a  vote 
of  thanks,  and  Mr.  Colmer  to  second  it. 

Mr.  Herbert  Baker  (F.)  replied  that  it  had  given 
him  very  great  pleasure  to  be  present  to  hear  the 
most  interesting  lecture  just  delivered  to   them,   as 


well  as  to  propose  a  vote  of  thanks  to  his  namesake 
from  across  the  seas.  Mr.  Baker  had  shown  most 
ably  how  very  progressive  Canadians  were  in  their 
architecture.  But  this  was  only  to  be  expected  by 
those  who  knew  how  very  up-to-date,  energetic  and 
progressive  Canadians  were,  and  how  they  had  as 
their  immediate  neighbors  the  most  energetic  of  all 
nations,  who  had  shown,  particularly  in  their  archi- 
tecture, such  Titanic  powers.  But  he  was  glad  to 
hear  from  Mr.  Baker  that  the  Canadians  had  no 
more  intention  of  being  swallowed  by  these  Titanic 
neigiibors  in  their  architecture  than  in  their  national- 
ity. He  was  one  of  those  who  thought  that  the  prin- 
ciple "Art  for  Art's  sake"  was  a  very  dangerous 
one;  it  might  take  them  along  the  "primrose  path  of 
dalliance,"  but  would  not  carry  them  far  up  the 
"steep  and  thorny  road  to  heaven."  And  that 
heaven  or  ideal  before  them  was  to  interpret  or  give 
expression  to  the  highest  national  feelings  of  their 
race  and  nationality.  And  if  Imperial  Federation 
should  ever  become  a  real  fact — and  Canada  had 
recently  shown  by  her  great  gift  of  Dreadnoughts 
how  very  earnestly  she  was  striving  to  this  end — then 
architects  all  over  the  Empire  must  be  prepared  by 
study  to  give  expression  to  those  ideals.  If  they  were 
to  have  the  same  unity  in  their  architecture  as  they 
hoped  soon  to  have  in  their  federation  of  nations,  it 
did  not  mean  that  either  in  politics  or  in  architecture 
they  must  give  up  their  separate  national  individu- 
ality; indeed  that  would  be  quite  impossible.  Cli- 
matic reasons  alone  forbade.  He  did  not  think  that 
it  was  generally  sufficiently  realized  in  this  northern 
climate  how  great  the  effect  of  climate  was  upon 
architecture.  He  did  not  think  that  sufficient  im- 
portance had  been  given  to  it  in  the  text-books.  They 
knew  the  saying  of  Italians  that  "only  dogs  and 
Englishmen  walk  in  the  sun."  He  thought  that  in 
the  books  one  reads  on  architecture  the  authors  had 
not  got  beyond  "the  walking  in  the  sun"  stage;  they 
looked  upon  the  sun  as  simply  a  thing  of  enjoyment, 
and  did  not  realize  that  most  southern  nations  had 
worshipped  the  mid-day  sun  as  an  evil  deity.  When 
one  lived  and  worked  under  a  semi-tropical  sun  one 
realized  the  dominant  influences  it  had  had  upon 
architecture.  To  his  mind,  Gothic  architecture  was 
not  developed  so  much  as  text-books  made  out 
through  the  special  characteristics  or  the  "crusading 
spirit"  of  northern  nations,  although  these  no  doubt 
had  a  large  effect,  but  also  entirely  by  the  demand 
for  letting  sun  and  warmth  into  buildings.  So  that 
the  effect  of  climate,  particularly  in  the  southern 
dominions — perhaps  less  in  Canada — together  with 
the  special  needs  and  individuality  of  the  people, 
would  give  a  distinctness  and  individuality  to  its 
architecture.  The  question  was  how  best  to  get  this 
Imperial  unity  and  spirit  into  our  architecture.  He 
thought  it  could  be  done  largely  in  two  ways;  first, 
through  their  Mother  Institute,  which  had  come  to 
be  the  real  mother  to  nurture  all  its  children;  and, 
secondly,  through  the  British  School  at  Rome.  He 
should  like  Mr.   Baker  to  take  back  to  Canada  an 


118 


CONSTRUCTION 


idea  of  the  value  of  that  school.  Some  four  or  five 
architectural  students  from  South  Africa  had  been 
receiving  the  advice  and  hospitality  of  the  school. 
Any  British  subject  who  was  a  genuine  student  of 
art  could  be  made  a  member  of  the  school,  but  al- 
though there  had  been  four  or  five  South  African 
students  there,  there  had  been  no  Canadians;  and  he 
hoped  Mr.  Baker  would  take  back  this  fact  and 
explain  it  to  his  brother-architects  in  Canada.  The 
best  way  was  to  get  at  the  students,  and  he  should 
like  to  see  scholars  from  all  parts  of  the  Empire 
coming  to  study  in  Europe — they  must  often  come  to 
the  Old  World — under  the  direction  of  the  Mother 
Institute  and  of  the  allied  British  Schools  at  Rome 
and  Athens.  And  it  would  be  good  for  all  archi- 
tects, young  and  old,  to  pay  a  pilgrimage  every  few 
years  to  St.  Paul's,  and  then  to  the  Pantheon,  to 
.^tand  under  those  majestic  domes,  so  as  to  adjust 
their  sense  of  scale.  He  hoped,  therefore,  that  Mr. 
Baker  would  take  back  this  message,  and  that  in  a 
iew  years  they  should  hear  of  Canada  making  a 
present  to  the  Mother  Country  of  three  fine  young 
architectural  student  Dreadnoughts! 

Mr.  J.  G.  Colmer,  C.M.G.,  in  seconding  the  vote 
of  thanks,  said  he  had  no  hesitation  in  expressing  his 
satisfaction  at  the  piece  of  work  which  had  been 
presented  to  them  that  evening  by  IVir.  Baker.  It 
gave  a  very  admirable  illustration  of  what  architec- 
ture had  done  and  was  doing  in  Canada,  and  he 
believed  it  would  give  as  much  satisfaction  in  Canada 
as  it  had  done  in  that  room.  Canada,  it  was  true, 
was  a  very  young  country,  but,  as  they  had  seen  in 
Mr.  Baker's  illustrations,  Canada  had  reason  to  be 
proud  of  its  buildings.  No  one  could  go  there  and 
travel  from  east  to  west  without  being  impressed  with 
the  character  of  the  buildings,  both  public  and  pri- 
vate; they  would  be  found  to  compare  favorably 
with  the  buildings  in  towns  and  cities  of  similar  size 
whether  in  the  United  States  or  in  the  United  King- 
dom, and  tha  was  saying  a  great  deal  for  a  country 
whose  history  A'as  so  recent  as  that  of  the  Canadian 
Dominion.  Mr.  Baker  had  spoken  of  the  oppor- 
tunities for  architects  in  Canada.  That  was  a  matter 
about  which  he  had  had  some  experience;  he  had 
known  many  young  architects  go  from  this  country 
with  letters  of  introduction,  who  had  seemed  to  fall 
on  their  feet  at  once,  and  had  not  been  long  in 
making  reputations  for  themselves  and  in  mak- 
ing money,  which  was  sometimes  more  favorably 
regarded  even  than  reputation.  What  he  liked  in 
Canada  was  that  there  was  no  professional  jealousy 
there.  If  a  young  architect  went  there  he  was  wel- 
comed, and  given  every  assistance,  counsel,  and  ad- 
vice, and  was  regarded  as  an  additional  factor  in 
helping  the  building-up  of  the  cou  ■'.try  of  which  the 
Canadians  were  so  proud.  Mr.  Biker  had  men- 
tioned the  absence  of  art  galleries.  Thit,  unfortun- 
ately, was  true,  but  in  a  young  and  vigorous  com- 
munity like  Canada,  where  they  were  busily  engaged 
in  making  money  and  developing  their  country,  they 
had  not  so  much  time  to  devote  to  what  they  regarded 
as  luxuries  as  people  in  older  countries.     But  they 


had  art  galleries,  and  Mr.  Baker  would  confirm  him, 
that  both  in  Montreal  and  Toronto,  as  well  as  in 
some  of  the  other  cities,  there  were  magnificent  col- 
lections of  pictures  held  by  private  persons.  Many 
masterpieces  were  now  in  Canada;  and  he  should 
like  to  think  that  those  pictures,  being  there,  would 
not  only  remain  there,  but  would  increase  in  numbers, 
and  that  they  would  form  by-and-by  a  splendid 
nucleus  for  a  great  art  collection  in  Canada. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Mawson  (Hon.  A.)  :  In  the  matter 
of  work  I  may  claim  to  be  as  much  Canadian  as  an 
Englishman.  I  am,  therefore,  delighted  to  meet 
Mr.  Baker  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  for  I  know 
from  personal  experience  what  a  salutory  influence 
his  work,  his  enthusiasm,  and,  may  I  add,  his  per- 
sonal charm  exercise  over  the  architecture  of  Canada. 
Great  art,  it  is  said,  is  only  possible  when  great  ideas 
are  patent  and  the  prevailing  atmosphere.  Our  lec- 
turer IS  a  man  of  great  ideas,  and  jor  this  reason  I 
regret  that  his  overmastering  modesty  has  led  him 
to  withhold  views  of  his  own  work.  Canada  is  truly 
a  country  of  pulsating  energy  where  men  of  vision, 
the  true  pioneers,  are  ever  building  castles  in  the  air, 
whilst  others  are  laying  broad  foundations  upon 
which  these  dreams,  materialized,  may  firmly  and 
safely  rest.  Do  you  remember  that  fervently  elo- 
quent address  which  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  delivered 
some  time  ago  before  the  London  Society  in  which 
he  mentioned  the  Artist  Cardinal  who  had  told  him 
that  Greece  developed  her  highest  forms  of  archi- 
tecture in  her  colonies?  History,  he  said,  promised 
to  repeat  itself  in  our  colonies.  I  think  Mr.  Robert- 
son's statement  was  meant  as  a  warning  and  yet  as 
a  hope.  So  far  as  Canada  is  concerned,  there  is 
great  hope,  but  I  am  bound  to  confess  that  I  detected 
in  Mr.  Baker's  address  a  disturbing  element  when  he 
spoke  of  preference  for  English  ideals.  I  wonder  if 
to-day,  or  the  English  traditions  we  so  easily  laid 
I  misunderstood  him?  Does  he  mean  the  ideals  of 
aside?  I  am  sure  that  every  Imperialist  (if  he  be 
also  a  patriot)  would  desire,  above  all  things,  that 
Canadian  architects  should  go  for  their  inspiration 
to  that  which  exhibits  the  most  consummate  skill  in 
Its  planning,  the  most  scientific  form  of  construction, 
the  ripest  scholarship,  and  the  highest  imaginative 
qualities  rythmically  expressed.  These  are  qualities 
which  are  not  necessarily  and  wholly  British  posses- 
sions. Canadian  architects  are  to  be  trusted,  how- 
ever, for  every  office  of  recognized  standing  possesses 
its  well-selected  and  well-ordered  library,  housed  in 
a  separate  room,  which  is  the  common  room  for 
principals  and  staff.  Any  office  which  centres  round 
so  much  learning  is  sure  to  turn  out  excellent  and 
inspiring  work.  Speaking  as  an  onlooker  and  with- 
out that  wide  experience  possessed  by  Mr.  Baker,  I 
should  have  thought  the  influence  of  the  McKim 
and  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts  traditions  were 
stronger  than  he  seems  to  admit,  and  that  the  work 
of  American  architects,  including  the  large  number 
of  railway  stations  designed  by  New  ^'ork  architects, 
and  also  the  Gothic  work  of  Cram  and  Ferguson, 
especially  in  the  cathedrals  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia, 


CONSTRUCTION 


119 


and  at  Toronto,  were  also  strong  influences.     I  admit, 
however,  that  it  was  a  perfect  joy  to  me  to  see  our 
Collegiate  Gothic  handled  in  such  a  masterlj-  way 
by   firms   like   Sproatt   &   Rolph,   of  Toronto,    and 
Brown  &  Vallance,  of  Montreal,  in  the  Universities 
of  Toronto  and  Saskatoon.     Also  to  see  the  fine 
work  of  the  brothers  Maxwell  at  the  Regina  Parlia- 
ment Buildings,  and  the  fine  domestic  work  being 
done  by   Mr.   Baker  himself  and  others,   like  Mr. 
Meredith  of  Ottawa,  and  Mr.  McClure  of  Victoria, 
and  our  friend   Mr.   Lawrence  Gotch  in  Calgary. 
Mr.  Baker  and  I  are  mutual  admirers  of  the  strong- 
est of  all   influences  now  operating   in  Canada.      I 
mean  the  work  of  that  delightful  man  and  great  artist, 
Mr.  Frank  Darling,  of  Toronto,  one  of  whose  banks 
has  been  shown  on  the  screen  and  met  with  your 
applause.     It  is  by  work  of  this  high  excellence  that 
Canadian  architects  are  wresting  com.missions  from 
American   competitors;    and,    may    I   add,    it   is   by 
ability  to  do  equally  good  work  that  young  English 
architects  will  find  a  foothold  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada.    Just  one  word  about  the  craftsmanship  of 
Canada.    I  do  not  know  any  country  where  one  can 
see  such  perfectly  beautiful  brickwork  or  where  pat- 
ent stone  is  treated  in  such  an  honest  and  inoffensive 
way.       Woodwork   is   most   excellent;    half-timber 
work,  however,  has  never  seemed  to  me  to  reach  the 
quality  of  English  work,  but  this  is  probably  more 
the   fault  of   the   architect   than   the  craftsman.      I 
think  metal  casements  are  rapidly  coming  into  use  in 
Canada;  in  fact  I  know  of  one  firm  alone  who  have 
paid     an     English     firm    $78,000     for     casements 
alone   during   the    last    three    years.     Westmoreland 
slate   is  beginning   to   be   used   and  should   eventu- 
ally   oust    the    American    slates.       Much     of    the 
metal-work  is  charming,  both  in  design  and  crafts- 
manship;    sanitary    fittings,     central     heating     and 
vacuum  cleaners,   and  every  domestic   labor-saving 
appliance  has  reached  a  higher  degree  of  excellence 
than  at  home.     Garden  design,  "the  greater  perfec- 
tion," as  Lord  Bacon  says,  is  little  understood;  but 
now  that  Canada  has  grown    'to  the  age  of  civility 
and  elegance,"  the  art  of  garden-making  will  soon 
take  its  place  and  give  the  ideal  setting  to  many  truly 
ideal  homes.      Mr.   Baker  says  that  everywhere  in 
Canada  great  interest  is  being  taken  in  city  planning. 
I,  together  with  my   friends  Mr.   Unwin  and   Mr. 
Vivian,  have  had  some  little  share  in  fomenting  an 
anxiety   for  civic  betterment,   and   I   am,   therefore, 
delighted  to  be  able  to  confirm  this  statement;  and  let 
me  say  in  this  connection  that  the  Dominion  owes  a 
great  debt  in  this  matter  to  the  influence  and  active 
support  given  to  the  movement  by  the  late  Governor- 
General,  Earl  Grey.     They  arc  also  most  fortunate 
in  having  in  H.R.H.   Field-Marshal  the  Duke  of 
Connaught  another  Governor-General  who  is  deeply 
interested  in  city  planning  and  everything  which  has 
to  do  with  the  development  of  a  national  and  charac- 
teristic architecture.      May  L  in  conclusion,  suggest 
that  this  Institute  might  organize  a  trip  to  Canada? 
They  would  find  true  British  hospitality  and  much 


to  encourage  them.     In  short,  the  trip  would  prove 
the  most  perfect  mental  tonic. 

The  President  said  they  had  had  a  most  interest- 
ing paper  from  Mr.  Baker,  and  were  very  grateful 
to  him  for  having  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  tell  them 
about  the  architecture  of  their  kinsmen  beyond  the 
seas.  It  was  clear  from  his  account  of  what  was 
being  done  in  Canada  that  their  colleagues  there 
were  addressing  themselves  to  the  problem  of  archi- 
tecture in  a  very  practical  and  strenuous  spirit ;  they 
were  going  into  the  essentials  of  the  matter.  In  their 
banks,  their  public  buildings,  their  hospitals,  they 
were  determined  to  have  something  which  would 
answer  the  purpose,  and  that,  after  all,  was  what 
architects  had  to  strive  for,  whether  in  the  old  coun- 
tries or  in  the  new.  He  gathered  from  what  Mr. 
Mawson  had  said  that  Mr  Baker  was  himself  re- 
sponsible for  some  beautiful  buildings  which  his 
modesty  prevented  him  from  showing  illustrations 
of.  There  was  of  course  a  point  at  which  such  a 
country  as  Canada,  \vith  all  its  splendid  promises, 
must  be,  to  use  a  vulgar  phrase,  "hung  up"  because 
it  had  not  the  tradition  of  architecture,  and  it  was 
there  that  we  of  the  Old  Country  might  be  able  to 
help.  Of  course,  we  ourselves  were  rather  like  the 
Prodigal  Son;  we  had  had  not  only  one  tradition, 
but  several,  and  we  have  squandered  them  all.  And 
now  our  business  was  to  build  up  this  tradition  of 
architecture.  But  even  though  we  were  prodigals 
and  bankrupts,  and  several  other  things,  we  could  not 
escape  the  consciousness  of  a  great  historic  past  in 
architecture.  It  was  in  that  consciousness  that  the 
hope  of  the  future  of  architecture  in  this  country 
rested ;  and  he  was  sanguine  enough  to  think 
that  that  hope  was  not  without  foundation.  Mr. 
Baker  had  said  many  things  which  they  had 
listened  to  with  great  interest,  and  some  which 
they  all  welcomed  very  heartily.  He  told  them 
— and  Mr.  Herbert  Baker  of  South  Africa  had 
confirmed  him  on  the  point — that  their  Institute 
was  regarded  with  very  high  esteem,  and  even 
affection,  in  those  two  great  countries,  Canada 
and  South  Africa.  That  was  very  welcome  to 
them,  because  the  Institute  had  to  weather  many 
storms,  and  might  have  to  weather  many  more;  but 
this  loyalty  of  far-away  countries,  from  those  who 
were  gone  from  them  and  were  practising  architec- 
ture across  the  seas,  was  one  of  the  most  encouraging 
things  he  knew.  Mr.  Baker  also  told  them  that  in 
his  opinion  the  most  predominant  influence  in  Cana- 
dian architecture  was  the  British  influence.  That, 
again,  was  very  encouraging.  It  was  very  significant 
that  both  Mr.  Baker  and  Mr.  Nobbs.  the  Professor 
of  McGill  University,  should  have  urged  the  same 
appeal  for  some  collections  of  replicas  and  reproduc- 
tions of  the  best  work  that  had  been  done  in  this 
country  in  the  past,  something  such  as  they  had  in  the 
Trocadero  in  Paris  of  the  great  French  works. 
That  was  a  very  important  appeal.  We  had  the 
Architectural  Museum  at  Tufton  street,  but  every 
one  would  admit  that  that  was  inadequate,  and  he 


120 


CONSTRUCTION 


thought  we  should  do  what  we  could  in  our  own  way 
to  help  this  appeal.  Mr.  Herbert  Baker  had  pointed 
out  the  splendid  patriotism  and  genuine  feeling  in 
Canada  with  regard  to  the  Mother  Country  This 
was  more  than  \\e  thought  possible  a  few  years  back, 
but  now  it  was  a  magnificent  fact,  and  they  should 
do  what  they  could  to  help  in  this  matter,  and  he 
hoped  the  appeal  would  not  pass  unheeded  at  White- 
hall. They  had  heard  Mr.  Baker  throw  out  certain 
speculations  as  to  the  future  of  Canadian  architec- 
ture during  the  next  twenty  years.  He  regretted 
to  say  that  he  differed  from  one  of  the  speakers;  he 
did  not  think  the  path  indicated  by  that  speaker  was 
one  he  should  hope  to  see  in  the  future  architecture 
of  one  great  member  of  this  Empire.  He  thought 
the  neighbors  of  the  great  Dominion  had  possibly 
over-reached  themselves,  and  had  fallen  a  little  too 
impetuously  into  the  net  of  modern  French  architec- 
ture, because,  he  need  hardly  point  out,  modern 
French  architecture  was  not  the  same  thing  as  old 
French  architecture.  It  was  a  very  different  thing, 
although  he  should  be  the  last  to  disparage  the  work 
of  his  colleagues  and  friends  across  the  Channel, 
some  of  whom  did  splendid  work.  But  the  modern 
vernacular  of  French  architecture  was  not  a  thing 
to  be  adopted  as  the  basis  of  a  great  tradition.  They 
hoped  that  the  future  architecture  of  Canada  would 
be  founded  upon  an  old  tradition;  whether  French 
or  English  was  for  their  colleagues  in  Canada  to 
determine.  If  they  followed  those  lines,  he  did  not 
think  they  would  have  any  difficulty,  with  their  great 
ability  and  force  of  character  and  splendid  possibili- 
ties, in  establishing  a  great  tradition  of  architecture. 
He  did  not  doubt  that  that  tradition  would  be  per- 
fectly elastic  and  adaptable  to  all  the  requirements 
of  modern  civilization.  And  he  would  draw  Mr. 
Baker's  attention  once  more,  as  Mr.  Herbert  Baker 
had  done,  to  the  Imperial  aspect  of  the  case — viz., 
to  the  new  British  School  at  Rome.  It  was  one  of 
the  most  important  departures  in  architectural  tuition 
in  the  last  fifty  years,  because  if  properly  handled 
much  might  come  out  of  it,  and  they  should  hope  to 
see  some  brilliant  young  Canadians  at  work  there. 

Mr.  F.  S.  Baker,  in  reply,  said:  I  thank  you  for 
Canada  and  for  myself  for  the  kind  and  hearty  re- 
ception which  you  have  given  my  paper.  If  I  have 
been  able  to  tell  you  anything  about  the  country 
which  is  so  far  away  from  you,  and  which  probably 
thinks  more  about  you  at  home  here  than  you  have 
time  to  think  of  it,  I  shall  feel  very  glad  I  com- 
mend it  to  your  study,  because  it  is  a  large  district, 
and  there  is  no  doubt  its  development  will  go  along 
the  lines  that  the  people  who  go  to  live  there  outline 
for  it.  It  has  been  most  interesting  for  me  to-night 
to  meet  Mr.  Herbert  Baker  from  South  Africa.  I 
am  sorry  I  cannot  claim  him  as  a  kinsman,  but  I  feel 
very  proud  that  a  man  of  the  name  of  Baker  should 
be  such  a  distinguished  gentleman.  He  comes  direct 
from  Rome,  where  he  has  been  closely  in  touch  with 
the  new  British  School  of  Architecture,  and  I  shall 
certainly  make  it  my  duty,  on  going  back  to  Canada, 
to  bring  full  particulars  of  the  scholarships  and  the 


opportunities  presented  by  that  school  to  the  members 
and  students  of  the  profession  in  Canada.     You  must 
realize  that  our  students  are  few  in  number,  and  are 
not  well  off;  and  it  is  not  easy  for  them  to  contem- 
plate the  spending  of  a  few  years  in  Rome.     Most 
of  them  are  boys  who  are  making  their  own  way, 
and  are  not  the  sons  of  rich  men.     1  am  afraid  the 
sons  of   rich  men  in  Canada  look  for  some  easier 
work.     What  Mr.  Baker  said  about  climatic  con- 
ditions is  true.     It  would  be  absurd,  for  instance,  to 
see  a  delicate  Spanish  cornice  hanging  with  great 
icicles  or  piled  up  with  snow;  and  there  are  many 
things  possible   in  Spain   and  South  Africa  which 
would  not  be  possible  in  Canada.     And  I  think  that 
is  what  most  impressed  Mr.   Richardson  after  his 
studies  in  France  and  Spain,  namely,  the  necessity 
of  using  materials  in  America  in  a  way  suitable  to 
the  climate.     That  is  why  we  have  those  unusual 
works  which  were  designed  by  him.     Mr.  Mawson 
spoke  of  the  McKim,  Meade  &  White  office  and  its 
effect  on  Canadians.     But  whilst  the  highest  tribute 
must  be  paid  to  them  individually  and  as  a  firm  for 
the  wonderful  buildings  which  they  have  produced, 
there  is  not  in  Canada  a  feeling  that  the  school  of 
McKim,  Meade  &  White  is  an  altogether  desirable 
one.     There  is  certainly  there — and  our  president's 
remarks  have  brought  it  to  my  attention — very  clearly 
the  desire  to  follo\s'  the  tradition  that  goes  back  be- 
yond any  result  which  McKim,   Meade  &  White 
have  attained.     There  is  arising  now  in  Canada  a 
collegiate  Gothic  architecture — and  there  are  some 
photographs   amongst   those   I   brought   ovtr  which 
show  its  commencement,  and  I  hope  indicate  a  good 
future  for  it — which  undoubtedly  is  based  upon  the 
sound  tradition  of  perhaps  the  best  period  of  English 
architecture.      I   think  many  Canadians  accept  the  ' 
idea    that   not   only    in   architecture,   but  in   almost 
everything,  England  has  experimented,  and  finally 
arrived  at  a  conclusion  which  might  be  called  a  con- 
servative conclusion,  and  having  tried  all.  Las  adopt- 
ed that  which  seemed  best  to  her.        We  have  un- 
doubtedly   some   good   private   art    collections,    but 
they  are  not  available  for  the  student,  and  I  do  not 
hesitate  to  say  that  adequate  buildings  will  be  forth- 
coming when   the  collections  can  be  obtained.      I 
think  we  have  to  look  to  England  for  assistance  in 
obtaining  those  collections.     The  Ecole  des  Beau,t- 
Arts  has  been  spoken  of  to-night  as  if  Canadians 
were  strongly  influenced  by  it.     I  think  it  is  largely 
owing  to   the  work  of   Professor  Nobbs   that   that 
school,  the  excellence  of  which  is  universally  accept- 
ed, is  not  held  in  higher  esteem  in  Canada  in  its 
results  than  is  the  sound  training  obtainable  in  Eng- 
land.     It  IS  recognized  that  whilst  the  old  French 
work  was  magnificent,  the  modern  French  work  is 
not  so  much  to  be  admired,  nor  are,  in  my  humble 
opinion,   the  modern  French  methods  of  draughts- 
manship.      Something     straightforward,     something 
plain  and  useful  and  sensible  ,is  what  the  Canadian 
is  always  looking  for.     If  he  can  get  the  direct  result 
in  a  direct  way,  that  will  convey  without  loss  of  art 
the  correct  idea  to  his  critic,  that  is  what  he  wants. 


CONSTRUCTION 


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GEORGK    PEABODY    COLLEGE.     NASHVILLE.    TEXX. 
HIDLOW    &    PEAIiODV.    ARCHITECTS. 


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PL\X    OF    EXISTING    KL'ILDINGS. 


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CHARLES    S.    PEABODV.    ARCIIITEC- 


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CONSTRUCTION 


R.  A.  PAUL,  C.E.,  of  Toronto  University,  has 
been  appointed  manager  of  the  Frid-Lewis  Com- 
pany's office  at  Saskatoon.  Mr.  Paul  enters  upon 
his  new  work  with  considerable  experience,  having 
been  associated  with  the  Everett  Clark  Co.,  of 
Chicago. 


THE  NEW  SCHEDULE  of  fees  for  building 
permits  at  Regina  have  practically  paid  one-half 
the  expenses  of  the  building  department.  Up  to 
July  of  last  year  a  flat  rate  of  fifty  cents  was  charged 
for  every  permit.  Since  then  the  amount  is  based 
on  the  cost  of  the  completed  work:  fifty  cents  for 
buildings  costing  $500  up  to  two  dollars  for  a 
$5,000  structure,  with  ten  cents  added  for  every 
additional  $1,000. 


H.  W.  JOHNS-MANVILLE  CO.  announce 
the  appointment  of  Mr.  C.  L.  Wheeler  as  traveling 
representative  in  their  Atlanta  territory.  Mr. 
Wheeler  is  an  electrical  engineer  of  practical  experi- 
ence and  formerly  covered  the  Southern  States  for 
various  large  electrical  and  jobbing  concerns.  He 
will  devote  his  attention  to  the  well-known  electrical 
products  of  the  Company,  particularly  "Noark" 
fuses,  service  boxes  and  protective  devices,  electric 
railway  supplies,  J-M  fibre  conduit,  vulcabeston  and 
other  molded  insulations,  J-M  electrotherm  heating 
pad,  Frink  and  J-M  Linolife  lighting  systems,  etc. 


AT  THE  ANNUAL  convention  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Manufacturers  of  Sand-Lime 
Products,  held  recently  in  Toronto,  the  following 
officers  were  elected:  President,  S.  O.  Goho,  Har- 
risburg.  Pa.;  vice-president,  F.  B.  Allan,  Toronto; 
secretary,  W.  G.  Plummer,  jun.,  Buffalo;  treasurer, 
John  L.  Jackson,  Saginaw,  Mich.,  and  an  executive 
of  five  officers  representing  the  various  divisions  of 
the  association:  Canadian,  G.  Sylvester,  Calgary; 
Western,  E.  G.  Chapman,  Minneapolis;  Eastern, 
W.  M.  Birchfield,  Rochester;  Central,  L.  W.  Pen- 
field,  Willoughby,  Ohio;  and  Southern,  H.  H.  Tift, 

Tifton,  Ga. 

*    *    * 

THE  RECENT  CONVENTION  of  the 
Brandram-Henderson  Company  at  Halifax  was  the 
most  successful  conference  yet  held  between  the 
heads  of  the  firm  and  the  travelling  salesmen.  The 
purpose  of  the  gathering  was  more  than  realized. 
The  views  of  the  travelling  men,  together  with  the 
imported  ideas  of  the  firm,  helped  to  unite  the  various 
forces  which  are  already  a  unit  m  their  organization. 
In  addition  to  the  banquet  at  the  Halifax  hotel  the 
men  were  tendered  a  theatre  party  at  the  Academy 
of  Music.  Such  conferences  augur  well  for  the  well 
directed  plans  of  the  company  and  should  prove  a 
big  incentive  to  the  managers  and  salesmen  alike. 


THE  VAST  NUMBER  of  large  commercial 
buildings  contemplated  for  the  coming  year  predicts 
unusual  activity  in  all  branches  of  building  trades. 
Last  year  proved  a  record  breaker,  but  from  present 
indications  every  Canadian  city  will  eclipse  all 
former  prosperity.  Vancouver,  in  addition  to  com- 
pleting the  Vancouver  Hotel,  the  new  C.P.R.  sta- 
tion and  office  buildings,  will  erect  two  first-class 
theatres  costing  $1,000,000,  several  factories  ap- 
proximately $100,000  each,  swimming  baths  worth 
$125,000,  new  schools  to  the  amount  of  $275,000. 
Winnipeg  will  have  a  new  twelve-story  office  build- 
ing to  cost  $900,000,  new  school  buildings  totaling  a 
sum  of  $1,000,000,  a  Presbyterian  church  amount- 
ing to  $175,000,  and  a  steam  heating  plant  for 
$4,000,000.  Montreal  will  spend  $4,000,000  for 
the  amusement  park  on  Back  River,  and  a  new 
building  for  the  Sun  Life  worth  $1,300,000. 
Toronto  is  to  have  the  largest  religious  publishing 
house  in  the  world  in  the  new  Methodist  Book  Room 
$1,000,000  structure,  in  addition  to  the  twenty- 
story  edifice  for  the  new  Royal  Bank,  which  will 
reach  the  height  of  250  feet  and  be  the  tallest  build- 
ing in  Canada.  Ottawa  has  a  number  of  commercial 
structures  in  prospect,  as  well  as  a  new  Customs 
building,  and  a  possibility  of  a  competition  being 
held  for  the  Departmental  buildings,  besides  import- 
ant civic  improvements.  Victoria  has  contracts  for 
several  new  office  buildings  averaging  one-half  a 
million,  school  buildings  amounting  to  $260,000, 
and  several  large  residences.  Calgary  will  construct 
a  number  of  large  warehouses,  a  $500,000  theatre, 
filtration  plant,  water  tower,  office  structures,  etc., 
and  witness  the  rebuilding  of  the  meat  packing  plant 
recently  destroyed  by  fire.  Saskatoon  has  plans  pre- 
pared for  office  buildings  to  house  Isbester  &  Pretty, 
C.  N.  Express  and  Telegraph  Co..  G.  W.  Furniture 
Co.,  Sons  of  England  lodge,  and  the  Studebaker 
Co.,  a  new  $500,000  post-office,  $90,000  concert 
hall,  hospital.  Catholic  church,  apartments  averaging 
$75,000,  and  a  concrete  bridge  costing  $343,000. 


MANUFACTURING  HEADQUARTERS 

FOR 

Mathematical,    Surveying    and    Scientific 

Instruments,    Drawing    Materials, 

Draughting  and  Blue  Printing 

Equipment. 

Blue  Prints  made  from  Tracings. 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO.,    LTD.. 

116   Adelaide   St.    West.    Toronto. 

Manufactories: 
European:  American:  Canadian: 

Nuremberg.  Chicago.  Toronto. 


QCNSTRUCnON 


VOL.  VI 


NO.  4 


CONTENTS    FOR    APRIL,    1913 

EDITORIAL      ''^^ 

riie    t:y:il     ii'-i-'l     '>t'    alflier    wol'k     in     <-anM(ia AitistiL-     i-lio.ci-    of     th.-     I,in<;.ilri 

Menu.rial The   discover>    uf  a   temple    in   the   Sphinx Engineering   mistakes 

in    nuxlern    biiildinEis The    need   of   inexpensive  houses    for   workinsmen Our 

l.nl.l^-    til uKhf.ires    in    relati..ii    to    wiring   prulilems. 

TWO     NEW     BUILDINGS,     WINNIPEG     ^^° 

HOSPITAL    FOR    THE    INSANE,    BRANDON            I'*! 

NEW    C.N.R,    STATION.    DAUPHIN,    MAN ''■'5 

CURRENT    TOPICS     ''■'^ 

COMPETITION,    NEW    CITY    HALL.    WINNIPEG    1+7 

TRADE     NOTES     I^g 

Full   Pa^e  Illustrations 

BANK    OF    MONTREAL,    WINNIPEG  -  Frontispiece 

GREAT   WEST    LIFE    ASSURANCE    CO.    BUILDING    135 

HOSPITAL    FOR    THE    INSANE.    BRANDON     UO 

EXAMPLES    OF    IRON    WORK.    FRANCE              161 

■•THE      HILL."      HAMPSTEAD.      ENGLAND      163 


MONTREAL 


H.    GAGXIER,    Limited,    Publishers 

GRAPHIC    ARTS     BUILDING,   TORONTO.    CANADA 

BRANCH    OFFICES  : 

WINNIPEG  \ANCOU\'ER  CHICAGO 


NEW  YORK 


^ 


Canada  in  relation  to  atelier  n'orl( — The  great 
need  of  such  advantages  to  men  unable  to 
benefit  bv  a  university  course. 


n 


The  Lmcoln  Meniorial — A  hitter  fight  which 
resulted  in  a  glorious  victorv  for  the  artistic 
tastes  o1  a  commercial  people. 


Atelier  work  organized  on  a  broad  and  sane  basis 
IS  one  of  the  crying  needs  in  the  architectural  field 
of  Canada.  Surely  the  men  prominent  in  the  pro- 
fession must  give  heed  to  this  work.  A  personal 
sacrifice  is  not  sufficient  in  itself,  but  a  genume  en- 
thusiasm must  prompt  their  efforts.  When  this  spirit 
prevails  then  the  young  draftsman  will  become  im- 
bued with  a  longing  to  study  and  emulate  the  best 
styles  of  architecture  in  all  countries  and  of  all  ages. 
Canada  like  other  nations  has,  and  will  continue  to 
produce  young  men  of  exceptional  talent  who  are 
not  in  a  position  to  benefit  from  the  various  schools 
of  architecture.  They  have  exceptional  ability  and 
should  have  the  same  opportunities  provided  so  ex- 
tensively elsewhere.  How  often  are  draftsmen  com- 
pelled to  burden  other  responsibilities  besides  their 
own.  and  to  deprive  such  persons  of  a  chance  to  grow 
is  unfair.  He  should  be  encouraged,  helped  and 
recognized  for  his  worth.  In  analyzing  the  list  of 
successful  architects  the  world  over  we  are  forced  to 
admit  that  a  very  large  number  never  enjoyed  the 
benefits  of  a  university  course.  But  they  have  had 
the  careful  attention  of  capable  men  either  in  the 
office  where  they  worked  or  in  some  private  club. 
The  chief  function  of  atelier  work  is  to  give  the 
draftsman  who  cannot  afford  school  instruction  the 
proper  grasp  of  good  art  and  at  the  same  time  enable 
the  student  himself  to  further  the  principles  already 
implanted  by  special  teachers.  It  is  indeed  gratify- 
ing to  see  the  class  of  work  being  done  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  ateliers  in  England,  France  and  the 
States.  The  membership  is  open  to  everybody;  the 
universities  encourage  their  efforts,  and  the  men 
highest  in  the  realm  of  art  are  the  patrons.  Let  such 
a  condition  prevail  throughout  our  provinces  and 
the  future  architecture  will  be  after  the  designs  of 
Canadian  architects  and  there  will  be  no  further 
cause  for  complaint  against  our  neighbors  securing 
the  best  work  throughout  the  Dominion. 


The  commercialiitic  spirit  so  rampant  in  the 
States  has  finally  succumbed  to  the  true  artistic  senti- 
ment of  the  people.  For  some  time  the  House  of 
Representatnes  has  argued  the  best  scheme  for  the 
proposed  $2,000,000  memorial  to  the  memory  of 
Lincoln.  One  of  the  most  ardently  advocated  plans 
was  to  build  a  boulevard  connecting  the  Capital  with 
Gettysburg.  This  would  have  overridden  the  com- 
prehensive arrangement  of  L'Enfent  and  established 
a  precedent  most  dangerous  to  the  future  develop 
ment  of  the  city  along  wholesome  and  aesthetic  lines. 
And  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  House  finally 
adopted  by  a  vote  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-three  to 
thirty-one  the  design  submitted  by  Henry  Bacon  for 
a  Greek  temple  to  be  erected  at  the  west  end  of  the 
Mall  on  a  line  with  the  Capitol  building  and  the 
Washington  monument.  This  result  was  brought 
about  by  the  insistent  demand  of  more  than  thirty 
art  associations  who  voiced  the  will  of  the  people. 
The  site  of  the  memorial  was  selected  by  the  Park 
Commission  ten  years  ago,  composed  of  such  promi- 
nent men  as  Burnham,  McKim,  Olmsted  and  Saint- 
Gaudens.  The  structure  is  designed  to  surmount  a 
series  of  terraces,  of  which  the  lowest  will  be  circular 
in  form,  with  a  diameter  of  one  thousand  feet;  while 
the  topmost  will  be  reached  by  thirteen  steps  typify- 
ing the  original  thirteen  States.  The  memorial  is 
to  consist  of  a  white  marble  colonnade  of  thirty-six 
columns,  each  forty  feet  in  height,  and  six  feet  nine 
inches  in  diameter,  enclosing  the  hall  proper.  In 
this  selection  sentiment  has  won  and  in  its  winning 
reveals  the  true  nature  of  the  people.  Commercial- 
ism may  dominate  in  certain  projects,  but  when  it 
comes  to  commemorate  the  qualities  and  character 
of  a  great  man,  or  a  lofty  principle,  then  the  finer 
instincts  assert  themselves.  The  work  will  stand  as 
an  everlasting  tribute  both  to  the  memory  of  Lincoln 
as  well  as  the  aesthetic  tastes  of  the  vast  majority 
who  insisted  on  an  appropriate  memorial. 


CONSTRUCTION 


f 


The  Sphinx — An  incredible  claim  lo  the 
discovery)  of  a  temple  in  its  head — Time  to 
discountenance   such   absurd   theories. 


Considerable  anxiety  has  been  caused  by  the 
statements  credited  as  coming  from  Prof.  Reisner. 
In  them  he  claims  the  discovery  of  a  temple  24  by  64 
feet  in  the  head  of  the  Sphinx.  The  absurdity  of 
such  a  statement  is  quite  evident  when  we  take  into 
consideration  the  fact  that  the  Sphinx  is  120  feet 
long  and  60  feet  high,  and  the  head  only  14  feet 
wide.  Prof.  Reisner  would  hardly  stake  his  repu- 
tation upon  such  an  impossibility.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
the  source  of  such  rumors  will  soon  be  traced  and 
proper  means  taken  to  prevent  the  rise  of  similar 
falsehoods  coming  from  men  of  high  authority.  The 
desire  of  many  people  to  eliminate  all  reverence  for 
ancient  and  authenticated  works  of  art  is  deplorable. 
They  seem  determined  to  discountenance  every  fea- 
ture which  has  proven  a  valuable  source  of  inspira- 
tion. To  make  the  Sphinx  of  Gizeh  a  curious  type 
of  building  with  temples,  banks  or  lodging  quarters 
would  please  the  dyspeptic  critic  and  cast  discredit 
on  many  venerated  structures.  All  antiques  are 
surrounded  with  mystery,  but  teeming  with  truths 
concerning  the  people  who  underwent  so  many  sacri- 
fices to  make  them  possible.  It  hardly  seems  reason- 
able to  find  within  this  ageless  wonder  the  tomb  of 
the  first  king  of  Egypt  when  the  inscriptions  only 
relate  back  to  the  fourth  dynasty.  It  is  high  time 
for  the  thinking  people  to  accept  the  truth  and  refuse 
to  entertain  the  sudden  explosion  of  ridiculous 
theories. 


^ 


The  engineering  mistakes  in  the  modern  com- 
mercial building — An  existing  need  for  a 
closer  alliance  belTveen  architect  and  engineer. 


Many  irreparable  and  expensive  blunders  in  com- 
mercial structures  being  erected  demonstrate  clearly 
the  great  need  of  a  closer  alliance  between  the  archi- 
tect and  the  consulting  engineer.  The  architect's 
field  is  too  broad,  his  work  too  demanding,  and  his 
responsibility  too  big,  to  permit  of  a  comprehensive 
grasp  of  all  the  up-to-date  theories  necessary  in  the 
way  of  heating,  ventilation,  illumination,  and  sani- 
tation. This  is  an  age  of  specializing  and  the  archi- 
tecture of  to-day  is  worthy  of  all  the  time  and  ability 
the  members  of  the  profession  can  muster.  The 
expert  advice  of  engineers  is  absolutely  essential. 
No  excuse,  whatever,  can  be  offered  by  any  well- 
known  firm  of  architects  who  allows  a  structure  to  be 
built  whereby  the  various  engineering  problems  are 
not  as  carefully  studied  as  the  design  itself.  Un- 
sightly vistas  of  pipes,  unsymmetrical  treatment  of 
ceilings,  improper  installation  of  heating  and  lighting 
fixtures,  lack  of  proper  ventilation;  these  and  many 
others  evidence  the  need  of  consultation  at  least, 
with  men  who  have  made  these  problems  a  matter 
of  conscientious  study.  It  will  eliminate  the  dis- 
agreeable features  which  discountenance  the  archi- 


tect and  remain  an  eyesore  to  the  owner;  it  will 
prove  most  economical  to  the  client,  and  at  the  same 
time  permit  of  the  work  being  finished  within  the 
appointed  time. 


The  sore  need  of  economical  homes  to  house 
the  n>orl(ingman — What  has  alreadv  been 
accomplished  and   tvhat  should   be  done. 


The  question  of  housing  the  workingman  is  assum- 
ing large  proportions.  It  is  not  so  much  a  problem 
of  room  as  cost.  The  sore  need  in  practically  every 
city  is  the  comfortable  and  sanitary  home  which  will 
allow  of  a  reasonable  rental.  How  many  small 
houses  are  built  every  year  which  are  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  average  person  simply  on  account  of 
the  materials  entering  into  the  construction,  together 
with  the  low  assessment  of  vacant  land.  The  chief 
argument  against  wood  has  been  the  lasting  qualities 
and  continual  expense  of  protecting  same — now  it  is 
the  rapid  advance  m  price  of  lumber.  Other  materi- 
als must  be  employed  which  will  be  thoroughly  sani- 
tary and  of  a  more  economical  nature. 

Inquiries  from  various  sources  prompt  us  to  men- 
tion the  large  number  of  cement  houses  which  are 
being  erected  for  approximately  $1,800  with  a 
monthly  rent  of  $16  or  $18.  In  this  type  the  walls, 
partitions,  floors,  stairway  and  roofs  are  made  of 
cement,  while  care  is  taken  to  have  continuous  air 
cavities,  guarding  against  dampness  and  cold.  An- 
other plan  IS  the  erection  of  a  series  of  buildings 
constructed  with  brick,  roughcast,  and  shingle  roofs. 
In  order  to  reduce  the  expense  to  a  minmium  and 
furnish  the  man  making  from  $15  to  $18  a  week  an 
opportunity  to  occupy  them,  arrangements  are  being 
made  to  secure  the  necessary  capital  at  an  extremely 
low  percent.  It  is  hoped  to  make  the  rental  of  these 
houses  from  $15  to  $20. 

The  Ontario  Homes  Association  has  enlisted  the 
co-operation  of  Berlin's  citizens  to  erect  a  series  of 
homes  in  that  city  ranging  from  $1,800  to  $3,000. 

The  Town  Planning  Association  of  Montreal  has 
laid  out  schemes  for  several  model  towns  on  the  out- 
skirts of  the  city.  Certain  properties  are  to  be 
handled  by  artists  and  architects  on  the  most  ap- 
proved plans.  Cottages  will  be  erected  on  wide  lots 
with  ample  room  for  gardens,  etc.,  which  will  be 
rented  or  sold  on  easy  instalments,  the  cost  ranging 
from  $1,000  to  $2,500.  The  association  is  quite 
confident  of  the  outcome,  having  studied  similar  con- 
ditions prevailing  in  Europe. 

The  nature  of  such  a  proposition  makes  it  practi- 
cally imperative  for  Government  influence  to  be  back 
of  the  project.  Extensive  areas  of  land,  large  quan- 
tities of  material,  capital  at  a  very  low  rate  of  interest 
and  the  elimination  of  graft  is  the  only  remedy.  The 
cities  are  sorely  in  need  of  improvement  in  this  direc- 
tion, and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  some  carefully  con- 
sidered scheme  will  be  evolved  which  will  give  to 
the  workingman  a  home,  sanitary  in  every  respect, 
of  an  artistic  taste  and  within  the  limit  of  his  financial 
possibilities. 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


THE    MAIX    STREKT.    WIXNII'EG 


Our  public  thoroughfares  in  relation  to  their 
artistic  merit  as  compared  nnth  the  busv  streets 
in  the  principal  cities  of  other  countries. 


THE  QUESTION  ARISES,  can  we  afford  to 
sacrifice  the  artistic  value  of  our  streets?  The  ac- 
companying views  are  typical  and  tell  better  than 
words  how  deeply  rooted  the  mercenary  spirit  is  in 
Canada.  The  elimination  of  street  wiring  would 
not  only  enhance  the  value  of  our  monumental 
centres,  but  would  prove  a  proper  incentive  to  the 
architect  in  making  each  succeeding  structure  a  for- 
ward step  in  the  realm  of  true  art.  It  is  encouraging 
to  note  that  the  Bell  Telephone  Company  of  Mont- 
real IS  rapidly  burying  its  wires  in  conduits  and  we 
hope  that  this  spirit  will  prevail  throughout  the  Pro- 
vinces. Then  our  cities  will  compare  favorably  with 
the  charm  and  wholesomeness  of  London  and  other 
cities  which  allow  nothing  to  detract  from  their  civic 


jE     XOTIU'.    IIAME 


beauty. 


THE   BANK   AXD  ROYAL    EXCIIAXGE   SQUARE,   LUXDON. 


lolt 


CONS  T  R  U  C   I    I  O  .V 


Two   New    Buildings,    Winnipeg,    Man. 


THE  progressive  Western  spirit  is  praiseworthy 
in  that  it  possesses  the  true  commercial  spirit 
coupled  with  a  just  appreciation  of  the  artistic. 
We  find  this  exemplified  in  the  Bank  of  Montreal 
and    the    Great    West    Life    Assurance    Company 
building,  of  Winnipeg. 

During  a  recent  visit  to  that  city  Leonard  Stokes, 
R.LB.A.,  of  London,  commented  enthusiastically 
on  the  high  standard  set  by  Canadian  architects. 
He  spoke  of  their  successful  attempts  to  adopt  pure 
design  in  relation  to  the  practical  local  cond.tions 
He  felt  that  the 
commercial  work 
was  commendable 
and  led  us  to  feel 
that  in  this  line  of 
building  we  were 
far  in  advance  of 
similar  attempts  in 
European  countries. 

The  new  budd- 
ing of  the  Winnipeg 
branch  of  the  Bank 
of  Montreal,  is  de- 
rived from  purely 
classical  models. 
The  building  is  rec- 
tangular in  plan,  the 
exterior  being  built 
of  a  very  white 
granite.  The  design 
consists  of  a  Corin- 
thian portico  of  SIX 
columns  on  the 
front,  and  a  side 
treatment  of  Corin- 
thian pilasters  with 
windows  between 
them,  the  whole  be- 
ing surmounted  by 
an  attic.  Above 
and  behind  the  attic 
rises  a  rectangular 
roof  house  in  which 
the  quarters  of  the 
staff  are  located, 
taking  the  place  of  j,^.^^,^    „p  ^, 

the  domical  form  so 
frequently   adopted   on   square   buildings. 

The  property  on  which  the  building  is  placed  is 
triangular  and  a  study  of  the  ground  floor  plan 
shows  that  the  portico  and  steps  were  designed  for 
the  maximum  amount  of  projection  permissible 
within  the  property  lines.  By  this  treatment  the 
building  has  been  given  the  greatest  possible  prom- 
inence, throwing  the  triangular  portion  of  the  front 
part  into  sidewalk  and  street,  thereby  creating  a 
public  space,  or  square,  at  a  busy  part  of  the 
city.       In    this    way    the    bank     building    becomes 


^fis 


ssasmm^ 


not  only  an  incident  in  a  long  street,  but  one  of  the 
distinguishing  features,  or  landmarks  which  help  to 
divide  a  city  into  familiar  districts. 

The  interior  of  the  building  is  in  the  form  of  a 
basilica.  The  design  consists  of  superimposed  Ionic 
colonnades,  the  central  or  main  portion  of  the  room 
going  through  two  stories  with  a  gallery  on  all  four 
sides,  to  be  used  by  the  Royal  Trust  Company. 
The  entire  banking  room  is  treated  in  practically  a 
monotone,  with  columns  and  side  walls  of  light  buff 
Botticino  marble  imported  from  Northern  Italy;  and 

ceiling  painted  with 
light  colors  in  a 
classical  manner. 
The  use  of  one 
material  gnes  the 
largest  possible  ex- 
pression to  the 
room,  vvhile  the 
neutral  buff  tone  of 
the  marble  is  con- 
ducive to  a  warm, 
cheerful,  sunny  ef- 
fect during  the  long 
Winnipeg  winters. 

In  the  basement 
are  located  exten- 
sive vaults,  safe  de- 
posit, coupon  and 
storage  rooms, 
clerks'  lavatories, 
boiler  room,  etc. 
Above  the  main 
banking  room  are 
two  floors  gi\en  up 
to  quarters  for  the 
staff  and  janitor, 
with  sitting  rooms, 
bed  and  bath  rooms, 
kitchen,  lunch  and 
dining  rooms,  con- 
veniently arranged 
for  serving  all  those 
connected  \\ith  the 
bank. 

The  Great  West 
Life  Assurance 
Company's  build- 
ing is  designed  in  Kootenay,  B.C.,  marble,  with 
cast  iron  window  spandrils.  Upon  the  interior  the 
halls  and  corridors  are  finished  in  white  Italian 
marble.  The  elevator  fronts  are  bronze  with  pol- 
ished wire  glass.  The  wood  finish  throughout  is 
quarter-cut  oak  with  the  exception  of  the  board- 
room, designed  in  mahogany.  The  building  cost 
fifty  cents  per  cubic   foot. 

The  general  effect  of  such  structures  can  hardly 
be  estimated.  They  are  a  source  of  pride  to  the 
people;  a  tribute  to  the  spirit  of  architecture. 


WCIC     IMKTIi. 


l:-!l 


132 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  J  O  N 


\Ii:\\     M;nM 


BANK  OF  MONTREAL,  WINNIPEG,  MANITOBA. 

MCKIM.    MEAD    .>;:    WIIITE,    AN'I)    J.    \.    SKMMKXS,    ASSOC  I  ATKn.    AKCIUTKCTS. 


133 


CONSTRUCTION 


135 


CONSTRUCTION 


CO^STRUCTJO  N 


137 


EXTERIOR  DETAIL,  GREAT  WEST  LIFE  ASSURANCE  COMPANY  BUILDING.  WINNIPEG,  MANITOBA. 

JOHN    D.    ATCHISU.V.    ARCHITliCT. 


138 


CONSTRUCTION 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


1  ;v  > 


lujAKi)  Roo^r. 

^t.\IX    orFICR. 


GREAT   WEST   LIFE  ASSURANCE  CO.    BUILDING, 
WINNIPEG.    MANITOBA. 


JOHX    r).    ATCllISOX. 
.VKCIIITKCT. 


UJ       ^ 

X     - 
H     Z 


t    z     ^ 
a,     < 

X  < 


140 


Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Brandon,  Manitoba 


M.    V.    HORWOOD,    Provincial    Archit, 


ON  one  of  the  Brandon  hills  stands  the  Hospital 
foi  the  Insane,  overlooking  Brandon  City, 
and  the  winding  Assiniboine  with  the  fertile 
fields  below.  Here  the  unfortunates  of  the  West 
are  cared  for  in  the  splendid  institution  provided  for 
by  the  Provincial  Government,  at  a  cosi  of  over  one 
million  dollars. 

The  group  of  buildings  consists  of  the  hospital 
proper,  with  executive  and  administration  wings;  and 
outside,  the  power  house  which  supplies  heat,  light 
and  power;  the  laundry  building,  abattoir,  farm 
building,  and  root  house.  The  farm  is  an  immense 
one,  supplying  all  the  roots  and  meat,  and  the  in- 
mates, if  their  condition  allows,  are  permitted  to 
partake  in  the  work  of  producing  their  food.  The 
grounds  around  the  building  are  being  laid  out  as  a 
park. 

The  building  has  a  frontage  of  over  four  hundred 


feet.  With  wings  extending  back  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet.  The  exterior  is  of  rich  red  brick  with 
buff  Tyndal  stone  base  and  trim.  It  is  of  reinforced 
concrete  construction  and  fireproof,  the  staircases 
being  of  steel  and  marble,  the  floors  of  terrazzo. 
Every  precaution  has  been  taken  against  sudden 
panic. 

Entering  the  administratiNe  portion  by  a  flight  of 
stone  steps,  you  pass  into  a  spacious  entrance  hall, 
from  which  access  is  gained  to  the  general  offices  and 
consulting  rooms,  and  thence  to  the  heart  of  the 
building.  From  this  central  point  run  the  corridors 
1 2  feet  wide,  communicating  with  the  several  rooms, 
offices  and  wards.  The  elevators  are  conveniently 
placed  in  each  division,  and  the  dining  rooms  off 
each  ward  are  served  directly  from  the  kitchen  by 
electrical  lifts.  The  assembly  room  is  used  as  a 
recreation  room  and  chapel,  and  no  expense  has  been 


141 


142 


CONSTRUCTION 


spared  to  make  the  lives  of  the  unfortunate  inmates  The  buildmg  was  carried  out  under  the  Provin- 

bearable  and  conducive  to  their  final  reco\ery.     The  cial   Architect,   V.   W.    Horwood;   the   Minister  of 

sanitary    appliances    throughout    are    of    the    most  Public  Works,   Hon.   C.   H.   Campbell;   and  Hon. 

modern.  G.  R.  Coldwell. 


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GCNSTRUCTiaN 

A-  JOURNAL-  FOR  THE  ■  ARCHITECTURAL, 

ENGINEERING  •  AND  •  CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  •  OF  ■  CANADA 


FREDERICK    REED.  Editor 

H.  GAGNIER,  LIMITED.  PUBLISHERS 

L't.ni.-l-    Ricluiiuiul    ami    ShepparJ    Streets, 

Toronto,  -  -  Lanaaa 

BRANCH  OFFICES  : 

MONTREAL-171  St.  James  Street 

WINNIPEG.  MAN.     13  Royal  Bank  Building 

VANCOUVER-334  Granville  Street 

CHICAGO     People's  Ga.  Building 

NEW    YORK- 156  Sth  Avenue 


CORRESPONDENCE — All  correspondence  should  be  addressed 
to  ••CONSTKUCTION,"  Corner  Richmond  an.l  Shepp-ard 
Streets.    Toronto.    Canada. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS — Canada  and  Great  Britain,  $3.00  per  annum 
United  States,  the  Continent  and  all  Postal  Union  countries, 
$4.00    per    annum,    in    advance.      Single    copie:,,    35c 

ADVERTISEMENTS — Changes  of,  or  new  advertisements  must 
reach  the  Head  Office  not  later  than  the  first  of  the  month 
preceding  publication,  to  ensure  insertion.  JIailing  date  is 
on  the  tenth  of  each  month.  Advertising  rates  on  application, 

CONTRIBUTIONS — The  Editor  will  be  glad  to  consider  con- 
tributions dealing  with  matters  of  general  interest  to  the 
readers  of  this  JournaJ.  When  payment  is  desired,  this  tact 
should  be  stated.  We  are  always  glad  to  receive  the  loan  of 
photographs  and  plans  of  interesting  Canadian  work.  The 
originals   will    be    carefully    preserved    and    duly    returned. 

Entered  as  Second  Class  Matter  in  the  Post  Office  at  Toronto, 
Canada. 


Vol.  6 


Toronto,  April,  1913         No.  4 


CURRKNT  TOPICS 

HUGH  STEWARD,  architect,  has  entered 
into  partnership  with  the  firm  of  R.  G.  Bunyard, 
located  at  Moose  Jaw,  Sask. 

EDMONTON  will  erect  a  ten-story  office  build- 
ing for  the  Bank  of  British  North  America,  fire  sta- 
tions amounting  to  $150,000,  and  new  Sherman 
theatre  for  $270,000,  G.T.P.  Railway  shops. 

THE  FOLLOWING  Toronto  architects  have 
removed  their  offices:  Sproatt  &  Rolph,  from  90 
Yonge  street  to  36  North  street;  Curry  &  Sparling 
from  90  Yonge  street  to  1 05  Bond  street ;  Chapman 
&  McG'ffin  from  59  Yonge  street  to  the  Tyrrell 
building,  95  King  street  east. 


C.  F.  MARTIN  has  opened  an  office  for  the 
practice  of  architecture  in  the  Tyrrell  building,  95 
King  street  east,  Toronto. 

^  ^  '!• 

THE  SITE  for  the  monument  to  his  late  Majesty 
King  Edward  VIL  will  be  on  the  heights  between 
Wellington  street  and  the  East  Block,  overlooking 
Confederation  Square  and  the  Rideau  Canal, 
Ottawa.  The  monument  will  cost  $40,000,  and 
add  greatly  to  the  historical  atmosphere  of  the  square. 

THE  MOST  STRIKING  illuminated  electric 
cross  in  the  world  will  be  erected  in  connection  with 
St.  Augustine's  Seminary,  situated  at  Scarborough 
Bluffs,  Toronto.  The  cross  will  be  16  feet  in  height 
with  a  horizontal  arm  of  7  feet,  containing  125 
electric  lights.  The  top  of  the  perpendicular  portion 
of  the  cross  will  be  480  feet  above  the  lake  and  will 
be  visible  on  a  clear  night  from  the  Niagara  side. 

AN  EXPLOSIVE  of  tremendous  force  made 
from  liquid  oxygen  is  the  result  of  an  experiment  by 
Prof.  Charles  Nordnamm,  of  Paris.  A  new  solu- 
tion of  economic  lighting  is  assured  by  the  result  of 
this  discovery.  Tubes  of  neon  containing  the  pro- 
perty of  electric  luminosity  are  provided  which  pro- 
duce a  soft  red  light.  This  new  method  is  especi- 
ally commended  for  the  extremely  low  cost  in  manu- 
facturing same. 

*  *     * 

THE  PRESENT  YEAR  will  undoubtedly 
prove  a  record  year  for  Regina  in  the  building  field. 
Prospective  structures  to  the  amount  of  $12,000,000 
are  practically  assured,  which  figure  surpasses  the 
total  permits  of  last  year  by  $4,000,000.  The  city 
council  has  passed  an  ordinance  to  the  effect  that  the 
tallest  building  will  be  limited  to  ten  stories.  Such 
a  move  places  a  ban  on  the  skyscraper  and  augurs 
well  for  the  artistic  appearance  of  the  city. 

*  *    * 

FIFTY-NINE  MODELS  were  submitted  in  the 
competition  for  the  memorial  to  be  erected  at  i06th 
street,  Broadway  and  West  End  avenue.  New  York 
city,  in  honor  of  the  late  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Isador  Straus, 
who  perished  on  the  Titanic.  The  successful  com- 
petitors are  Augustus  Lukeman,  sculptor,  and  Evarts 
Tracy,  architect.  The  design,  which  is  to  cost 
$20,000,  will  be  in  the  form  of  a  basin  occupying 
the  centre  of  a  triangle  on  the  south  end  of  which 
will  be  a  low  pedestal  four  feet  in  height,  with  a 
reclining  figure  looking  into  the  water.  The  rules 
for  the  competition  specified  that  the  fountain  should 
present  an  object  of  beauty  without  containing  an 
allegorical  expression  of  any  particular  theme  or 
subject.  The  committee  in  reaching  its  decision 
accepted  the  artists  suggestion  of  embodying  in  the 
park  a  scheme  of  peaceful  contemplation  over  a  sheet 
of  water,  leaving  the  meditatne  public  to  muse  over 
the  sacrifice  made. 


Competitive  Design  for  the  City  Hall,  Winnipeg,  Man 


THE  SUCCESSFUL  competitors  for  the  new 
City  Hall  at  Winnipeg  are  as  follows:  First 
prize.  Clemeslia  &  Portnall,  Regina:  second 
prize.  Woodman  &  Carey,  Winnipeg:  third  prizes. 
Brown  &  Vallance  of  Montreal,  Hugh  G.  Jones  of 
Montreal,  and  John  D  .Atchison  of  Winnipeg. 
Leonard  A.  Stokes,  F.R.I.B.A.,  in  submitting  his 
report,  said : 

"It  gives  me  much  pleasure  to  be  able  to  state 
that  the  response  to  your  invitation  to  architects  to 
submit  designs  for  your  new  City  Hall  has  been  m 
every  way  satisfactory.  Thirty-nine  designs — 
many  of  the  most  exceptional  merit — having  beer. 
submitted  in  competition.  After  careful  examina- 
tion, I  unhesitatingly  place  No.  1 8  first,  as  it  is 
undoubtedly  the  best.  No.  I  I  I  place  second,  and 
Nos.  26,  30  and  34  the  three  designs  coming  next 
in  merit,  after  the  two  above  named  awards  have 
been  made.  The  five  prizes  should  therefore  be 
awarded  accordingly,  and  I   feel  confident  that  de- 


sign No.  18,  placed  first,  will  make  a  handsome 
addition  to  the  city  architecturally,  besides  being  in 
e\ery  way  a  well  arranged  and  serviceable  build- 
ing." 

The  reports  submitted  with  the  various  successful 
competitions  are  given,  with  the  exception  of  the  first, 
prize,  which  we  were  unable  to  secure. 

Second  Prize  Design — IVoodman  &  Carev. 

The  stvle  of  the  building  is  Greek  Ionic,  six  stories 
in  height,  including  basement.  Economy  in  design 
being  required  by  the  conditions,  it  was  therefore 
considered  advisable  to  omit  large  open  spaces  which 
require  height  in  proportion. 

The  council  chamber  is  placed  in  the  centre  of  the 
building  with  due  regard  to  its  importance,  the  main 
staircase  leading  directly  to  it,  subsidiary  staircases 
leading  to  the  conference  room  and  mayor's  quarters, 
whilst  all  three  are  united  by  a  spacious  ante  hall 
lighted  o\erhead,  also  by  direct  light  o\er  the  council 


(ODIvaPETllTirVE   resiiSM 

«.  CITY   MALL 
WIMNPEfl    i^iAN. 


WINNING  DESIGN,  CITY  HALL,  WINNIPEG,   MANITOB.^. 

CI.KMi;SIIA    &    rilKIXAl.!..     \KCIIlTi:CTS. 


CONSTRUCTION 


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chamber.  The  city  clerk  is  within  easy  access  to 
the  pubhc,  and  at  the  same  time  adjoining  the 
mayor's  quarters..  The  record  room  is  on  a  mezza- 
nine floor,  con\enient  to  the  city  clerk's  office,  and 
with  direct  access  from 
that  office.  The  board  of 
control  is  planned  on  the 
south  side  of  the  building, 
the  secretary  of  the  board 
being  placed  immediately 
above  the  city  clerk's  of- 
fice, adjoining  the  stair- 
case. Committee  rooms 
are  conveniently  located 
on  the  north  side  of  the 
council  chamber;  a  mem- 
bers' entrance  and  stair- 
case being  provided  for 
the  council,  while  stair- 
cases for  public  use  lead  directly  to  the  galleries  of 
the  council  chamber.  Ample  lavatories  are  provided 
throughout  the  building,  all  ventilated  by  air  shafts, 
the  foul  air  being  withdrawn  by  mechanical  means 


and  fresh  air  forced  in  through  air  ducts  which  are 
carried  along  the  mam  corridors,  having  inlets  into 
all  offices.  The  civil  court  and  scavengers'  depart- 
ment have  outside  entrances  which  have  been  con- 
sidered advisable,  at  the 
same  time  both  depart- 
ments are  within  direct  ac- 
cess to  the  main  building. 
The  engineer's  department 
IS  placed  in  the  west  end  of 
the  building,  with  an  easy 
access  to  the  public. 

The  plan  filing  room,  of 
fireproof  construction,  is 
immediately  below  the 
city  engineer's  office,  with 
a  separate  staircase  lead- 
ing directly  therefrom. 
The  drafting  rooms  of  this 
department  are  placed  on  the  top  floor  above  the 
main  office,  all  of  which  have  a  north  light.  Freight 
elevators  are  located  centrally  in  the  building  ad- 
joining the  large  vaults  and  communicating  with  the 


SECTION,  BLOCK  PLAN  AND  ELE\  .ATIONS  OF  WINNING  DESIGN. 


C  O  N  S  r  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


receiving  rooms,  which  open  dnectly.  at  a  convenient 
level,  on  to  the  roadway  between  the  bridge. 

The  health  department  is  arranged,  as  suggested, 
in  the  basement,  which  is  three  feet  below  the  ground 
level,  giving  ample  light  to  all  departments.  The 
animal  room  of  the  bacteriological  department, 
planned  at  the  west  end  of  the  front  portion  of  the 
building  adjoining  the  receiving  room,  is  isolated, 
except  to  its  immediate  department.  Provision  for 
the  heating  plant  has  been  made  centrally  adjoining 
King  and  Market  streets,  convenient  for  the  delivery 
of  fuel  and  disposal  of  ashes. 

The  building  is  to  be  of  grey  Kenora  granite,  or 
native  stone.     The  decoration  of  the  interior  of  the 


the  areas  less  than  given  in  the  requirements;  second, 
that  all  other  areas  somewhat  exceed  the  require- 
ments, but  this  excess  has  not  been  added  to  the 
additional  space  required  for  future  extension;  third, 
that  the  space  asked  for  future  extension  is  30,098 
square   feet. 

The  following  are  the  cubical  contents,  which 
have  been  taken  in  a  liberal  manner:  Boiler  room, 
coal  storage,  fan  rooms  in  sub-basernent,  78,000; 
basement,  ground  floor,  first  floor,  second  floor,  third 
floor  and  fourth  floor,  4,897,840;  tower  above  roof, 
221,056,  making  a  total  of  5,196,896  cubic  feet. 
Allowing  78,000  cu.  ft.  at  25c.,  4,897,840  cu.  ft. 
at  50c..   22.056  cu.   ft.   at  $1,  $100,000  for  extra 


SECOND    PRIZE   DESIGN,    CITY    HALL,    WINNIPEG, 

WmiiilMAX    .'V    c'AIJI'.W     \l;(   II  I  ri'A  Ts. 


building  will  be  of  the  simplest — color  being  em- 
ployed in  the  Greek  manner  in  many  cases. 

The  spare  room,  which  is  distributed  as  seems 
advisable,  in  the  entire  building,  amounts  to  30,314 
sq.  ft.,  and  is  divided  up  as  follows:  Ground  floor, 
1,976;  second  floor,  1,456;  third  floor,  10,559; 
fourth  floor,   15,880;  basement,  443. 

The  cubic  contents  of  the  building  are  4,785,852 
— the  cost  being  two  million  three  hundred  and  nine- 
ty-two thousand,  nine  hundred  and  twenty-six  dol- 
lars. 

Third  Prize  Design — Brown  &•    J  allance. 

In  presenting  the  accompanying  plans  for  your 
consideration,  the  following  points  might  be  drawn 
to  your  attention:    First,  that  in  only  two  cases  are 


finish  in  vestibules,  halls,  conference  room  and  coun- 
cil chamber,  and  $200,000  for  architects'  and  en- 
gineering fees,  the  total  amounts  to  $2,989,476.00. 
Third  Prize  Design — Hugh  C.  Jones. 

The  conditions  of  the  programme  indicate  the 
following  requirements,  which  we  have  endeavored 
to  work  out : 

In  plan  it  seems  essential  that  the  space  for  depart- 
ments should  be  so  disposed  as  to  allow  the  maximum 
latitude  for  rearrangement  of  departments  as  condi- 
tions require,  and  that  the  principal  department, 
such  as  the  offices  of  the  mayor,  board  of  control, 
the  council  chamber  and  the  conference  chamber, 
should  be  placed  so  as  to  have  a  monumental  ap- 
proach.     The  general  communication  should  be  by 


CONSTRUCTION 


means  of  direct  and  well  lighted  corridors,  with  stairs 
and  elevators  to  the  ground  level  at  each  end,  and 
for  communication  between  floors;  the  public  toilets 
convenient  to  these  means  of  communication,  and 
the  soil  stacks  built  in  at  alternative  outside  columns 
so  as  to  allow  department  toilets  and  basins  to  be 
built  in  as  required.  The  service  elevators  for  the 
handling  of  material  from  the  stationery  room  and 
vaults  in  the  basement  to  the  various  departments 
should  be  at  the  centre  of  the  building. 

The  exterior  of  the  building  should  be  arranged 
so  as  to  get  the  maximum  amount  of  light  consistent 
with  a  dignified  public  monument.  A  pilaster  treat- 
ment suggested  itself,  both  because  of  the  opportun- 
ity offered  by  the  long  frontage  and  as  being  the  best 
means  of  obtaining  a  reasonable  solidity  of  effect 
without  loss  of  window  area,  also  colonnades  to  be 
used  only  where  the  heavy  reveal  would  not  darken 
the  interior.  A  tower  should  be  placed  so  as  to  form 
a  commanding  feature  on  the  axis  of  Main  street, 
and  in  order  to  place  the  clock  at  a  proper  height. 

In  working  out  the  above,  the  first  question  was 
whether  to  follow  the  lot  lines  on  William  street  or 
to  square  the  building.  The  latter  course  would 
unquestionably  simplify  the  plan  and  be  somewhat 
cheaper  in  construction.  We,  however,  decided  to 
follow  the  lot  lines  for  the  reason  that  to  our  mind 
a  building  in  a  central  city  block  and  following  the 
lot  line  on  one  side  and  end,  and  touching  the  lot 
line  at  Main  and  William  avenue,  would  not  present 
an  architectural  appearance  if  the  building  were  to 
be  placed  1 0  feet  away  from  the  lot  line  at  the  corner 
of  Princess  street.  Further,  the  space  is  desirable, 
although  not  absolutely  necessary  in  the  treasurer's 
and  tax  departments  on  the  ground  floor,  rear  of 
building. 

The  best  solution  would  be  the  purchase  by  the 
city  of  sufficient  ground  to  place  the  whole  front  of 
the  building  visibly  on  the  axis  of  Main  street,  and 
allow  the  width  of  the  City  Hall  site  to  be  either 
increased  at  Main  street  frontage,  or  decreased  at 
Princess  street,  and  so  as  to  form  a  square  site  with 
the  building  parallel  with  those  on  opposite  sides  of 
William  and  Market  streets.  In  case  the  purchase 
of  the  extra  ground  is  impracticable,  the  height  of 
the  building  on  the  plot  should  be  restricted  so  as  to 
render  it  impossible  to  obstruct  the  view  of  the  City 
Hall  tower. 

In  this  connection  we  are  very  firmly  of  the  opinion 
that  because  of  the  narrow  width  of  William  avenue 
and  Market  street  making  impossible  the  view  of  the 
whole  building  except  in  very  sharp  perspective,  any 
considerable  projections  of  recesses  in  these  eleva- 
tions would  result  in  the  appearance  of  a  series  of 
separate  buildings  and  a  total  loss  of  the  dignity 
expected  in  a  building  of  this  character  and  possible 
through  repetition  of  motive  along  a  500  ft.  frontage. 
The  offices  of  the  mayor  and  board  of  control, 
also  the  council  chamber  and  conference  room,  are 
all  placed  around  the  monumental  rotunda  and  at  a 
higher  level  so  as  to  enjoy  a  degree  of  privacy.    The 


CONSTRUCTION 


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THIRD   PRIZE   DESIGN,   CITY    HALL,   WINNIPEG,    MAN. 


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156 


CONSTRUCTION 


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THIRD  PRIZE  DESIGN.   CITY   HALL.   WINNIPEG,   MANITOBA. 


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monumental  staircases  approaching  these  rooms  are 
entirely  independent  of  the  elevator  and  staircase 
service  intended  for  the  ordinary  transaction  of  busi- 
ness. Attention  is  called  to  the  uninterrupted  office 
space  extending  entirely  around  the  building;  this 
offers  the  maximum  elasticity  in  the  rearrangement  of 
the  departments. 

In  a  general  way  the  exterior  is  of  light  grey  stone 
with  a  copper  roof;  the  entrance  halls  and  rotunda 
in  light  grey  stone;  the  conference  room,  council 
chamber  and  court  room  in  wood  with  very  little 
ornament  and  a  considerable  amount  of  mural  decor- 
ation. The  price  will  allow  considerable  choice  in 
the  selection  of  materials  and  \vill  require  extended 
study  to  get  the  best  results.     There  are  6,071,584 


ground  floor  to  the  second  floor,  and  gives  the  neces- 
sary dignified  and  direct  approach  to  the  con- 
ference room,  council  chamber,  and  executive  offices. 
The  conference  room  is  placed  in  a  commanding 
position  at  the  front  of  the  building  with  balcony 
leading  from  same,  and  is  given  this  prominence  be- 
cause it  will  be  the  room  used  for  all  civic  receptions, 
and  is  of  the  first  importance.  The  council  chamber 
is  on  the  same  floor  as  the  above  with  ante-room  and 
gallery  for  public.  It  is  monumental  in  design  and 
surrounded  by  committee  rooms  and  retiring  rooms 
for  the  aldermen.  The  office  of  the  mayor  and 
board  of  control  are  also  placed  on  this  floor  and 
with  easy  access  to  the  conference  room  and  council 
chamber.  The  plans  explain  fully  the  disposition 
of  the  remainder  of  the  departments,  but  attention 
is  called  to  the  position  of  the  tax  department  on  the 
main  entrance  floor.  It  is  located  in  an  ideal  position 
for  the  easy  access  of  the  public. 

The  rear  portion  of  the  building  is  treated  as  a 
modern  office  building.  The  entrance  at  both  ends 
leads  into  a  spacious  central  corridor  from  which 
stairs  and  elevators  pass  to  all  floors.  It  has  been 
the  endeavor  to  provide  large  open  spaces  for  the 
big  departments  and  this  has  been  possible  at  the 
rear  as  shown  on  the  plans. 

If  it  is  found  necessary  to  build  only  a  portion  of 


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cu.  ft.  from  basement  floor  to  middle  of  roof,  which, 
figured  at  50  cents  per  cu.  ft.,  gives  $3,035,792. 
The  tower  at  35  cents  amounts  to  $48,875. 

Third  Prize  Design — ]ohn  D.  Atchison. 

The  building  shown  is  designed  to  cover  the 
whole  site  available.  The  main  idea  of  the  design 
is  to  produce  a  City  Hall  which  shall  combine  both 
monumental  and  modern  commercial  design  m  one 
building  without  losing  any  sense  of  dignity  and 
harmony  between  the  parts.  The  side  elevation 
shown  will  explain  this  at  once. 

The  approach  to  the  main  entrance  floor  is  by  an 
imposing  flight  of  steps  and  leads  through  a  spacious 
vestibule  to  the  rotunda.  From  this  rotunda  direct 
access  is  obtained  to  the  main  staircase  and  to  the 
elevators  on  each  side  in  groups  of  three,  which 
arrangement  gives  immediate  service  to  any  person 
requiring  them.      The  main  staircase  runs  from  the 


the  building  at  present,  this  rear  portion  is  entire  in 
Itself  and  could  be  constructed  independent  of  the 
remainder.  An  attic  storey  is  provided  which  will 
accommodate  the  extra  space  required  under  the 
conditions.     The  plan  of  this  is  not  shown. 

King  street  passes  through  the  building  and  is 
made  60  ft.  wide  and  unobstructed  as  required  by 
the  conditions.  A  light  well  is  placed  over  the  street 
which  relieves  it  from  becoming  dark  and  objection- 
able. The  tower  is  placed  on  the  main  axis  of  the 
front  portion  of  the  building  and  is  carried  to  a 
height  which  will  give  it  a  commanding  position  over 
all  buildings  in  the  city. 

The  first  story  will  be  of  dark  grey  granite  and 
the  upper  stories  of  Manitoba  limestone.  The  span- 
drils  to  windows  on  side  elevations  will  be  bronze. 
The  cubic  contents  of  the  building  is  5,933,000  feet, 
which  at  50  cents  a  cubic  foot  amounts  to  $2,966,- 
500.00. 


CONSTRUCTION 


162 


CONSTRUCTION 


C  O  A'  5  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


163 


164 


CONSTRUCT  lO  N 


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CONSTRUCTION 


165 


TERRACE -W4LLS  •  ^nd  •  BALUST1^DE5 


SeiCIC-  6     TILE 


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EXAMPLES   OF   BALUSTRADES,   STEPS   AND   PAVED   WALKS,    ENGLAND. 


166 


CONSTRUCTION 


THE  FOURTH  EDITION  of  "The  Art  and 
Craft  of  Garden  Making,"  by  Thomas  H.  Mavvson, 
shows  a  carefully  compiled  volume  on  the  various 
features  essential  to  modern  gardens.  The  revision 
is  far-reaching  owing  to  the  new  conditions  in  every 
phase  of  the  work.  Mr.  Mawson  has  grasped  the 
spirit  of  change  and  presents  forcibly  and  minutely 
the  practical  requirements  accruing  from  this  grow- 
ing tendency  in  beautifying  the  general  surroundings 
of  the  home.  An  example  of  the  drastic  revision  is 
seen  in  the  portions  dealing  with  drives,  entrances, 
lodges  and  carriage  courts  made  necessary  through 
the  rapid  progress  of  the  motor  car.  A  two-fold 
object  has  been  kept  in  view  by  the  author:  the  sub- 
jects are  discussed  so  as  to  provide  interesting  con- 
secutive reading,  while  each  chapter  deals  with  a 
special  branch  of  garden  making,  complete  in  itself, 
giving  the  work  some  of  the  uses  of  a  book  of  refer- 
ence. The  illustrations  are  especially  attractive  and 
made  chiefly  from  photographs  taken  from  the 
author's  own  work,  introducing  practical  problems 
successfully  solved.  Several  of  the  illustrations  are 
shown  in  this  number  and  will  give  the  reader  an 
idea  of  the  artistic  value  running  throughout  the 
volume.  The  work  is  published  by  B.  T.  Batsford, 
94  High  Holborn,  London.  404  pages,  illustrated 
by  435  plans,  sketches,  and  photographs,  together 
with  seven  full  page  plates  in  color.  Crown  folio 
(15  ins.  by  10  ins.),  bound  in  art  canvas,  gilt.  Price 
£2  lOs.  net  ($12.15). 

¥     ¥     ¥ 

"HOW  TO  EST  IMA  TE"  is  the  title  of  a  very 
compact  volume  by  J.  T.  Rea,  dealing  with  the 
principles  and  practice  of  estimating  in  a  logical  and 
comprehensne  manner.  It  covers  a  wide  field  and 
is  indispensable  to  the  builder,  contractor,  architect 
and  surveyor  as  a  handy  reference  for  prices  on  all 
phases  of  building  as  well  as  a  complete  analysis  of 
the  methods  for  obtaining  same.  It  explains  the 
fundamental  principles  upon  which  all  estimating  is 
based  in  order  to  be  of  continued  practical  service 
even  though  the  present  values  may  change  materi- 
ally. The  book  is  published  by  B.  T.  Batsford,  94 
Hilborn,  London.  530  pages,  400  illustrations. 
Fourth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged  by  200  pages. 
Price,  7s.  6d.   ($1.80). 

A  REPORT  on  the  Building  and  Ornamental 
Stones  of  Canada,  by  Wm.  A.  Parks,  B.A.,  Ph.D., 
has  been  issued  recently  from  the  Department  of 
Mines  under  the  direction  of  Eugene  Haanel,  Ph.D., 
Director  of  the  Mines  Branch.  The  volume  deals 
with  the  chemical,  physical  and  geological  features 
of  building  stone;  the  methods  of  quarrying,  testing, 
and  preparing  stone  for  the  market;  and  a  systematic 
description  of  the  various  stones  found  in  the  Ontario 
district  south  of  the  Ottawa  and  French  rivers.  This 
report  is  of  extreme  value  to  the  architect  and  builder 
and  can  be  secured  from  the  Department  of  Mines, 
Ottawa. 


AFTER  A  THOROUGH  TEST  of  J-M 
asbestos  roofing  and  a  siding  known  as  J-M  Asbesto- 
side,  the  Northern  Electric  Heat  and  Pow-er  Co., 
of  South  Porcupine,  Canada,  has  adopted  these 
materials  in  their  rebuilding  operations.  A  copy  of 
a  recently  published  booklet  describing  this  remark- 
able roofing  in  detail  will  be  forwarded  by  the  H. 
W.  Johns-Manville  Co.,  New  \ork,  to  anyone  in- 
terested in  difficult  roofing  problems. 

AT  THE  BOARD  MEETING  of  Oshawa 
Hospital,  held  recently,  a  deputation  consisting  of 
Drs.  Kaiser,  McKay,  and  Carmichael,  waited  upon 
the  board  with  an  offer  of  $10,000,  from  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  George  H.  Pedlar,  to  be  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  a  new  surgical  wing  to  the  Oshawa  Hospital, 
in  connection  with  the  proposed  addition  to  the 
present  building.  This  handsome  donation  was 
immediately  accepted  with  the  heartfelt  thanks  of 
the  board.  The  surgical  wing  was  presented  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Pedlar  as  a  memorial  to  their  son,  the 
late  George  H.  Pedlar,  jr.,  after  consultation  througti 
Dr.  Kaiser  with  the  other  doctors  of  the  town,  as  to 
the  type  of  equipment  most  urgently  needed. 

THE  CITY  OF  MONTREAL  has  awarded 
to  the  John  McDougall  Caledonian  Iron  Works 
two  twelve-million  imperial  gallon  pumping  units,  at 
Company,  Limited,  of  Montreal,  the  contract  for 
a  price  of  $50,046.00.  The  units  consist  of  two 
20-inch  three-stage  Worthington  turbine  pumps 
directly  connected  to  750  brake  horsepower  Brow- 
ett-Lindley  High  Speed  Engines,  running  at  350 
r.p.m.  and  operating  against  a  water  pressure  of  92 
lbs.  The  three-stage  pump  of  the  John  McDougall 
Company  was  selected  as  a  type  that  already  had 
given  the  city  very  satisfactory  service  for  a  number 
of  years,  operating  24  hours  per  day.  This  makes 
the  thirteenth  pumping  unit  furnished  to  the  city  of 
Montreal  by  this  company  and  Henry  R.  Worth- 
ington, aggregating  a  total  pumping  capacity  of 
over  one  hundred  million  imperial  gallons. 


MANUFACTURING  HEADQUARTERS 

FOR 

Mathematical,    Surveying    and    Scientifir 

Instruments,    Drawing    Materials, 

Draughting  and  Blue  Printing 

Equipment. 

Blue  Prints  made  from  Tracings 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO.,    LTD. 
I  1 6  Adelaide  St.   West,   Toronto. 

Manufactories: 
European:  American:  Canadian. 

Nuremberg.  Chicago.  Toronto. 


CQNSTRUCnON 


VOL.  VI 


NO.  5 


CONTENTS    FOR    MAY,    1913 


EDITORIAL      . 


ilal   liuiMiliKS  at   ottaw; 
l,,wa Atelier  Work 


cism  nf  hi    White's 
til  tlie  stiuleiit  anil 


TWO    NEW    BUILDINGS.    OTTAWA.    ONT 

THE    REPLANNING    OF    OTTAWA    

TWO    CLUB    BUILDINGS,    OTTAWA.    ONT 

MEMORIAL    TO    KING    EDWARD    VII 

W.C.T.U.      BUILDING.      TORONTO     

C.P.R.     STATION.      VANCOUVER      

ASSINIBOIA    CLUB.    REGINA    

PUBLIC    LIBRARY,    REGINA  

COLLEGIATE     INSTITUTE.     REGINA     

CURRENT    TOPICS 

FIRE    RESISTING    VALUE    OF    PLASTERED    PARTITIONS 

TRADE    NOTES     


173 
178 


183 

185 


195 
208 


Full  Page  Illustrations 


U.    S.    POST    OFFICE.    NEW    YORK    CITY    

THREE    GENERAL    VIEWS   OF    OTTAWA    

BIRKS    BUILDING.    OTTAWA     

CANADA    LIFE    ASSURANCE    CO.    BUILDING.    OTTAWA 

OTTAWA     HUNT     CLUB.     OTTAWA     

ROYAL     GOLF     CLUB.     OTTAWA     

W.C.T.U.    BUILDING.    TORONTO     

NEW    YORK    COUNTY    COURTHOUSE    

WOOLWORTH    BUILDING.    NEW    YORK    

EXAMPLES    OF    AMERICAN    CLUBS    

BUILDINGS     AT     SHANGHAI.    CHINA      


200 
202 
203 
206 


H.    GAGNIER,    Limited.    Publishers 

GRAPHIC    ARTS     BUILDING,   TORONTO,   CANADA 

BRANCH    OFFICES  : 

MONTREAL  WINNIPEG  VANCOUN'ER  CHICAGO 


NEW  YORK 


H 

a:     - 
o     - 


E     D    IT    OR    I   A   L 


.^^•■^^  U^i^^        ^A 


^ 


New  Deparimental  Buildings  at  Ottawa — 
Advisabilitv  of  competitions — The  irreparable 
mistake  of  following  the  proposed  scheme. 


ALL  ARCHITECTS  will  commend  the  action 
of  the  Government  in  calling  for  general  competitions 
for  the  new  departmental  buildings.  Nothing  has 
proven  more  of  an  eyesore  than  the  Victoria  Me- 
morial Museum  at  Ottawa.  In  design,  in  plan  and 
in  construction  it  is  lamentably  weak.  Our  readers 
are  too  well  aware  of  its  faults  to  take  space  in  men- 
tioning them,  but  we  feel  that  one  example  of  this 
kind  affords  ample  opportunity  for  our  apologetic 
natures.  It  is  only  by  allowing  various  architects  to 
develop  their  ideas  that  we  can  arrive  at  a  satisfac- 
tory solution.  And  it  is  more  than  gratifying  to  feel 
that  a  part  of  the  Government  officials,  at  least,  are 
broad  enough  to  realize  what  a  terrible  mistake  it 
would  be  to  have  the  new  buildings  erected  by  the 
same  corps  of  artists  who  were  responsible  for  the 
museum.  Our  commercial  architecture  in  Ottawa 
is  reaching  a  high  standard  and  demonstrates  the 
truthfulness  of  Leonard  Stokes"  statement  that  the 
Canadian  commercial  buildings  are  better,  architec- 
turally, than  those  in  the  old  country.  These  same 
men  can  demonstrate  their  ability  if  allowed  to  exe- 
cute their  ideas  already  formulated  in  reference  to 
the  needs  of  the  Government.  The  great  demand 
for  office  room  is  felt  in  all  departments,  and  as  a 
consequence,  the  planning  of  new  structures  will 
soon  become  imperative.  The  location,  size  and 
style  will  have  considerable  to  do  with  the  future 
charm  of  the  capital.  Word  comes  that  the  Gov- 
ernment will  shortly  call  for  a  general  competition 
of  British  and  Canadian  architects  to  submit  plans 
based  on  the  general  design  submitted  by  E.  White. 
Is  it  possible  that  the  men  in  charge  of  this  work 
will  allow  the  need  of  accommodations  to  blind  them 
to  every  other  consideration?  Can  they  be  so  fool- 
hardy as  to  accept  a  scheme  which  is  absolutely  in- 
congruous to  the  design  of  the  Parliament  Buildings, 
the  avenues  which  lead  up  to  it  and  to  the  natural 
contour  of  the  ground  upon  which  it  is  to  be  located. 
Some  potent  influence  must  be  brought  to  bear — and 
at  once. 


fl 


The  replanning  of  Ottawa — Proposed  scheme 
hv  E.  White  severely  criticized  by  architects  in 
general — A   question   of  vital  importance. 


THE  CIT^'  OF  OTTAWA  is  scarcely  aware 
of  the  momentous  problem  which  is  agitating  the 
artistic  sensibilities  of  Canadian  people.  It  is  not  a 
question  of  whether  the  capital  shall  have  a  com- 
prehensive plan  for  the  beautification  and  future 
development  of  the  city.  This  fact  has  already  been 
settled.  But  the  chief  point  to  be  considered  is  the 
selection  of  plans  which  will  eradicate  the  blunders 
of  the  past  and  eliminate  the  possibility  of  future 
mistakes. 

The  city  of  Ottawa,  destined  to  be  the  political 
centre  of  a  great  country  has  natural  advantages  over 
other  capitals.  Located  on  a  high  cliff  overlooking 
the  Ottawa  River,  it  commands  an  impressive  view 
of  the  distant  Laurentian  hills.  At  the  present  time 
there  are  two  hundred  and  thirty-seven  acres  devoted 
to  parks  and  playgrounds  within  the  city  limits  and 
two  thousand  acres  of  natural  park  adjacent. 

In  view  of  the  natural  advantages  and  the  won- 
derful possibilities  presented,  we  must  bend  our 
efforts  in  a  manner  most  worthy  of  our  well  known 
ability  in  matters  of  civic  improvement.  We  cannot 
afford  to  consider  the  cost.  This  is  the  reason  why 
neighboring  cities  are  spending  millions  of  dollars  to 
obliterate  the  false  ideas  of  narrow  visioned  men  of 
yesterday.  Surely  we  have  learned  this  lesson  al- 
ready and  why  repeat  the  same  absurdities  con- 
demned so  harshly  in  those  who  failed  to  rectify  the 
Ignorant  plans  of  their  predecessors. 

As  N.  Cauchon  said  in  his  lecture  at  Ottawa — 
summarized  in  another  part  of  this  issue:  "Prominent 
architects  who  visit  the  city  invariably  express  their 
regret  that  at  the  time  when  land  was  comparatively 
inexpensive  this  street  (Metcalf)  \vas  not  sufficiently 
widened  to  permit  of  proper  treatment."  Metcalf 
street,  it  is  claimed,  could  have  been  made  a  wide 
avenue  leading  to  the  Houses  of  Parliament.  The 
point  arises,  if  it  were  possible  at  one  time,  cannot  it 
be  made  practical  now.  It  may  mean  the  demolition 
of  many  buildings  and  at  a  great  cost.  But  why 
hesitate,   for  these  reasons?     Ten  years  hence  the 


169 


170 


CONSTRUCTION 


capital  of  Canada  will  be  so  important  and  the  de- 
veloped resources  of  this  country  so  vast  that  the  ex- 
penditure necessary  to  make  such  a  radical  change 
now  will  have  been  more  than  justified.  Compara- 
tively speaking,  it  will  cost  no  more  to  make  a  wide 
approach  to  the  Parliament  Buildings  now  than  it 
would  have  five  years  ago.  But  the  rapid  growth 
and  the  high  class  of  buildings  being  erected  in 
Ottawa  to-day  will  exclude  the  possibility  of  such 
a  change  unless  done  in  the  very  near  future. 

Several  reasons  have  been  offered  why  Edward 
White's  plan  for  the  replanning  of  Parliament  Hill 
should  not  be  accepted.  Unquestionably  the  streets 
of  the  city  should  have  been  considered  m  relation  to 
the  proposed  buildings.  There  is  no  point  of  interest 
at  the  head  of  any  one  approach  and  the  command- 
ing vistas,  for  which  foreign  cities  are  so  famed,  do 
not  enter  into  the  scheme  at  all.  This,  if  nothing 
else,  should  be  sufficient  cause  for  its  rejection.  A 
second  point  was  brought  out  by  Frank  W.  Simon, 
a  well  known  British  architect,  who  said:  "Ottawa 
is  a  most  picturesquely  situated  place.  Your  present 
Parliament  Buildings  are  wonderful,  both  as  regards 
architecture  and  natural  situation.  I  understand  you 
are  going  to  add  new  ones;  I  have,  in  fact,  seen 
sketches  of  the  proposed  buildings  and  I  am  strongly 
of  opinion  that  they  should  be  designed  in  harmony 
with  the  present  structures.  As  proposed,  they  would 
challenge  these  latter  in  a  rather  disastrous  way.  I 
do  not,  consequently,  approve  of  Edward  White's 
plans." 

Leonard  Stokes,  in  his  recent  visit  to  this  country, 
while  unwilling  to  comment  on  the  proposed  scheme 
for  the  new  departmental  buildings,  said:  "There 
should  be  a  great  deal  of  consideration  before  you 
take  any  step.  The  site  the  Government  has  taken 
north  of  Wellington  street  is  a  difficult  one  to  deal 
with.     You  do  not  want  to  make  another  mistake." 

Mr.  Stokes  suggested  the  cutting  away  of  the  cliff 
around  Parliament  Hill  and  constructing  at  a  lower 
level  a  large  semi-circular  building  on  it  for  depart- 
mental purposes.  This  structure  would  look  out  on 
the  river  and  locks,  extending  from  a  point  east  of 
the  East  Block,  following  the  side  of  the  cliff  around 
below  the  Parliamentary  Library  to  the  jog  in  the 
cliff  near  the  West  Block.  The  cliff  could  be  cut 
back  to  a  sufficient  distance  to  allow  for  the  width  of 
the  building  as  well  as  a  roadway  on  the  concave 
side  of  the  semi-circular  structure.  The  building 
would  be  connected  with  the  Parliament  Buildings 
by  underground  passages.  There  would  be  lots  of 
light  as  all  the  windows  look  out  onto  an  unobstruct- 
ed view  and  the  building  would  be  long  and  narrow. 
It  would  also  give  an  impressive  effect  to  Parliament 
Hill,  particularly  when  viewed  from  the  river  on  the 
east  or  west  sides,  presenting  a  picture  of  the  river, 
then  the  rugged  cliff  for  a  few  feet,  then  the  depart- 
mental building,  and  towering  above  it  the  present 
Parliament  Buildings,  all  one  grand  series. 

It  is  to  be  sincerely  hoped  that  among  all  our  repre- 
sentatives in  Ottawa  there  are  a  few  whose  vision  is 


keen  enough  and  whose  patriotism  is  so  deeply  rooted 
that  they  will  make  a  decided  stand  for  both  a  prac- 
tical and  artistic  plan.  We  cannot  afford  to  accept 
the  first  scheme  proposed,  especially  if  it  contains 
little  of  commendation.  Let  the  architects  and  others 
interested  in  civic  improvement  think  seriously  over 
this  matter  and  after  mature  deliberation  express 
yourself  freely  and  forcibly.  We  need  united  action 
upon  a  question  which  means  so  much  to  every  Cana- 
dian. 


n 


The  atelier  nwrl( — Its  aid  to  the  College 
graduate  and  the  beginner — Essential  to  those 
lacl(ing  educational  advantages. 


THE  CRITICISM  that  the  editorial  on  atelier 
work  in  the  last  issue  is  detrimental  to  the  interests 
of  the  departments  already  established  in  the  various 
colleges  IS  unwarranted.  The  school  has  its  own  indi- 
vidual function  and  is  worthy  of  the  responsibilities 
placed  therein.  It  lays  the  foundation  for  the  student 
in  his  eagerness  to  grasp  the  essentials  of  modern 
work  as  based  upon  the  architecture  of  former  gen- 
erations. It  teaches  him  to  concentrate  his  efforts  on 
well  known  precedents  of  pure  style  and  harmonious 
proportion.  It  gives  him  the  power  to  grasp  the 
problem  intelligently,  the  ability  to  adapt  pure  and 
wholesome  products  of  good  art  and  the  knowledge 
of  how  and  where  to  locate  the  various  examples 
which  furnish  the  proper  incentive  m  his  work. 

All  this  and  more  is  derived  from  the  careful  and 
conscientious  efforts  of  the  college  courses.  But  the 
atelier  has  its  mission  also.  Here  the  student  under 
the  guidance  of  one  or  more  practising  architects  of 
high  standing  can  make  himself  more  proficient  in 
the  use  of  his  mechanical  training.  His  work  as- 
sumes the  nature  of  a  post-graduate  course  and 
broadens  the  theoretical  into  the  practical.  The 
student  can  apply  himself  to  the  advanced  problems, 
while  the  young  man  who  cannot  avail  himself  of  the 
preparatory  work  in  college,  is  able  to  grasp  the 
fundamental  principles  under  the  guidance  of  men 
who  are  well  versed  in  the  needs  of  the  beginner  and 
who  are  fully  capable  of  criticizing  in  a  wholesome 
practical  manner.  We  do  not  wish  to  detract  one 
iota  from  the  university  courses,  in  fact  we  strongly 
urge  every  young  man  to  grasp  the  exceptional  op- 
portunities which  such  institutions  extend.  But  in 
placing  an  H.C.  upon  the  young  man  of  ability 
simply  because  he  is  not  in  a  position  to  enjoy  these 
privileges  is  wrong  and  should  not  be  countenanced. 
Were  we  to  debar  from  the  profession  all  those  who 
never  graduated  from  a  school  of  architecture,  there 
would  be  a  dearth  of  good  men  to  carry  on  the  large 
amount  of  work  which  is  being  done  throughout  the 
Dominion.  Since  some  of  the  largest  offices  debar 
the  draftsman  who  has  not  a  degree  we  feel  that  our 
readers  would  more  than  appreciate  a  statement  from 
them  as  to  how  they  justify  their  position.  • 


CONSTRUCTION 


171 


172 


C  O  /V  S  T  R  U  C  T  i  O  N 


IM     IX     l-.IUK 


Two   New    Buildings,    Ottawa,   Ont. 


FOR  SOME  ^EARS  the  commercial  side  of 
architecture  in  Ottawa  has  been  at  a  complete 
standstill.  Few  buildings  were  erected  until 
recently  which  showed  anj-  marked  advance,  and 
consequently  a  false  impression  was  given  to  the 
thousands  who  visit  the  capital  city  annually.  It  is 
encouraging  to  note  the  vast  improvement  in  this 
direction  during  the  last  two  or  three  years,  and 
bespeaks  a  promising  future. 

No  city  should  receive  more  attention  to  the  char- 
acter of  its  buildings  since  the  whole  country  is 
more  or  less  measured  by  the  artistic  development  of 
Its  capital.  Ottawa  is  exceptionally  favored  in  its 
natural  surroundings  and  should  allow  of  no  new 
structure  which  might  detract  from  the  general  artistic 
appearance  of  its  streets.  Once  the  atmosphere  of 
beauty  permeates  throughout  the  city  there  \nt11  be 
little  need  of  unfavorable  comment. 

The  buildings  illustrated  in  this  number  reveal  the 
high  standard  set  by  the  profession,  while  others  in 
the  course  of  erection  plainly  demonstrate  that  a 
decided  step  forward  has  been  made  along  the  lines 
of  dignified  and  artistic  architecture. 

Diif(s  Biiildin§,  Ottawa. — The  new  Birks  build- 
ing is  a  reinforced  concrete  structure  designed  to 
accommodate  the  business  of  Messrs.  Henry  Birks 
&  Sons,  Limited,  jewelers,  who  occupy  the  ground 
floor,  basement  and  half  of  the  second  floor.  All 
floors  above  the  ground  floor  are  devoted  to  office 
purposes.     The  facade  of  the  building  is  of  English 


terra  cotta.  Upon  the  interior  the  store  is  finished 
with  moulded  plaster  ceilings  supported  by  columns 
of  Violet  Breche  marble,  the  slabs  being  14  feet  long 
in  one  piece;  the  floors  are  finished  with  marble 
mosaic,  while  all  fixtures,  counters,  show  cases,  etc., 
are  of  mahogany.  The  heating  is  by  the  vapor  sys- 
tem. All  public  corridors,  toilets,  etc.,  are  finished 
in  terrazzo  and  marble. 

Canada  Life  Building.  Ottawa. — The  building 
for  the  Canada  Life  Company  is  a  fireproof  struc- 
ture with  reinforced  concrete  columns  and  slabs. 
The  ground  floor  is  occupied  by  the  business  offices 
of  the  Canada  Life  Assurance  Company,  the  upper 
floors  being  subdivided  for  private  offices.  The 
entrance  hall  is  panelled  in  Missisquoi  marble  with 
marble  mosaic  covering  the  entire  ground  floor.  The 
walls  of  the  business  office  are  panelled  with  African 
mahogany,  the  ceiling  beams  and  cornice  being 
richly  modelled  in  plaster.  The  front  of  the  build- 
ing is  finished  in  English  semi-glazed  terra  cotta.  and 
was  one  of  the  first  high  buildings  to  be  erected  on 
Sparks  street. 

One  is  led  to  believe  that  the  new  impetus  to 
building  will  bring  about  a  wholesome  atmosphere 
conducive  to  an  artistic  centre.  It  is  already  notice- 
able in  the  business  sections,  the  hotel  and  apartment 
districts  and  throughout  the  home  territory.  With 
the  proper  .selection  of  a  design  for  the  new  depart- 
mental buildings,  Ottawa  will  undoubtedly  become 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  capital  cities  of  the  world. 


174 


CONSTRUCTION 


1 


ii^Si  "■" 


TLA^ 


DETAIL   OF  CORNICK   AXD  BALCONY. 

BIRKS    BUILDING,  OTTAWA,    ONTARIO. 
WEEKS   &   KEEPER,   ARCHITECTS. 


riAn  OT3orriTorrALco/i>^ 


CONSTRUCTION 


175 


r~ 


i— 


ii:iL.. . 


T^m 


•LLLVATIOH' 


^^ 


vinDOV. 


DETAIL    OF   FIRST   STORY. 


BIRKS    BUILDING.  OTTAWA,    ONTARIO. 

WEEKS    &    KEEFER.    ARCHITECTS. 


170 


CONSTRUCTION 


A 


^-l 


/ 


/ 


0  D 


dr. 


7      '\ 


f 


,-^ 


TYPICAL    FLOOR    PLAN. 


CANADA   LIFE  ASSURANCE 
BUILDING, 

OTTAWA,   ONT. 

WEEKS     &     KEEFEk.     ARCHITECTS. 


Ji.Ai: 


CCTION" 

1     ^.iNCrhiCALCDTTAlt  Ci  ^ 
;'    MAIN^CADL  Dt^.^'^^!G{PI2 

";         ■.v'E.Cft-C-rillTE.PAPailTCrp' 


FIRST   FLOOR    PLAN. 


CANADA    LIFE 
ASSURANCE 
COMPANY, 
OTTAWA,    ONT. 


W  KICKS  & 

KEKI'EK. 

ARCITITKCTS 


177 


178 


CONSTRUCTION 


I'EKSrECTIVE     VIEW    t)V     I'KOI'OSED     SCHEME.     I'.Y     E.     WHITE.       \KCIIITECT. 


The   Replannmg   of  Ottawa 


FOR  some  time  the  replannmg  of  Ottawa  has 
been  the  cause  of  a  great  deal  of  discussion 
and  consideration  by  the  people  of  the  Federal 
Capital.  Particularly  has  this  been  the  case  during 
the  past  year,  since  it  became  apparent  that  the  Gov- 
ernment must  enter  upon  an  extensive  building  pro- 
gramme if  it  is  to  cope  with  its  great  need  of  office 
accommodation.  At  present  a  great  number  of 
private  buildings  are  rented  to  supply  office  space 
and  this  arrangement  does  not  prove  at  all  satisfac- 
tory because  of  the  scattering  of  departments  and 
branches  thus  necessitated  over  various  portions  of 
the  city.  The  volume  of  Government  business  is 
rapidly  increasing,  due  to  the  remarkable  growth  of 
the  country. 

Last  year  the  Government  expropriated  a  consid- 
erable tract  of  land  west  of  Parliament  Hill,  the 
area  extending  from  the  cliffs  which  overlook  the 
Ottawa  River  to  Wellington  street.  It  is  somewhat 
less  in  width  than  the  portion  commonly  known  as 
Parliament  Hill,  which  also  stretches  from  Welling- 
ton street  to  the  cliff.  The  new  district  extends 
along  Wellington  street  approximately    1,700  feet. 

How  to  best  utilize  this  new  area  for  departmental 
buildings  is  the  question  that  has  brought  the  discus- 
sion of  replanning  the  city  to  an  issue.  N.  Cauchon, 
of  the  engineering  firm  of  Cauchon  &  Havcock,  is 
preparing  plans  of  the  city  and  surrounding  localities 
for  the  Government.  The  primary  object  is  to  pro- 
vide a  map  for  the  Guidance  of  the  Provincial  Rail- 
way and  Municipal  Board  in  passing  upon  plans  of 
new  subdivisions,  as  well  as  to  form  a  groundwork 
for  the  future  improvement  of  Ottawa  and  outskirts 
in  keeping  with  the  artistic  and  practical  needs  of  our 
Capital  City. 

It  is  believed  that  when  this  new  map  has  been 


submitted  to  the  Government,  steps  will  be  taken  to 
provide  a  commission  with  authority  over  the  entire 
question  of  improving  the  layout  of  the  city.  It  has 
been  the  cause  of  considerable  regret  that  when  the 
Houses  of  Parliament  and  the  East  and  West 
Blocks  were  built  no  provision  was  made  to  have  a 
wide  central  avenue  leading  through  the  city  to  them 
with  ample  provision  for  a  monumental  approach 
to  the  main  building  and  Parliament  Square.  Ex- 
cellent use  IS  made  of  similar  opportunities  in  other 
cap'tal  cities,  but  in  Ottawa,  Metcalf  street,  which 
could  have  formed  such  an  approach,  is  slightly  out 
of  line.  Prominent  architects  who  visit  the  city 
invariably  express  their  regret  that  at  the  time  when 
land  was  comparatively  inexpensive  this  street  was 
not  sufficienlty  widened  to  permit  of  proper  treatment 

Mr.  Cauchon  recently  gave  a  lecture  before  the 
Women's  Art  Association  in  which  he  advanced  a 
scheme  to  provide  against  a  similar  m'stake  in  the 
new  group  of  departmental  buildings.  He  suggested 
the  widening  of  Lvon  street,  which  parallels  Met- 
calf street  four  blocks  further  west,  into  a  broad 
boulevard  running  throush  a  central  portion  of  the 
city  and  having  for  its  focal  termination  the  main  fea- 
ture of  the  new  departmental  gmup.  The  treatment 
would  be  somewhat  s'milar  to  the  Champs  Elvsees 
in  Paris,  which  forms  an  impress've  vista  from  the 
Arc  de  Triomphe  to  the  Louvre.  The  main  feature 
in  the  departmental  group  would  form  a  command- 
ing position  whe"  lookinq;  up  th^  widened  Lyon 
street,  which  couH  be  called  the  King's  Way. 

The  Dominion  Government  recently  engaged  the 
serv'ces  of  Mr.  E.  White,  of  England,  who — 
assisted  by  Sir  Aston  Webb — prepared  a  plan  for 
the  treatment  of  the  lands  recently  expropriated. 
One  of  the  accompanying  illustrations  shows  their 


CONSTRUCTION 


179 


SKETCH    SHOWING    EXISTING   BUILIUNGS. 


plan  as  submitted  to  the  Government — a  view  from 
the  south.  A  second  sketch  shows  the  view  from  the 
Quebec  side  of  the  Ottawa  River  as  the  cHffs  appear 
to-day,  and  a  third  as  they  would  appear  with  the 
erection  of  the  proposed  buildings. 

Mr.  Cauchon,  in  discussing  these  plans,  consid- 
ered them  to  be  wrong  in  principle.  He  argued  that 
in  the  treatment  of  extending  flat  surfaces,  long  hori- 
zontal lines  should  not  be  used  since  they  only  tend 
to  accentuate  the  flatness,  but  that  vertical  lines 
should  predominate  in  the  composition  to  balance 
the  low  effect  of  the  natural  conditions.  He  main- 
tained that  the  proposed  buildings  are  wrong  also 
in  plan  because  no  advantage  is  taken  of  the  city 
streets  in  order  to  provide  focal  points  for  the  existing 
vistas. 

He  stated  further  that  the  plans  were  wrong  in 
style,  being  a  very  modern  Renaissance,  and  would 
not  harmonize  with  the  Gothic  architecture  of  the 
Parliament  Buildings,  which  naturally  form  the  key- 
note to  the  whole  composition.  The  central  tower 
was  also  criticized  as  not  being  an  integral  part  of 
the  building  and  lacking  ostensible  function.  He 
suggested  a  style  of  architecture  that,  while  not  ne- 
cessarily of  the  Ogival  Gothic  which  prevails  in  the 
main  Parliament  Buildings,  would  be  of  a  transi- 
tional character  naturally  evolved  from  it.  For  ex- 
ample, he  cites  the  early  French  Renaissance,  which 
combined  adaptability  of  plan  and  openings  to 
modern  needs.  A  tall  building  was  recommended 
along  Wellington  street  somewhat  similar  to  the 
Chateau  Laurier,  roughly  outlined  in  composition 
with  towers  facing  the  vistas  and  curtain  walls  be- 
tween. 

For  the  liver  elevation  the  idea  was  advanced  to 


ha\  e  a  series  of  masonry  terraces  to  the  water  s  edge, 
the  architectural  lines  of  which  should  be  carried 
around  the  face  of  the  present  promontory  on  which 
the  existing  Parliament  Buildings  are  located.  This 
irregular  promontory  would  be  cut  back  in  order 
that  the  lower  stories  might  not  be  foreshortened  as 
they  now  appear  when  viewed  from  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river.  Such  a  treatment  with  an  embank- 
ment driveway  along  the  water's  edge  would  unite 
the  present  and  the  future  buildings  in  one  architec- 
tural composition  with  the  river  as  the  common  plane. 
Mr.  Cauchon  explained  how  this  was  particularly 
desirable  from  the  fact  that  the  new  buildings  would 
be  on  a  bench  some  40  or  50  feet  lower  than  the 
present  buildings,  and  unless  united  to  the  former  in 
a  comprehensi\e  composition  would  ahs'ays  appear 
as  a  disjointed  grouping. 

Mr.  Cauchon  said  that  the  architects  in  all  parts 
of  the  Dominion  should  take  an  even  greater  interest 
than  heretofore  in  the  Federal  Government  build- 
ings. He  urged  that  they  express  their  views  freely, 
in  order  that  the  public  may  become  enlightened  and 
co-operate  with  them  in  raising  the  artistic  standard 
of  our  public  buildings  and  make  them  representative 
of  Canada's  great  growth.  He  strongly  urged  that 
the  design  of  all  great  public  buildings  should  be 
on  a  competitive  basis,  giving  the  public  a  chance 
to  get  the  best  and  the  architects  an  opportunity  to 
produce  structures  of  artistic  and  practical  merit.  It 
IS  only  in  the  case  of  public  buildings  that  there 
IS  an  opportunity  of  designing  idealistic  work.  With 
strong,  wholesome  criticism  from  the  profession  and 
united  action  on  the  part  of  all  deeply  interested,  the 
development  of  Ottawa  will  be  along  wholesome 
and  practical  lines. 


^.A^. 


SrSjt.--'-   -' 


SKETCH     SHdWINC,    PR(JPnSEI)    .\DUITinN. 


ISO 


CONSTRUCTION 


7  < 

O  z 

X  o 

<  < 

<  f- 
o  o 


Two   Club   Buildings,  Ottawa,   Ont. 


CANADA'S  WEALTH  in  natural  sports  has 
necessitated  the  construction  of  club  buildings 
throughout  the  various  provinces.  The  rapid 
growth  in  the  cities  has  increased  the  number  of  such 
organizations  and  enriched  the  landscape  with 
artistic  and  homelike  buildings.  Ottawa  already 
possesses  a  number  of  attractive  clubs,  and  is  con- 
tinually adding  others,  which  are  equipped  in  a 
thoroughly  practical  manner  and  whose  architecture 
furnishes  an  expression  of  the  spirit  within.  The 
examples  illustrated  here  are  representative  of  the 
vast  improvement  in  this  direction  and  augur  well 
for  the  future  position  the  Dominion  may  strive  to 
hold  in  this  phase  of  its  life. 

Hunt  Club  Building,  OliaXva. — The  building  is 
located  on  a  magnificent  site  on  the  Rideau  River, 
about  seven  miles  from  Ottawa.  The  central  fea- 
ture of  the  club  house  is 
(he  large  assembly  hall, 
two  stories  in  height,  with 
easy  connection  to  dining- 
room  and  service  portion. 
The  plan  is  of  a  "Y"  type, 
giving  a  maximum  amount 
of  light  to  all  parts  of  the 
building.  The  sleeping 
rooms  for  members  are 
located  above  the  dining- 
room,  kitchen,  pantries  and 
servants'  quarters  being 
located  in  the  rear  wing. 
By  taking  advantage  of 
differences  in  grade  the 
smoking-room  is  located 
below  the  assembly  hall, 
the  floor  being  at  the  level 


nASK.MKNT    PI..\.\. 


of  the  stable  yard  in  the  rear.  The  building  is  of 
frame  construction,  the  exterior  being  finished  with 
cement  stucco  on  metal  lath.  The  overhanging  roof 
of  the  verandah  and  porte  cochere  gives  a  very  pleas- 
ing effect  of  shade. 

The  Roval  Ottawa  Golf  C/ufc.— The  Royal 
Ottawa  Golf  Club  is  situated  on  the  Aylmer  Road 
about  four  miles  from  the  city  of  Ottawa.  The  site 
IS  a  commanding  one,  overlooking  the  links,  the 
River,  and  in  the  distance  the  Laurentian  Hills.  The 
building  is  built  of  rough  red  brick  with  wide  white 
joint,  above  which  the  finish  is  gray  stucco.  The 
roof  is  shingle,  which  have  been  allowed  to  weather 
to  a  warm  gray  tone.  A  broad  verandah  encircles 
the  front  wing  of  the  building,  while  a  dining  veran- 
dah has  been  provided  at  the  rear.  The  interior  on 
the  main  floor  has  been  devoted  to  the  various  club 
rooms  and  service,  the 
upper  floor  being  laid  out 
for  members'  bedrooms 
and  servants'  quarters. 
Large  fireplaces  give  a 
homelike  appearance  to 
the  interior;  the  ceilings 
are  beamed,  and  the  walls 
panelled  with  open  strap 
work.  Large  and  numer- 
ous windows  give  an  excel- 
lent view  in  all  directions. 
The  building  is  heated  and 
extensively  used  in  the 
/  winter  as  well  as  during 
the  golf  season. 

A  few  club  buildings 
recently  erected  in  the 
States  are  shown  in  this 
number. 


RIIUNJ'   FI.DDR    I'l.AN'. 


/ 


PL.'iNS  OF  (ITTAWA    lUTNT   CLUR.   OTTAWA.     ONT.  WKF.KS   ,V    KKKI-KK.    AKCIHTFCTP 

181 


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W.  C.  T.  U.    Building,    Toronto,    Ont. 


BURKn.  HORWOOD  &■  WHITF.  A,A,nect> 


THE  ONE  prevailing  idea  in  planning  this 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  was 
to  furnish  a  thoroughly  up-to-date  home  for 
girls.  Lodging  benefits,  educational  facilities  and 
physical  culture,  all  enter  into  one  comprehensive 
scheme.  The  character  of  the  work  accomplished 
by  this  organization  and  the  vast  need  for  revenue 
necessitates  a  building  that  is  inexpensive  and  at  the 
same  time  practical  and  wholesomely  designed. 
This  has  been  accomplished  in  a  large  degree  by 
making  the  motive  a  Georgian  treatment  depending 
upon  the  simplicity  of  line  and  color  for  the  general 
effect — a  worthy  example  to  emulate. 

The  interior  is  of  deep  red  brick  laid  in  English 
bond  with  large  white  mortar  joints.  The  entrance 
portico  of  wood  is  painted  white  and  opens  into  a 
vestibule  of  marble  steps  and  wainscot,  and  walls  of 
tinted  paneled  plaster. 


Upon  the  interior  the  basement  walls  are  of  brick 
with  all  woodwork  in  Georgia  pine.  Aside  from  the 
heating  arrangements,  this  floor  provides  for  the  large 
gymnas'um,  shower  baths  and  locker  rooms. 

On  the  main  floor  the  corridor  and  dining-room 
are  finished  in  oak,  the  lodge  rooms  in  ash,  and  the 
reception  room  in  mahoganized  birch.  The  walls 
are  finished  in  plaster  possessing  a  champagne  tint. 
Living  Cjuarters  occupy  the  second  and  third  floors 
with  sitting  rooms  arranged  for  in  the  second  story 
only. 

To  the  left  of  the  entrance  vestibule  is  the  recep- 
tion room,  the  administrative  department  directly 
o|)posite.  One  of  the  important  features  of  the 
building  is  the  large  assembly  hall,  which  can  be 
divided  into  small  lodge  rooms  by  means  of  accor- 
dion doors.  The  cost  of  the  completed  structure  was 
1 6'  ->  cents  per  cubic  foot. 


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189 


GKOUXD    I-LOOR. 


ASSINIBOIA  CLUB,  REGINA,  SASK. 

STdkKV    ^»i    \'AX    El'.-\[il\l).    AkCIIIllA'lS. 


FIRST    FLOOR, 


This  club  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  finest  and  best 
appointed  clubs  in  Western  Canada.  The  central 
feature  of  the  ground  floor  plan  is  a  circular  rotunda 
giving  access  to  the  large  lounge  room,  visitors'  room, 
dining  room,  secretary's  office,  and  ladies'  depart- 
ment. The  top  floor  is  devoted  to  guests'  bedrooms 
and  the  basement  to  help,  stores,  etc. 


A  prmcipal  feature  m  plannmg  is  the  ladies'  de- 
partment on  the  ground  floor,  consisting  of  reception 
room,  returning  room  and  dining  room,  with  separate 
ladies'  entrance.  Upon  the  interior  the  decoration 
is  carried  out  in  decorative  plaster  work,  fumed  oak 
finish,  mosaic  flooring,  marble  work,  parquet  flooring. 

This  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $65,000.00. 


190 


CONSTRUCTION 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  A' 


191 


■,ROUXI)  FLOOR   PLAN. 


PUBLIC  LIBRARY,  REGINA,  SASK. 

-T•lK|■^"    \    \   \N'    Kl'.MiiXli,    ARCIlITl-X'l'S. 


MAIX    FLOOR   TLAN. 


The  exterior  of  the  hbrary  is  in  stone  and  buff 
brick.  The  building  is  entirely  fireproof  with  rein- 
forced concrete  construction;  floors  of  cork  and  tile 
mosaic;  stairway  of  marble.  The  central  rotunda 
has  a  domed  ceiling  with  skylight  above,  accessible 
to  general  delivery  room,  ladies'  reading  room,  libra- 
rian, reference  room,  and  general  reading  room.     A 


heating  plant  is  provided  for  in  sub-basement  at  rear 
in  addition  to  a  vacuum  steam  heating  system.  The 
stack  room  is  arranged  so  that  a  mezzanine  floor  can 
be  added  to  double  the  capacity.  .  The  library, 
which  is  specially  noted  for  its  practical  arrange- 
ment, cost  $50,000.00,  and  exemplifies  the  general 
progressive  spirit  of  the  Western  cities. 


CONSTRUCTION 


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103 


GONsmjcTiaj 

A-  JOURMAL-  FOR  THE    ARCHITECTURAL 

ENGINEERING  ■  AND  •  CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  •  OF    CANADA 


FREDERICK    REED.  EJitor 

H.  GAGNIER.  LIMITED,  PUBLISHERS 


;ornei-    l:icl,n.,.n.l    ,iih1    Slir|.|K, 

i-.l    Stree 

Toronto. 

Canada 

BRANCH   OFFICES: 

MONTREAL-171    St.  Jame; 

i  Street 

WINNIPEG.  MAN.     13  Royal  Ba 

>nk  Buildii 

VANCOUVER-334  Granvill 

e  Street 

CHICAGO     AdvertisinK  Bu 

ildiiiK 

NEW    YORK-166  5lh  Av 

enue 

CORRESPONDENCE— All 
to  "CONSTRUCTION.' 
Streets.    Toronto.    Can.Ti 


spondenre    should    be    addiessed 
■n.'r     Kirhmond     an.l     .^lie|>|>anl 


SUBSCRIPTIONS— Canada  and  Great  Britain.  $.■?  00  per  annum 
I'nited  States,  the  Continent  and  all  Po.sial  Vinion  couniries. 
$4.00    per    annum,    in    advance.      Single    cuiiie^,    SSc. 

ADVERTISEMENTS — Changes  of.  or  new  advertisements  must 
reach  the  Head  Office  not  later  than  the  first  of  the  month 
preceding  pu  ilication.  to  ensure  inserlion.  Mailing  date  is 
on  the  tenth  of  each  month.   .Vilvcitising   rates  on  application. 

CONTRIBUTIONS— The  Editor  will  be  glad  to  consider  con- 
tributions dealing  vnth  matters  of  general  interest  to  the 
readers  of  this  JnurnaJ.  When  payment  is  desired,  this  fact 
should  be  stated.  We  are  always  glad  to  receive  the  loan  of 
photographs  and  plans  of  interesting  Canadian  work.  The 
originals   will    be    carefully    preserved    and    duly    tetmned 

Entered    as   Second   Class   Matte 
Canada. 


in    the    Post    Office    at    Toronto. 


Vol.  6         Toronto,  May,  1913 


No.  5 


CURKENr   TOPICS 

HUBERT  SAr ACE,  A.R.I.B.A.,  has  opened 

up  an  office  for  the  practice  of  architecture  in  the 
Haynes   Block,   Fort  street,  Victoria,    B.C. 


THE  SCHOOL  BOARD  at  Victoria,  B.C. 
has  decided  to  call  for  competitive  designs  among 
the  architects  in  reference  to  new  buildings.  This 
plan  is  to  be  in  force  after  the  present  schools  under 
construction  by  the  board  architect,  C.  E.  Watkins, 
have  been  completed. 

THE  BUILDERS'  EXCHANGE  of  Regma, 

Sask.,  has  elected  the  following  officers  for  the  ensu- 
ing year:  J.  M.  Taylor,  president;  D.  Smith,  vice- 
president;  William  Whiteford,  secretary;  H.  Potts, 
George  Minkley,  A.  ^  oung,  and  W.  A.  Wilson, 
executive  committee. 


CO/^P£Cr/OyV.— The  plans  on  pages  1  54  and 
155  of  the  April  issue  of  "Construction,"  pertaining 
to  the  competition  for  the  Winnipeg  City  Hall,  be- 
long to  the  perspective  on  page  157,  and  were  part 
of  the  design  submitted  by  Hugh  G.  Jones,  architect. 
The  plans  on  pages  156  and  157  should  have  been 
placed  with  the  perspective  on  page  I  55  and  credited 
to  Brown  &  Vallance,  architects. 


THE  FOLLOWING  notice  from  Medicine 
Hat  shows  the  rapid  growth  in  some  of  our  Western 
cities:  The  curling  rink  is  being  fixed  up  for  sleeping 
quarters  and  the  City  Council  will  approach  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway  in  regard  to  a  supply  of 
boarding  cars  to  help  meet  the  house  shortage.  The 
curlers  abandoned  curling  for  the  balance  of  the 
winter  in  order  to  let  the  city  have  the  rink. 


CECIL  S.  BURGESS.  A.R.I. B. A.,  formerly 
of  McGill  University,  has  accepted  the  position  of 
superintendent  of  architecture  for  the  University  of 
Alberta,  which  is  establishing  a  departmeit  of  archi- 
tecture. Work  on  the  new  buildings  will  begin  in  a 
short  time,  the  site  of  which  comprise;  258  acres  on 
the  south  shore  of  the  Saskatchewan  River.  Mr. 
Burgess,  before  going  to  Montreal,  was  a  practi- 
tioner in  Edinburgh,  London  and  Liverpool.  He  is 
a  native  of  Scotland  and  a  member  of  the  Quebec 
Association  of  Architects. 


ON  THE  TOP  floor  of  the  new  head  office 
building  of  the  Bank  of  Toronto,  King  and  Bay 
streets,  Toronto,  is  now  located  the  new  quarters 
of  Messrs.  Carrere,  Hastings  and  Eustace  G.  Bird, 
architects. 

J  HE  NEXT  convention  of  the  American  Society 
of  Municipal  Improvements  will  meet  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Oct.  7-10,  1913.  The  committee  on  fire 
prevention  consists  of  Alcide  Chausse,  chairman,  of 
Montreal;  Norman  S.  Sprague,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
and  L.  C.  Willis,  of  Dallas,  Texas. 


THE  I'ANCOUl'ER  Chapter  of  the  British 
Columbia  Society  of  Architects  will  hold  an  exhibi- 
tion, beginning  on  the  evening  of  June  18,  and  con- 
tinuing for  a  period  of  two  weeks.  The  exhibition 
will  consist  of  a  selection  of  the  best  architects"  work, 
executed  and  contemplated,  in  that  section.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  work  of  the  local  architects,  the  Archi- 
tects Chapter  has  arranged  for  a  complete  exhibition 
of  the  photographs  of  the  buildings  of  the  World's 
Fair  now  in  the  course  of  construction  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  general  committee  in  charge  consists  of 
Messrs.  J.  R.  Putnam,  W.  T.  Whiteway,  T. 
Hooper,  A.  A.  Cox,  W.  S.  Painter. 


194 


CONSTRUCTION 


WILLIAM  PEARSON,  president  of  the  Win- 
nipeg Housing  and  Town  Planning  Association,  at 
a  recent  meeting  of  the  Industrial  Bureau  of  that 
city,  announced  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  asso- 
ciation, if  possible,  to  raise  a  million  dollars  which 
would  be  cievoted  entirely  to  housing,  the  work  em- 
bracing the  construction  of  a  sufficient  number  of 
homes  to  take  care  of  the  ever-increasing  population 
of  Winnipeg.  Numerous  reforms  that  will  tend  to 
beautify  the  city,  if  carried  out,  were  proposed. 

In  addressing  the  meeting,  Mr.  Pearson  said: 

"The  city  expresses  the  ideals  and  spirit  of  its 
people,  and  the  citizens  to  a  large  extent  are  moulded 
by  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  city,  that  is  by 
its  building  and  general  layout  and  the  amount  of 
attention  it  devotes  to  parks,  play  grounds,  and  pub- 
lic institutions  of  various  kinds." 

The  Industrial  Bureau  has  done  magnificent  work 
in  the  way  of  bringing  industries  to  the  city,  and  the 
association's  duties  are  supplementary  to  the  work  of 
the  Industrial  Bureau  in  dealing  with  what  he  might 
describe  as  environmental  conditions.  He  thought 
each  one  should  cooperate  for  the  beautifying  of 
their  surroundings  and  the  health  of  the  city  and  its 
home,  thus  working  for  a  well  planned  city. 


THE  FOLLOWING  notice,  issued  by  Alcide 
Chausse,  Hon.  Sec,  will  be  of  interest  to  the  old 
and  new  members  of  the  R.A.I.C. :  The  new 
charter  of  the  R.A.I.C,  adopted  by  Parliament  on 
the  1st  April,  1912,  provided  for  the  federation  of 
the  provincial  associations  of  architects  throughout 
Canada,  recognized  by  the  Royal  Institute,  and  as 
such  federation  was  effected  at  the  fifth  general  an- 
nual assembly  of  the  R.A.I.C,  held  at  Ottawa,  on 
the  7th  October,  1912,  all  members  in  good  stand- 
ing of  the  five  federated  provincial  associations  are 
now  members  of  the  R.A.I.C.  without  paying  any 
entrance  fee  or  annual  subscription.  The  old  mem- 
bers of  the  R.A.I.C.  in  good  standing  and  not  mem- 
bers of  any  of  the  five  federated  provincial  associa- 
tions, remain  members  of  the  R.A.I.C,  but  they 
will  continue  to  pay  their  annual  subscription  to  the 
R.A.I.C.  until  such  time  they  have  joined  one  of  the 
five  federated  provincial  associations.  The  old 
members  of  the  R.A.I.C.  who  are  also  members  of 
any  one  of  the  five  federated  provincial  associations 
will  not  have  to  pay  any  more  annual  subscriptions 
to  the  R.A.I.C.  after  the  date  of  federation.  The 
by-laws  of  the  R.A.I.C.  will  be  revised  and  amend- 
ed to  conform  to  the  conditions  created  by  the  new 
charter,  at  the  sixth  general  annual  assembly  of  the 
Institute,  which  will  be  held  at  Calgary,  Alberta, 
in  September,  1913. 

*    *    * 

THE  FOLLOWING  JUDGMENT,  handed 
down  recently  by  Mr.  Justice  Lennox,  of  the  High 
Court,  in  the  action  taken  by  Denison  &  Stephenson 
architects,  vs.  E.  W.  Gillett  Co.,  Ltd.,  may  prove  of 


value  to  our  readers.  The  case  deals  with  the  em- 
ployment of  a  clerk  of  works  and  is  clearly  outlined 
in  the  judgment  itself: 

"Counsel  for  the  defendants  argued  that  this  ac- 
tion should  be  decided  upon  the  question  of  credibil- 
ity. Determined  by  this  standard,  my  judgment  is 
unhesitatingly  in  favor  of  the  plaintiffs.  Even  leav- 
ing out  the  important  factor  of  probability — taking 
the  naked  testimony  and  the  manner  of  giving  it 
alone — I  am  convinced  that  Mr.  Dobie  instructed 
the  plaintiff  Denison  to  engage  a  cleik  of  works  for 
the  defendant  company  and  agreed  that  the  com- 
pany should  bear  the  expense.  The  evidence  of  the 
other  plaintiff,  uncontradicted,  while  he  does  not  go 
to  the  length  of  saying  that  Dobie  gave  instructions 
at  that  time  shows  that  he  was  interested  in  the  wages 
to  be  paid  and  is  strongly  corroborative  of  Mr. 
Denison's  evidence.  I  am  satisfied,  too,  that  whether 
from  the  discussion  on  the  I  5th  of  June,  1911,  when 
the  plaintiffs  were  retained  or  the  terms  of  Exhibit 
20,  clause  (c),  Mr.  Dobie  realized  all  along  that 
it  was  for  the  company  to  decide  whether  there 
would  be  a  clerk  of  works,  and  if  employed,  em- 
ployed at  the  company's  costs. 

"The  probabilities,  however,  are  peculiarly 
cogent  in  this  case.  The  defendant  company  had 
engaged  a  Chicago  architect,  Mr.  Beman,  and  were 
to  pay  him  5  per  cent,  commission  and  his  travelling 
expenses.  The  oftener  Mr.  Beman  came  to  inspect 
the  greater  the  cost.  He  was  not  to  provide  a  clerk 
of  works.  Both  Beman  and  defendants  found  that 
It  would  be  better  to  have  an  associate  architect  in 
touch  with  local  conditions,  and  necessary  as  a  mat- 
ter of  law,  and  consequently,  as  defendants  allege, 
an  arrangement  was  come  to  between  Beman  and  the 
plaintiffs  to  which  the  defendants  were  not  parties, 
that  the  plaintiffs  would  perform  for  Beman  the  pro- 
fessional work  which  had  to  be  done  in  Toronto,  on 
a  division  of  fees.  It  was  no  part  of  Beman's  con- 
tract to  engage  or  pay  for  a  local  superintendent  or 
clerk  of  works — this  is  shown  by  clause  (c)  of 
exhibit  20,  and  is  sworn  to,  and  it  might  have  been 
done  with  a  good  deal  better  grace  by  Mr.  Beman. 
How,  then,  could  Mr.  Dobie  imagine  that  the  plain- 
tiffs were  to  undertake  this  charge?  As  it  was  they 
visited  the  works  at  least  1 00  times,  and  presumably 
relieved  the  defendants  from  paying  the  travelling 
expenses  of  Mr.  Beman  for  as  many  trips  from  Chi- 
cago. Probabilities?  Even  if  Mr.  Dobies'  manner 
of  giving  evidence  had  been  more  satisfactory  than 
it  was  I  would  find  it  difficult  to  believe  that  for 
weeks  before  there  was  any  work  to  oversee  he  and 
Mr.  Craig  were  time  and  again  enquiring  about  a 
clerk  of  works,  anxiously  and  repeatedly  asking  who 
was  to  pay  for  him  and  always  answered  in  the  same 
way,  "we  pay,"  and  the  more  so  as  at  the  time  it  is 
sworn  that  the  plaintiffs  were  bound  to  keep  a  man 
constantly  there. 

"There  will  be  judgment  for  the  plaintiffs  for 
$1,100,  with  interest  from  the  22nd  of  November, 
1912,  and  the  costs  of  this  action." 


Fi 


ire 


Resisting 


Value   of   Plastered:  Partitions 


THE  FOLLOWING  is  a  brief  summary  of 
tests  recently  held  in  Cleveland,  Chio,  to  show 
the  relative  fire  resisting  value  of  various  typical 
plastered  partitions.  The  work  was  under  the  super- 
vision of  V.  D.  Allen,  building  inspector,  who  ap- 
pointed for  the  board  of  examination  and  report, 
L.  H.  Miller  of  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Co.;  Professor 
J.  H.  Nelson,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  and 
W.  S.  Lougee,  architect.  Figure  I  gives  a  general 
view  of  the  testing  furnace,  while  2  and  3  show  the 
plan  and  vertical  cross-section. 

The  panel  to  be  tested  formed  the  outer  wall  of 


the  furnace,  being  built  into 
nine-inch  channels,  lined 
with  brick;  the  whole  be- 
ing hinged  on  the  one  edge 
and  supported  on  a  wheel 
rolling  on  a  curved  steel 
track  at  the  other,  forming 
a  door  which  could  be  ?^ 
readily  opened  by  mean?  ,=' 
of  a  block  and  tackle 
without  injury  to  the  spe- 
cimen. Heat  was  thus 
applied  to  the  partition  on 
one    side    only,    and    was 


name   ma 


de    fr 


test  the  partition  is  subject  to  a  stream  of  water  from 
a  I' 8  in.  nozzle  under  30  pounds  pressure  for  two 
and  a  half  minutes.  The  only  variation  from  the  rule 
worth  noting  is  that  the  temperature  at  the  end  of  the 
test  averaged  1 ,900  F.,  providing  the  specimen  was 
still  in  existence. 

The  description  of  the  tests  in  this  synopsis  is 
given  in  the  order  of  their  merit.  It  should  be  stated, 
however,  that  the  opinion  of  relative  value  is  but  a 
personal  one.  The  full  report,  printed  in  booklet 
form,  gives  all  the  facts,  enabling  one  to  confirm  or 
dispute  the  judgment  here  expressed. 

Panel  No.  3  was  constructed  with  three-quarter 
inch  rolled  channel  studs, 
spaced  twelve  inches  apart 
and  lathed  on  one  side 
with  24  gauge  metal  lath 
wired  to  studs.  Plastered 
to  a  solid  thickness  of  two 
inches  with  cement  mortar 
mixed  one  to  two  and  a 
If,  containing  one-tenth 
as  much  hydrated  lime  as 
cement  and  one  pound  of 
lair  in  the  scratch  coat  to 
each  bag  of  cement. 


produced  by  a  gas  flame  under  perfect  control.  The 
furnace  was  provided  with  pyrometers  and  peep- 
holes for  examination  of  the  heated  side  of  the  spe- 
cimen during  the  test. 

The  method  adopted  is  similar  to  that  prescribed 
by  the  American  Society  of  Testing  Materials  as  a 
standard  test  for  fireproof  partition  construction, 
which  calls  for  a  temperature  raised  to  1,700  F. 
during  the  first  half  hour  and  held  at  that  tempera- 
ture for  one  hour  and  a  half.    At  the  end  of  the  heat 


This  partition  was  not  thoroughly  dried  out,  and 
the  explosion  of  confined  steam  threw-  off  part  of 
the  outer  plaster  coat  early  in  the  test,  but  in  spite  of 
this,  an  almost  perfect  test  resulted.  After  one  hour 
the  temperature  of  the  outside  of  the  wall  was  280 
F.,  while  the  temperature  of  the  furnace  was  1,840 
F.  The  furnace  temperature  was  finally  forced  to 
1 ,929,  the  outside  temperature  not  being  taken,  as 
the  thermometers  only  registered  300  F.  Owing 
to   unequal    expansion    the   panel    deflected    at    the 


19= 


CONSTRUCTION 


centre  3 ''2  in.  tovvaid  the  fire,  but  only  opened  one 
crack  on  the  inside  in  doing  so.  The  application  of 
the  hose  reduced  this  deflection  to  2^4  in.  The 
water  when  thrown  against  the  red  hot  plaster  caused 
a  portion  of  the  outer  coat  to  chip  off,  but  not  of 
sufficient  quantity  to  expose  the  lath.    The  panel  was 


TZ 


r,n,shtd  Parfitjc 


MNMMNNMNNNFfTTFm 


I 


left    apparently    in    good    enough    condition    to    go 
through  the  same  test  a  second  time. 

Panel  No.  5  contained  two  and  one-half  inch  18 
gauge  sheet  metal  studs,  spaced  twelve  inches  apart 
and  lathed  on  both  sides  with  24  gauge  metal  lath 


wired  to  the  studs.     Three  coats  of  cement  plaster 
formed  a  finish  on  each  side  of  the  partition. 

The  behaviour  of  this  panel  during  the  test  was 
very  similar  to  the  solid  metal  lath  and  stud  panel. 
It  showed  no  less  heat  conductivity  than  the  solid 
panel,  and  deflected  somewhat  more.  The  water  test 
washed  the  plaster  out  sufficiently  to  expose  the  lath 
over  a  limited  area  near  the  hottest  part  of  the  flame. 
This  exposure  of  the  lath  was  the  only  phase  in  which 
the  test  was  less  satisfactory  than  that  of  the  solid 
partitions.  The  highest  pyrometer  reading  in  the 
test  was  1 ,976  F. — nearly  300  degrees  above  the 
specifications  for  a  standard  test.  As  the  plaster  did 
not  disintegrate  badly  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  pyrometer,  it  was  evident  that  the  fire  where  the 
plaster  did  disintegrate  was  much  hotter  than  the 
instrument  indicated. 

Panel  No.  4  was  built  according  to  the  standard 
specification  of  the  Associated  Metal  Lath  Manu- 
facturers for  cement  stucco  outside  walls.  The  out- 
side of  the  wall,  which  was  the  side  toward  the  fire 
in  the  test,  consisted  of  24  gauge  metal  lath  attached 
to  wood  studs  spaced  twelve  inches  on  centres.  As 
herringbone  lath  was  not  used  in  these  tests,  it  was 
necessary  to  place  quarter-inch  round  rods  between 
the  lath  and  the  stud  in  order  to  get  key  at  the  studs. 
The  outer  wall  was  plastered  with  three  heavy  coats 
of  lime  and  cement  mortar,  the  last  coat  being  applied 
between  the  studs  to  the  clinch  of  the  first  coat  and 
the  three  totalling  one  and  one-half  inches  in  thick- 
ness. The  inside  of  the  wall  had  metal  lath  applied 
directly  to  the  studs  and  plastered  three  coats  of 
cement  plaster. 

After  this  test  had  run  about  forty-five  minutes  the 
gas  generator  broke,  and  the  test  was  consequently 
discontinued  until  the  next  day.  It  was  then  com- 
pleted with  a  due  allowance  for  additional  time 
necessary  to  heat  the  furnace.  The  maximum  heat 
attained  inside  the  furnace  was  1,943  F.,  at  which 
time  the  average  temperature  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  partition  was  about   300  . 

When  it  IS  considered  that  the  temperature  of  a 
wood  fire  varies  between  800  and  1,100  F.,  and 
that  the  partition  was  built  with  wood  studs  and 
tested  at  a  temperature  that  varied  from  1,100  to 
1 ,943  for  over  an  hour  and  three-quarters,  the  result 
of  this  test  IS  astonishingly  good.  After  the  fire  and 
before  the  water  test  the  partition  was  apparently  in 
very  good  condition,  but  the  water  test  exposed  the 
lath  over  a  third  of  the  wall  area.  The  washing  out 
of  the  plaster  was  far  greater  than  in  the  case  of  the 
hollow  metal  lath  and  metal  stud  partition,  and  was 
probably  due  to  the  greater  amount  of  lime  used  in 
the  plaster.  Removal  of  the  lath  to  examine  the 
studs  showed  that  they  charred  away  by  distillation 
to  a  depth  of  perhaps  half  an  inch  from  the  red  hot 
inner  face,  but  were  still  in  good  enough  condition 
to  support  a  floor.  This  was  doubtless  due  to  the 
absence  of  an  air  current  between  the  studs.  The 
key  of  the  plaster  on  the  outside  of  the  wall  was  not 
injured. 


CONSTRUCTION 


.-ajf'-j^///-4^ /?  ^-,1  ^  /!■  -j^a  -j-/^  ~V"^'T^ 


Panel  No.  1  had  24  gauge  metal  lath  on  both 
sides  of  wood  studs  spaced  twelve  inches  apart,  and 
plastered  with  three  coats  of  cement  plaster. 

In  general  this  panel  was  tested  similarly  to  the 
cement  stucco  panel,  although  the  result  was  not  as 
good.  The  cracks  which  opened  durmg  the  test 
became  large  enough  to  admit  air  to  the  studs  so  that 
later  on  the  combustion  of  the  studs  themselves 
occurred,  instead  of  combustion  of  the  gases  distilled 
from  the  studs  as  they  reached  the  open  air  through 
the  cracks.  As  the  decrease  in  the  amount  of  these 
escaping  gases  was  first  noted  one  hour  and  thirty- 
eight  minutes  after  the  start  of  the  test,  it  is  probable 
that  this  was  approximately  the  time  at  which  the 
stud  took  fire.  The  application  of  the  water  only 
exposed  the  lath  over  a  small  area.  The  partition 
after  both  the  fire  and  water  test  was  still  an  efficient 
fire  stop,  although  during  the  last  half  hour  of  the 
test  it  was  not  in  condition  to  support  a  floor. 

This  test  IS  of  particular  interest  to  school  and 
apartment  house  architects,  as  metal  lath  is  com- 
monly used  in  these  buildings  as  a  fire  retardant.  A 
partition  which  will  hold  the  floods  during  a  severe 
fire  lasting  an  hour  and  a  half  and  will  act  as  a  fire 


/^HHHHHHHHHHHHHH^ 


0    -, 


stop  lor  more  than  two  hours  is  siiiiiLic:iii\  iiiiiM.joi 
to  eliminate  danger  to  life  in  all  cases,  and  to  save 
property  in  most  cases. 

Panel  No.  2,  of  wood  lath  on  wood  studs,  and 
the  one  following,  were  not  tested  with  the  idea  thit 
they  were  fireproof,  but  in  order  to  get  a  comparison 
between  the  semi-fireproof  construction  made  w  th 
metal  lath  and  wood  studs  and  the  ordinary  type  of 
combustible  construction. 

The  construction  consisted  of  wood  studs  spaced 
16  inches  apart,  lathed  with  wood  lath  and  plastered 
two  coats,  the  first  coat  of  hard  wall  and  the  second 
a  sand-lime  finished  with  grounds  '4  in.  thick. 

Observations  on  this  construction  were  not  as 
satisfactory  in  determining  facts  as  on  the  panels  pre- 
\iously  discussed.  In  the  cases  of  the  fireproof  panels 
an  observer  could  state  with  certainty  that  had  the 
fire  been  stopped  at  any  time  during  the  test  the  panel 
would  not  have  further  depreciated.  In  the  case  of 
the  partition  formed  \v!th  metal  lath  on  wood  studs. 


PANET,    NU.    4. 


198 


CONSTRUCTION 


/O    -r-  //    +-  /i 


-  8   £■ 

\  ,?  - 


[»1  --  t?l     ^ 


observations  on  the  discharge  of  gases  resuUing  from 
wood  distillation  showed  that  the  studs  did  not  take 
fire  until  the  test  had  been  on  for  about  an  hour  and 
forty  minutes.  It  is  probable  that  the  injury  to  the 
partition,  would  have  stopped  with  the  turning  off  of 
the  flame,  had  the  test  been  stopped  previous  to  that 
time. 

In  the  case  of  the  panel  of  wood  lath  and  wood 
studs,  it  IS  hard  to  determine  just  when  the  stopping 
of  the  test  would  have  prevented  the  total  destruction 
of  the  panel.  Fifty-two  minutes  after  the  test  started 
part  of  the  plaster  dropped  off  the  inside  of  the  panel 
because  the  wood  lath  supporting  it  had  totally 
burned  away  at  that  point.  It  is  therefore  probable 
that  the  partition  was  doomed  on  account  of  combus- 
tion of  the  framing  startmg  about  thirty  minutes  after 
the  test  started.  The  destruction  of  wood  framing 
was  practically  complete  an  hour  and  twenty  minutes 
after  the  test  started,  yet  the  outer  coat  of  plaster 
stood,  with  the  exception  of  the  formation  of  one 
hole,  throughout  the  balance  of  the  test.  The  open- 
ing of  the  door  caused  the  complete  collapse  of  the 
plaster. 


Panel  No.  6  was  exactly  like  the  one  constructed 
of  wood  lath  and  studding,  except  that  plaster  board 
was  substituted  for  wood  lath. 

This  partition  was  under  test  when  the  failure  of 
the  gas  supply  occurred  as  described  in  the  discussion 
of  the  test  of  the  cement  stucco  panel.  The  test  had 
been  on  for  twenty-four  minutes,  and  fortunately  the 
destruction  of  the  panel  through  internal  combustion 
had  not  started,  so  the  test  could  be  completed  next 
day. 

After  twenty-nine  minutes  of  test — with  allow- 
ance for  the  interval — the  plaster  board  burned  off 
the  fire  side,  showing  the  wood  structure  of  the  panel 
on  fire.  This  is  a  poorer  showing  than  that  made  by 
\vood  lath  where  the  same  incident  occurred  after 
fifty-two  minutes.  The  first  hole  in  the  outside  of 
the  partition  occurred  at  fifty-eight  minutes,  as  con- 
trasted with  one  hour  and  twenty-nine  minutes  for 
wood  lath.  The  test  was  stopped  at  one  hour  when 
only  half  through,  and  as  in  the  case  of  the  wood  lath 
and  stud  test,  the  partition  collapsed  when  the  door 
was  opened. 


CONSTRUCTION 


199 


The  complete  failure  of  plaster  board  in  this  test 
seemed  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  there  was  no  direct 
bond  between  the  plaster  on  the  wall  and  the  plaster 


in  the  board,  except  through  the  intervening  paper 
felt.     When,  therefore,  the  temperature  of  the  wall 
became  high  enough  to  char  this  felt  the  separation 
of  the  plaster  from  the  wall  was  complete. 


ritifing  a   hish   .sturul; 


?nt  Compan^- 
al.  on  Api-il  lith. 
such  occasions,  the 
cerned  a  subject  of 
rs  of  the  Company, 
ago.  one  of  Its  Hist 
of  cement  to  the 
tiuality.     The 


imbition  has  been  realizefl,  to  the  point 
"inpany's  product   is  lower  than   cement   was   e 
•     m   Canada,   was  brought  out   at   the   banquet, 
-itisfaction  of  those  present.     The  lapidlv  grow 

"lent,  and  various  improvements  in  the  eompan 
-upplymg  it,  were  also  touched  upon.  Mr  Joi 
u.istmaster.     Senator   W.    C.    Edwards,    of   OttaT 


the 


Hon.  D.  JIurphy,  of  Ottawa,  and  Jlr.  P,  H,  Wilson,  of  Xew 
York,  were  present  as  the  company's  guests,  Members  of  tlie 
sales  department  were  i>resent  as  follows:  Montreal,  W.  H. 
Ford,  general  sales  manager;  ,1.  ,\.  Lajn-es,  assTstant  sales  mun- 
a^ei-;  G.  Charette,  I,.  .\  cinrpentiei-,  C.  C,  Lapierre,  .\.  H 
.Mc(.;uire,  W,  T,  Ne\vm;iirh.  W,  .\.  Toohev,  s,ilesmen:  Toront  .— 
,1.  1>.  ,Iohn.son,  sales  nian.mei;  i;.  W.  Coles,  i  i.  G.  Dunlop,  F.  .\, 
nob.-rtson,  I..  ,1.  Wooliev,  I'.  .\.  .M.  Wright,  salesmen.  AVinni- 
p.-K-W-  r,  S  .b.hnson.  sales  manager;  H.  F.  Beresford  and 
s  W  Ii.MK.^b.id.  s.tlesmen.  Calgarv— Geo.  N.  Gorman,  fales 
minau.i.  ,1.  L.  [;.  Gorman.  John  Bovard,  salesmen;  W.  (>. 
BovanI,  s|iecial  tiavelling  repi  esentative.  He:ids  of  other  de- 
liai-tments  were  present  as  follows:  A,  C,  Tagge,  general  super- 
intendent; L,  .S,  Bruner,  manager  of  publicity;  H.  S.  Van 
Scoyoc,  inspei-ting  engineer:  J.  A.  V,  Dube,  trafiic  manager; 
.1.    V.    I.     liiaidKirl.    piu-chasing  agent. 


200 


CONSTRUCTION 


C  O  A'  STRUCTION 


201 


•    •    «    «     •    »    « 

»     E 


GUOUXD  FL<H)K    PLW. 

COMPETITION    FOR    NEW    YORK    COUNTY    COURT    HOUSE. 
iiioT  riuzi;  i)?:si(,x — ;,l"v  i.hu  i;i.i..  akluitkct. 


Mr.  Lowell's  accepted  plan  for  the  New  York 
Court  House  has  been  universally  approved  on 
account  of  the  facility  with  which  all  the  work  can 
be  carried  on.  The  building  is  accessible  from  all 
directions    with    spacious    corridors    leading    to    the 


central  lobby  around  which  are  arranged  the  elevat- 
ors. One  entire  floor  accommodates  the  city  court, 
four  floors  the  supreme  court,  and  another  floor  the 
library  and  dining  rooms.  The  building  will  cover 
appro.ximately   1 20,000  square  feet  of  ground. 


CONSTRUCTION 


WOOLWORTH   BUILDING, 
NEW  YORK  CITY,  N.Y. 


CASS    Ctl.lll-:!*!'.    AUCHITI-:CT. 


C  O  A'  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


204 


CONSTRUCTION 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C   T  I  O  N 


205 


HOMEWOOD 
COUNTRY  CLUB, 
FLOSSMOOR,   ILL. 

UdWARIl      VAX      II.      MIAW, 
AKCIlITEe'T. 

(Im Tl„      Hii,  Miiiil,!  •!. ) 


-^    F      1       , — ,      . — i      . — i       : 1    -^    I ff' 


r; 


T — =T — nii 


JJJ  [i^-fl^ 


206 


CONSTRUCTION 


f , 


•^ 


-^y 


.^^ 


F?"'  iln^W       "^ 


.*.. 

^?^- 


::^/^ 


'S5  if?  iS'  KJ 


Q  rSi  Pi^  cii?  «^    — -^^ 


TWO  \IEWS  OF  THE 

BRITISH   CLUB, 
SHANGHAI,  CHINA. 


This  building,  con- 
structed of  stone  and 
marble,  accommodates  a 
membership  of  two  thous- 
and. The  total  cost  was 
$250,000. 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  1  O  A' 


HOUSE  AT  SHANGHAI,  CHINA. 

II.T    III-    WHITK    STOXF.    WITH    DKCUKATIOXS    IN    GOLD    I.I-.AF. 


CHINA    MUTUAL   LIFE    INSURANCE   COMPANY,    SHANGHAI,   CHINA. 


208 


CONSTRUCTION 


ONE  OF  THE  LATEST  additions  to  the 
pamphlet  advertising  world  is  the  little  16-page 
booklet  "Beautiful  Floors,"  issued  by  the  Dougall 
Varnish  Company,  of  Montreal.  It  is  descriptive, 
as  are  all  such  pieces  of  literature,  and  attractively 
arranged.  The  booklet  is  published  by  the  Murphy 
Varnish  Company  of  the  United  States,  Canadian 
agents  for  whom  are  the  Dougall  Varnish  Co.  of 
Montreal.  "Health  and  beauty,"  "Natural  \vood 
floors  and  varnishes,"  "Transparent  floor  varnishes," 
"A  varnish  that  has  wearing  power,"  "How  you  can 
tell  whether  it  is  fine  varnish,"  "Davy  Crockett's 
aJvice — don't,"  "For  a  new  floor  of  close-grain 
wood,"  and  other  topics  of  very  timely  interest  in  this 
season  of  general  clean-up,  are  published  in  "Beauti- 
ful Floors."  This  booklet  may  be  secured  from  the 
Dougall  Varnish  Co. 

*    *    * 

THE  FOUNDATION  for  the  High  School 
and  Administration  Building,  Montreal  (E.  &  W. 
Maxwell,  architects)  is  being  waterproofed  on  the 
inside  by  the  "integral  method,"  the  waterproofing 
compound  being  Hydratite.  This  work  is  being 
executed  under  the  inspection  and  direction  of  the 
Industrial  Foundation  and  Waterprooting  Co.,  of 
Toronto,  the  material  being  furnished  by  Pinchin. 
Johnson  &  Co.,  Ltd.  Undoubtedly  this  is  one  of  the 
largest  jobs  in  Canada  to  be  waterproofed  under  "the 
integral  method"  in  the  form  of  an  interior  applica- 
tion. Details  of  this  work  consist  in  applying  a 
three-quarter  inch  coating  on  the  inside  of  all  walls 
below  grade,  in  a  one  to  two  mixture  of  cement  and 
sand,  with  the  waterproofing  compound  being  mixed 
therein,  carried  across  all  floors  and  then  turned  up 
three  inches  on  the  columns. 


THE  YALE  &  TOWNE  Manufacturmg  Co. 
announce  the  removal  of  its  general  and  executive 
offices  from  9  Murray  street  to  9  East  40th  street. 
New  York  city.  The  new  quarters  comprise  a  twelve- 
story  building  erected  by  the  company  for  the'.r  ex- 
clusive use.  The  basement  accommodates  the  sales- 
room and  repair  department;  the  ground  floor  pro- 
vides ample  room  for  the  various  exhibits;  the  twelfth 
floor  takes  care  of  the  executive  offices,  while  the 
remaining  portion  of  the  building  is  occupied  by  the 
managing  staff  and  clerical  force. 


THE  BEAVER  CO.,  LTD.,  of  the  Canadian 
Beaver  Companies,  has  already  broken  ground  at 
Thorold,  Ontario,  for  the  erection  of  a  large  modern 
plant  for  the  manufacture  of  "beaver  board."  Power 
from  Niagara  Falls  will  be  used  and  a  contract  has 
just  been  closed  for  the  first  unit  of  2,800  h.p.,  to  be 
run  continually  night  and  day  for  thirty  years.  Later 
machinery  will  be  installed  which  will  require  nearly 
6,000  h.p.  in  addition  to  500  h.p.  which  will  be 
generated  in  the  boilers  for  the  treatment  of  fibre. 


THE  FIRM  of  J.  &  J.  Taylor  has  just  been 
awarded  the  contract  to  supply  the  steel  vault  doors 
and  lining  for  the  Bank  of  Montreal,  to  be  erected  in 
London,  England.  The  work  will  be  erected  in  the 
Toronto  factory  and  put  into  place  by  the  company. 
This  is  a  worthy  compliment  to  "Canadian  made" 
goods  and  reflects  credit  upon  the  company  which 
has  been  able  to  secure  the  contract  over  local  com- 
petitors. 

THE  NAME  of  the  Winnipeg  branch  of  the 
"Pease"  Foundry  Co.,  Ltd.,  Toronto,  has  been 
changed  to  "Pease"  Western  Foundry,  Ltd.,  and  is 
located  at  same  address,  287  Donald  street,  Winni- 
peg. This  branch  has  all  the  territory  west  of  Fort 
William  to  the  Rockies,  and  is  under  the  charge  of 
Mr.  J.  M.  Bell,  who  entered  into  this  work  at  Winni- 
peg after  many  years  as  sales  manager  at  the  head 
office,  Toronto. 


AFTER  THREE  YEARS  of  constant  study 
and  application  of  the  street  paver  problem,  the  Chain 
Belt  Company,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  now  have  ready 
for  distribution  the  chain  belt  street  paver.  This  paver 
is  equipped  with  a  boom  20  feet  long  and  delivery 
bucket.  Paving  contractors  have  found  this  the  most 
economical  method  of  spreading  concrete  on  streets, 
as  it  eliminates  the  use  of  wheelbarrows  and  carts. 
The  concrete  is  discharged  from  the  mixer  into  the 
delivery  bucket,  travelling  on  a  single  boom,  which 
can  be  swung  at  an  angle  of  180  degrees,  taking  care 
of  a  street  50  feet  wide.  The  boom  bucket  will  hold 
a  full  batch  of  the  mixed  concrete  and  is  provided 
with  an  automatic  tripper,  while  the  gates  open  up 
automatically  at  any  place  where  it  is  desired  to 
deposit  the  concrete.  When  the  bucket  returns  to  the 
mixer  the  gate  closes  automatically.  The  same  man 
who  operates  mixer  levers  also  controls  the  move- 
ment of  the  boom  and  bucket.  In  work  where  the 
road  is  less  than  1 8  feet  in  width  a  gravity  swivel 
chute  may  be  substituted  for  the  distributing  boom. 


MANUFACTURING  HEADQUARTERS 

FOR 

Mathematical,    Surveying    and    Scientifir 

Instruments,    Drawing    Materials, 

Draughting  and  Blue  Printing 

Equipment. 

Blue  Prints  made  from  Tracings 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO.,    LTD.. 
116  Adelaide  St.   West,   Toronto. 

Manufactories: 
European :  American :  Canadian . 

Nuremberg.  Chicago.  Toronto. 


CONSTRUCnON 


VOL.  VI 


NO.  6 


CONTENTS    FOR    JLNE,    1913 

EDITORIAL     211 

The  National  liallt-iy  <>r  CaiuKla Tlie  oiiH-hlliKlicii  years'   peace   celebration  among 

English-i-peakini;    people Ingenious    way    of   using   gobelin    tapestries Liangei    in 

selling    oitv    p., Iks 

GRAPHIC    ARTS     BUILDING.    TORONTO     215 

THE    ARTS    CLUB.    MONTREAL    223 

THE    ONTARIO    CLUB.    TORONTO     227 

THE    HOPE    BUILDING.    OTTAWA         237 

CURRENT     TOPICS                                                             238 

ESTIMATING    THE    COST    OF    BUILDINGS                     239 

STRENGTH    TEST    OF    REINFORCED    BRICKWORK       245 

Full   Page   Illustrations 

THE    ARTS    CLUB.    MONTREAL  Frontispiece 

GRAPHIC     ARTS     BUILDING.    TORONTO     213 

THE    ARTS    CLUB.    MONTREAL              222 


H.    GAGXIER.    LimitL^d    Publishers 

GRAPHIC    ARTS     BUILDING.   TORONTO.   CANADA 

BRANCH    OFFICES  : 

WINNIPEG  \'ANCOU\ER 


MONTREAL 


CHICAGO 


NEW  YORK 


DETAIL  OF   FIRE  PLACE, 
"the  arts   club,"    MONTREAL. 


EIlWARI)    &    \V.    S.    MAXVVKIX, 
AKCIIITECTS. 


n 


The  National  Cailerv  of  Canada — The  grea'. 
need  for  archilectural  replicas  in  everv  cilv  as 
well  as  famous  statues. 


^ 


The  or,e  hundred  years'  peace  celebration  to  he 
held  among  English-speakuig  people — Memo- 
rials for  England,  Canada  and  the  States. 


THE  BILL  incorporating  the  National  Gallery 
of  Canada  will  interest  the  artist  world  of  Canada 
far  more  than  the  naval  expenditure  which  has  occu- 
pied such  a  prominent  position  on  the  stage  of  politics. 
The  latter  smacks  of  destruction  and  bitterness  even 
though  some  claim  that  peace  is  only  maintained 
through  a  sense  of  fear.  The  former,  however,  casts 
a  glow  of  promise  to  those  who  are  struggling  amidst 
few  incentives.  Soon  we  will  be  privileged  to  work 
from  casts  of  famous  statues — the  exact  replicas  of 
an  illustrious  past  when  art  meant  life.  Already  a 
large  collection  of  famous  works  has  been  secured 
from  the  European  countries  and  every  effort  will  be 
bent  to  make  this  department  of  the  National  Gallery 
a  most  representative  one.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
restrictions  will  not  be  so  great  as  to  deprive  anyone 
from  a  free  and  unlimited  use  of  this  valuable  ma- 
terial. For  instance,  the  gallery  should  be  open  on 
Saturday  afternoons  and  Sundays.  Senator  Dan- 
durand  went  a  step  farther  by  suggesting  scholarships 
to  young  Canadian  artists  for  European  study.  Sure- 
ly nothing  could  be  more  commendable  and  without 
a  doubt  nothing  could  raise  our  art  to  a  loftier  plane. 
May  this  spirit  prevail  and  may  it  be  reinforced  by 
the  moral  stamina  of  all  thinking  people.  If  it  can 
be  brought  to  a  point  where  every  city  will  have  its 
own  gallery  containing  the  best  examples  and  where 
the  deserving  can  hope  to  study  abroad — then  the 
impetus  to  work  for  purity  and  truth  along  the  lines 
of  pure  art  will  supersede  the  present  desire  to  sur- 
render all  for  the  extra  farthing.  We  would  like  to 
see  these  casts  include  the  architectural  world  also. 
What  Canada  needs  is  a  Trocadero  in  every  city. 
What  is  more  before  the  people  in  the  various  phases 
of  art  than  our  architecture?  What  needs  more 
careful  study  and  improvement?  What  graces  a 
city  more  than  artistic  buildings?  With  proper  fa- 
ciHfies  this  progressive  country  could  surpass  in  time 
all  other  countries  in  modern  work. 


THE  CENTENNIAL  of  peace  to  be  observed 
between  the  two  great  English-speaking  nations. 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  is  of  more  im- 
port to  the  elimination  of  war  than  any  other  one 
historical  achievement.  As  England  has  mothered 
the  principles  of  a  representative  Government,  so  has 
she  spread  the  influence  of  her  ideals  throughout  the 
world,  thereby  maintaining  honor  and  justice  among 
the  weaker  countries.  Her  spirit  and  power  has  held 
less  scrupulous  kingdoms  in  check  and  allowed  the 
children  of  the  earth  to  grow  into  the  developed 
strength  of  manhood.  Who  can  foretell  the  influence 
for  peace  she  will  wield  if  the  world  knows  what  it 
already  surmises — ^that  the  same  intense  devotion  to 
law,  order,  truth  and  equality  which  has  character- 
ized her  glorious  past,  will  underlie  this  acknow- 
ledged cementation  of  the  two  nations  whose  com- 
bined resources  are  inexhaustible  and  whose  efforts 
are  bent  in  the  direction  of  freedom  and  progress. 

In  addition  to  the  benign  influences  this  open  con- 
fession of  amicable  relations  between  us  will  have 
upon  the  world  in  general,  it  will  also  reveal  more 
clearly  than  ever  before  the  close  ties  which  exist 
between  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  the  State:'.. 
Our  political  problems  are  practically  the  same;  our 
industrial  pursuits  follow  in  the  same  direction ;  our 
commercial  interests  are  identical;  our  pleasures,  our 
sports,  in  fact  every  feature  which  enters  into  our 
private  as  well  as  national  life  is  so  interwoven  that 
we  will  naturally  unite  in  all  questions  which  concern 
the  \velfare  of  each  other's  existence.  Would  it  be 
possible  for  the  States  to  have  a  serious  complication 
with  Japan  without  the  same  cause  of  contention 
producing  a  like  result  on  our  western  coast?  It  is 
not  proper  to  consider  the  imaginary  line  dividing  us 
as  a  barrier  foreign  to  our  best  interests.  We  are  an 
offspring  of  the  same  mother  and  in  problems  of  vital 
importance  the  two  countries  would  act  as  one. 

At  the  recent  meeting  of  the  conference  held  in 


211 


-7J2 


CONSTRUCTION 


New  York  city  for  the  purpose  of  adopting  a  pro- 
gramme, the  Canadian  and  American  sub-commit- 
tees considered  the  question  of  suitable  monuments 
along  the  border  line.  It  was  decided  to  build  a 
memorial  bridge  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Niagara 
frontier;  also  to  erect  an  arch  at  Rouses  Point, 
N.Y.,  in  commemoration  of  the  battle  of  Platts- 
burg,  the  last  naval  engagement  which  took  place 
between  England  and  the  States.  The  arch  will 
span  the  highway  which  is  being  constructed  between 
Quebec  and  Miami.  Florida.  A  number  of  other 
monuments  will  be  considered  such  as  the  building  of 
a  tunnel  between  Detroit  and  Windsor,  the  erection 
of  a  bridge  between  Belle  Isle  and  the  mainland,  etc. 
Another  outgrowth  of  the  international  conference 
was  the  plan  to  erect  a  statue  of  Queen  Victoria  in 
Washington  and  one  of  Abraham  Lincoln  in  Eng- 
land. The  scheme  proposed  will  te  carried  out 
independently  of  other  features  arranged  for  the 
celebration  itself.  The  memorials  will  be  of  heroic 
size  and  executed  by  the  foremost  sculptors.  Action 
will  also  be  taken  to  interest  the  Canadian  and 
American  Governments  to  contribute  similar  monu- 
mental ideas  in  Washington  and  Ottawa.  Com- 
memorative tablets  at  various  points  along  the  frontier 
as  well  as  in  public  buildings  will  keep  before  the 
people  the  achievements  of  steady  progress  expresse:l 
by  the  celebration  of  the  one  hundred  years  of  peace. 

H.  S.  Ferris,  one  of  the  English  delegates,  said 
just  before  leaving  the  American  shores:  "Whatever 
suspicions  and  fears  of  the  object  of  the  celebration 
may  at  one  time  have  existed,  we  have  heard  scarcely 
a  breath  of  them  during  the  course  of  our  tour,  and 
we  have  taken  every  opportunity  to  make  it  clear  that 
all  nations  of  the  world  were  invited  to  join  sympa- 
thetically in  the  celebration  and  that  the  spirit  in 
which  we  approached  the  celebration  was  that  of 
Lincoln's  commendable  words,  'With  malice  toward 
none,  with  charity  toward  all.'  Our  British  dele- 
gates have  left  your  shores  full  of  satisfaction  at  the 
great  success  of  the  conference  and  the  subsequent 
tour,  and  more  deeply  impressed  than  ever  with  the 
close  bonds,  not  only  of  blood  relationship,  but  of 
friendly  sympathy,  born  of  common  ideals  and  tra- 
ditions, which  bind  our  two  great  peoples  together." 

The  spirit  of  confidence  which  permeated  the  ac- 
tion of  each  meeting  augurs  well  for  the  success  of 
the  celebration  and  the  educational  and  peaceful 
results  accruing  therefrom  will  more  than  repay  the 
consistent  endeavor  of  everybody  concerned. 


q 


Gobelin  tapestiies — An  mgenius  wav  lo  utilize 
these  valuable  relics — //  may  prove  a  proper 
solution  to  hot  weather  troubles. 


THE  MOST  serious  events  sometimes  become 
the  source  of  our  keenest  humor.  To  think  of  one 
sweltering  in  the  close  and  stifling  quarters  of  a 
French  museum  during  the  warmest  part  of  the  sum- 
mer and  slill  keeping  cool  through  the  imaginary 
effects  of  living  in  the  deep  shade  of  a  heavily  wood- 


ed district  with  the  winds  of  heaven  rustling  through 
the  tree  tops — this  smacks  of  Munchausen  fancy. 
Nevertheless  this  was  the  experience  of  our  mutual 
friend  the  caretaker  at  Pau.  It  seems  that  the  au- 
thorities in  this  little  village  had  been  greatly  excited 
over  the  loss  of  some  extremely  precious  Gobelin 
tapestries  which  they  guarded  religiously  as  one  of 
their  chief  means  of  eternal  revenue.  The  Govern- 
ment suspecting  the  wealthy  American,  began  a 
quiet  and  extensive  search  for  these  priceless  fabrics. 
After  a  considerable  time  some  of  the  large  pieces 
were  found  in  a  cupboard  neatly  sewn  into  a  sack 
kept  for  the  purpose  of  storing  away  the  caretaker's 
cleaning  materials.  This  seemed  to  be  the  only 
chance  of  replacing  part  of  the  lost  material,  but 
finally  the  keeper  confessed  that  the  embroideries 
representing  the  woodlawn  scenes  were  used  to  line 
his  own  trousers  as  well  as  those  of  his  boy.  The 
indignation  of  the  French  authorities  was  hardly 
justifiable  when  we  think  that  each  small  piece  of 
these  tapestries  is  worth  the  paltry  sum  of  several 
hundred  pounds.  We  feel  the  Government  might 
pay  these  poor  devils  enough  to  clothe  themselves — 
if  not  with  cooler  garments  at  least  \vith  less  expen- 
sive ones. 


n 


Stanley  Parl(,  Tnrn-to,  in  danger  of  being  sold 
in  order  lo  purchase  a  larger  tract  some  miles 
out — poor   logic. 


IN  THE  DESIRE  to  sell  Stanley  Park,  Toron- 
to, we  are  up  against  the  question  which  comes  along 
each  year,  no  matter  what  the  personnel  of  the  city 
authorities  may  be.  Every  city  seems  to  suffer  from 
similar  idiotic  desires  on  the  part  of  its  council  to 
either  dispose  of  the  parks  or  else  rob  them  of  their 
usefulness  by  granting  space  for  civic  or  art  buildings. 
It  IS  one  constant  struggle  for  New  York  city  to  keep 
their  Central  Park  intact.  If  a  pumping  station  is 
needed  the  narrow-minded  councillors  begin  at  once 
to  select  which  corner  they  can  confiscate;  if  some 
philanthropist  donates  several  thousand  to  the  erec- 
tion of  a  structure,  intended  mostly  to  glorify  his 
name,  he  usually  tacks  on  the  assinine  clause — to  be 
given  if  placed  in  a  prominent  locality.  So  the  fathers 
argue  what  more  desirable  spot  than  the  boys'  play- 
ground, and  it  takes  one  big  struggle  to  beat  them 
back.  Now  Toronto  is  called  upon  to  sell  Stanley 
Park — a  most  useful  playground  in  the  heart  of  a 
populous  neighborhood.  What  is  the  argument? 
If  we  sell  this  park  we  can  purchase  a  much  larger 
tract  several  miles  out.  Fine  logic  that.  If  there  is 
need  ahead  of  a  park  which  will  be  useful  to  the  chil- 
dren some  ten  years  hence,  by  all  means  let  the  city 
purchase  it,  but  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that 
the  city  needs  Stanley  Park  more  to-day  than  ever 
before,  and  will  need  it  five  years  hence  more  than 
now.  Experience  teaches  us  that  these  insane  ideas 
will  permeate  the  atmosphere  every  so  often,  hut  we 
are  proud  of  the  fact  that  the  people  appreciate  the 
value  of  such  parks  and  emphatically  say  No  to  all 
such  suggestions. 


<  i  ^ 

o  5  d 

S  ^  £ 

^  3  O 

^  m  n' 

■^  o 


21.5 


214 


CONSTRUCTION 


The   Graphic   Arts   Building,   Toronto 


F.  S.  Baker,  Architect 


TORONTO'S  RAPID  GROWTH  in  size 
as  well  as  artistic  merit  is  evidenced  in  the 
new  Graphic  Arts  Building.  The  structure 
was  built  to  accommodate  the  publishing  house  of 
H.  Gagnier,  Limited,  and  the  engraving  firm  of 
Grip,  Limited.  To  properly  provide  for  two  com- 
panies so  vastly  different  in  their  scope  of  work  was 
a  problem  quite  complex  and  of  an  unusual  charac- 
ter. How  creditably  this  has  been  accomplished  is 
best  shown  by  the  general  arrangement  of  the  plans 
and  the  facility  with  which  each  concern  is  able  to 
transact  its  tremendous  business. 

The  building  is  located  at  the  intersection  of  Rich- 
mond and  Sheppard  Streets,  and  stands  as  a  monu- 
ment to  the  great  commercial  activities  of  Toronto. 
Designed  in  a  modern  English  adaptation  of  the 
Italian  Renaissance,  it  presents  a  dignified  appear- 
ance. The  base  course  is  raised  so  as  to  provide 
ample  light  in  the  basement  and  is  broken  only  by 
the  two  entrances.  Rising  above  this  course  are 
massive  engaged  columns  extending  through  three 
stones  which  support  a  fitting  cornice  and  balustrade. 
The  columns  are  tied  together  at  each  floor  with 
bands  of  stone,  varied  in  treatment  to  suit  the  needs 
of  each  story.  A  wrought  iron  balcony  is  placed  at 
the  second  floor  which  gives  the  necessary  touch  to 
what  might  otherwise  prove  a  monotonous  effect. 
The  windows  are  large  so  as  to  furnish  the  maximum 
amount  of  light  and  are  designed  so  as  not  to  sacrifice 


.  i-tn  .  . 


CJ 


either  strength  or  elegance  to  the  general  effect.  The 
fourth  floor  is  hidden  by  the  cornice  treatment,  but 
so  planned  as  to  secure  plenty  of  daylight  on  all 
sides. 

The  two  main  facades  are  designed  in  Indiana 
and  Roman  stone  of  pleasing  texture,  the  light  tone 
of  which  softens  the  cold  atmosphere  usually  pre- 
vailing in  buildings  erected  of  this  material.  The 
window  sashes  are  pivoted  and  brought  near  to  the 
floor,  which  in  turn  are  protected  by  means  of  the 
balconies. 

One  of  the  charming  pieces  of  detail  is  the  main 
entrance,  which  leads  through  bronze  doors  into  the 
rotunda.  This  rotunda  is  finished  in  Canadian 
marbles  up  to  the  coffered  fibrous  plastered  ceiling. 
At  the  sides  are  screens  glazed  with  leaded  glass  of 
unusual  character.  The  revolving  door  and  other 
wood  work  is  of  mahogany,  the  stairs  leading  to  the 
landing  opening  into  the  two  main  divisions  are  of 
marble,  and  the  balustrade  of  bronze.  The  doors 
to  the  right  enter  the  offices  of  H.  Gagnier,  Limited, 
\vhile  those  on  the  left  give  access  to  Grip,  Limited. 
One  passenger  elevator,  opening  into  each  office,  is 
situated  directly  inside  the  entrance  lobby  and  runs 
to  all  floors. 

The  main  office  of  H.  Gagnier,  Limited,  has  a 
Circassian  walnut  dado  five  feet  six  inches  in  height, 
above  which  imitation  Caen  stone  extends  to  the 
ceiling.  At  the  entrance  corner  of  the  office,  which 
is  45  by  60  feet,  is  a  public  space  with  floor  of  marble 


r.ASEMEXT    PLAN. 


T     l-I.dOK     1M,\X. 


215 


216 


CONSTRUCT/ON 


C  O  \  S   T  R   LC  T  I  O  ,V 


:|-I'H'E    III-     II 


iACMilK.    l.IMlTi;] 


mosaic,  dado  and  counter  of  Canadian  marble. 
Adjacent  to  the  mam  office  is  the  manager's  suite, 
consisting  of  his  private  office  and  the  secretary's 
room.  Here  the  Circassion  walnut  panels  are  carried 
to  the  ceiling  and  matched  so  as  to  lend  a  varied 
charm  to  each  one.  Accommodations  have  been 
made  for  a  large  recessed  safe  and  wash  basin  so  as 
not  to  break  the  harmonious  treatment  of  the  pilaster 
and  panel  effect.  The  fireplace  is  faced  with  Cana- 
dian marble  and  possesses  some  delicate  carving;  the 
celling  is  of  hard  plaster  finished  in  ivory  tints,  and 
the  floor  of  highly  polished  black  walnut. 

To  the  left  of  the  entrance  rotunda  are  the  offices 
of  Grip,  Limited,  arranged  with  public  space  into 
which  the  passenger  elevator  opens  and  screened  by 
walnut  counters  and  gates.  The  main  office,  48  by 
65  feet,  has  a  four-foot  dado  of  Circassian  walnut 
above  which  is  imitation  Caen  stone.  The  manager's 
room  maintains  the  character  of  the  other  office  with 
a  high  dado  and  fireplace  of  Canadian  marble. 

Both  of  these  offices,  which  occupy  the  first  floor, 
open  directly  into  the  side  entrance  halKvay,  which 
accommodates  also  a  passenger  and  freight  elevator 
in  addition  to  the  main  staircase. 

The  basement  is  planned  as  a  printing  office  with 
solid  foundations  underneath  the  large  presses  in 
order  to  prevent  vibration.  A  sidewalk  area  and 
hoist  for  shipping  and  receiving  has  been  placed  on 


the  west  side.  Part  of  the  basement  is  separated  and 
contains  the  tubular  boilers,  domestic  hot  water  appa- 
ratus, foundry  for  casting  type-metal,  coal  storage, 
ash  carriers,  hoist,  water  sumps,  etc.  The  floor  is  of 
maple,  the  walls  and  ceiling  of  cement  plaster. 

On  the  second  floor  are  located  the  library,  edi- 
torial offices  of  "Saturday  Night,"  "Construction," 
several  other  publications,  and  the  composing  room. 
This  floor,  as  well  as  the  other  floors  above,  are 
finished  in  mahoganized  birch  with  maple  floors, 
burlap  dado,  and  tinted  walls.  The  thud  floor  ac- 
commodates a  circulation  department,  bindery,  and 
art  room;  the  fourth  floor  provides  for  the  engraving 
department,  shipping  room  and  stock  room:  the  fifth 
floor  contains  two  large  photographic  galleries  with 
.skylights  so  arranged  as  to  be  warmed  by  steam  coils 
and  cooled  by  water  sprays. 

Ample  lavatories  ha\e  been  arranged  throughout 
the  building  with  tiled  floors  and  walls  to  a  height  of 
seven  feet.  A  system  of  dure  stone  sinks  and  tile 
drainage  for  conducting  acids  to  the  street  drain  has 
been  installed. 

Indirect  lighting  is  used  throughout  and  each  floor 
IS  operated  by  few  switches.  A  complete  automatic 
sprinkler  system  has  been  installed  in  addition  to  the 
usual  standpipe  and  hose. 

The  cost  of  the  building,  exclusive  of  furnishings, 
was  20  cents  per  cubic  foot. 


218 


CONSTRUCTION 


z 

o 

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r-.   o 

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s  5 


CONSTRUCTION 


210 


T\\(i     MAIX    (il'J-K'i:>    (IN     FIRST    FLII"K. 

GRAPHIC    ARTS    BUILDING,    TORONTO. 

F.   S.    i:\KHr;.   ARCHITECT. 


CONSTRUCT/ON 


z    < 


CONSTRUCTION 


lil'TAII.S    n|.-    I'.XTI'RIiiR. 

GRAPHIC  ARTS  BUILDING,  TORONTO. 

1-.    S.    BAKER.     \m  IIII'ECT. 


fLtVAr.^vN  iC.CHMCMD     SteccT 


CONSTRUCTION 


"  The    Arts   Club,    Limited,"    Montreal 


EDWARU    &■    W.    S.    MAXWELL.    Architects 


THE  ARTS  CLUB  owes  its  inception  to  a 
group  of  artists,  architects  and  amateur  paint- 
ers, who  have  been  in  the  habit  of  meeting  in 
the  studio  of  Mr.  Maurice  Cullen,  R.C.A.,  to  paint 
from  the  model  on  Saturday  afternoons.  The  sug- 
gestion that  an  Art  Club  be  formed  and  suitable 
quarters  procured  was  met  with  enthusiasm.  It  was 
agreed  that  permanent  quarters  were  desirable  and 
a  temporary  committee  was  formed  to  see  if  sufficient 
money  could  be  raised  to  purchase  a  building.  The 
usual  difficulties  incidental  to  financing  the  under- 
taking were  encountered,  but  in  the  end  an  amount 
was  subscribed  which  enabled  the  committee  to  pur- 
chase an  old  house  at  No.  5 1  Victoria  street,  and 
during  the  spring  of  last  year  plans  were  prepared 
and  the  contracts  let   for  the  necessary  alterations. 

It  IS  well  to  men- 
tion that  a  provisional 
lease  was  arranged 
with  a  decorator 
W'hereby  the  club 
undertook  to  provide 
a  store  on  the  ground 
floor.  This  greatly 
facilitated  the  financ- 
ing and  enabled  the 
committee  to  see  their 
way  clear  to  make 
the  club  a  success 
without  inflating  the 
membership. 

The  membership 
consists  of  profession- 
al painters,  sculptors, 
architects  and  musi- 
cians, and  amateurs 
who  have  ability  in 
these  directions,  as 
well  as  others  who  by 
their  interest  and 
sympathy  are  quali- 
fied to  enter  into  the 
spirit  of  such  a  club. 
Each  month  there 
IS  held  an  exhibition 
of  works  of  art,  an- 
cient or  modern,  seri- 
ous or  otherwise;  and 
on  these  occasions  the 
opening  evening  is 
enlivened  by  music, 
song  and  good  fel- 
lowship, a  c  c  o  m- 
panied  by  "church-  ,^  .^^_ 
wardens"  and  liquid,  «*^^-^S-;3r-^«5SS*s 
as  well   as  solid   re-  "THE  ARTS  CLL: 


freshment.  So  far  the  following  exhibitions  have 
been  held:  Pictures  by  Canadian  artists;  Japanese 
prints  and  paintings;  a  fakir  show;  and  a  memorial 
exhibition  of  Mr.  Henri  Julien's  work.  The  fakir 
show  exhibits  were  auctioned  for  the  benefit  of  the 
club  and  from  the  amount  received  it  is  evident  that 
Montrealers  are  partial  to  advanced  art  movements. 
Several  times  a  week  lunch  is  served  in  the  club 
and  during  the  evening  a  fair  number  use  the  club 
room  and  the  billiard  room. 

The  old  building  consisted  of  the  usual  three 
story  and  basement  dwelling  with  a  mansard  roof — 
four  rooms  to  a  floor,  quite  uninteresting  in  every 
respect.  The  alterations  and  additions  have  provided 
a  store  on  the  ground  floor,  the  tenant,  Mr.  Duncan 
Eraser,  fitting  up  the  interior  in  such  a  way  as  to 
obtain  good  reception 
rooms,  a  "studio"  in 
which  to  show  his 
merchandise,  and  a 
good  sized  workshop 
with  a  mezzanine 
story  above. 

The  club  is  en- 
tered from  an  exterior 
vestibule,  which  has 
a  Grueby  red  tile 
floor  and  walls  of 
rough  cast  with  tiles 
inserted  at  intervals. 
At  the  head  of  the 
staircase  is  a  small 
hall  with  access  to 
the  billiard  room,  the 
coat  room,  the  stew- 
ard's supply  room, 
a  n  d,  towards  the 
rear,  to  the  exhibition 
corridor  and  main 
club  room. 

The  billiard  room, 
which  occupies  the 
whole  front  of  the 
building,  contains  an 
English  table.  The 
decorative  scheme 
consists  of  grey  wavy 
grass  cloth  with  tap- 
estry curtains  in 
which  green  predom- 
inates. The  ceiling 
has  four  plaster 
I'eams  supported  on 
^tone  corbels,  and  the 
windows  are  of 
.\L,  gL  L.  square  lead  quarries. 


224 


CONSTRUCTION 


irKxirrui:. 


The  exhibition  conidor  has  a  beamed  ceiling  of 
chestnut,  and  the  walls  are  covered  with  grey  fabri- 
kona  cloth,  while  the  lighting  is  by  the  indirect  sys- 
tem. This  leads  to  the  large  club  room,  the  arched 
entrance  having  stone  reveals. 

The  club  room  offered  an  interesting  problem  to 
solve,  as  it  was  necessary  to  have  conditions  of  light- 
ing similar  to  those  in  a  picture  gallery,  and  at  the 
same  time  retain  a  homelike  atmosphere.  After  con- 
siderable study  a  hall  of  Tudor  type  was  decided  on 
and  the  general  form  of  the  room,  with  the  use  of 
deep  stone  reveals  is  obviously  inspired  by  the  period. 
The  room  is  21  feet  6  inches  wide  and  41  feet  long, 
the  ceiling  being  I  5  feet  high.  At  the  rear  is  a  large 
mullioned  window  having  squares  of  leaded  glass, 
while  at  either  side  cupboards  are  recessed  into  the 
wall.  The  opposite  end  of  the  room  has  an  entrance 
in  the  form  of  a  Tudor  arch  with  a  decorated  lunette 
by  Mr.  Maurice  Cullen,  R.C.A.  The  shimmering 
effect  of  the  gold  background  shovs'ing  between  the 
paint,  applied  in  the  manner  of  the  "pointillists,"  is 
excellent.  A  mediaeval  castle  towers  above  the  mist 
and  in  the  clouds  appears  a  winged  Pegasus. 

In  this  wall  is  a  casement  window  set  in  a  deep 
framework  of  the  same  stone  treatment.  Above  the 
window  is  a  decoration  by  Mr.   Clarence  Gagnon, 


A.R.C.A.,  showing  the  Baie  St.  Paul  in  winter  garb. 
The  dominating  feature  of  the  room  is  a  mantel 
piece  occupying  the  centre  of  the  south  wall.  A 
massive  carved  beam  supported  by  stone  corbels, 
which  enter  into  the  constructive  brickwork  of  the 
chimney-piece,  was  used  in  place  of  the  usual  shelf. 
This  beam  recalls  in  its  detail  the  treatment  found  in 
the  gables  of  half-timber  houses  in  England.  The 
carving  is  executed  in  the  old  spirit,  while  an  inter- 
esting finish  resembhng  driftwood  has  been  obtained 
by  brushing  the  wood  with  a  wire  brush,  acid  staining 
and  a  filler  of  dust  color.  The  bricks  are  "Scotch 
scones,"  9  x  I  x  4[  i  inches,  such  as  the  steel  com- 
panies use  for  lining  furnaces.  The  color  varies 
from  buff  to  a  low  keyed  brown  and  the  raked  out 
joints  give  character  to  the  work.  The  sloping  hood 
of  sanded  plaster  was  painted  and  then  subdued  by 
a  stain  into  which  a  powder  of  pale  dust  color  was 
introduced  somewhat  unevenly.  The  same  finish  is 
on  the  sanded  ceilings.  Over  the  beam  of  the  mantel 
a  panel  has  been  arranged,  which  will  receive  a  de- 
coration by  Mr.  Wm.  Brymner,  P. R.C.A.  The 
frame  surrounding  the  panel  is  well  carved  and  sur- 
mounted by  the  monogram  of  the  club  and  a  crown. 
The  stone  blocks  at  either  side  of  the  mantel  support 
early    French   carved   and   colored   wood    figures  of 


CO^STRl'CTlO   ;V 


fourteenth  and  sixteenth  century  workmanship.  Seit 
fenders  and  a  herringbone  hearth  of  the  same  brick 
complete  the  design. 

The  andirons  and  fire  tools  are  of  Paul  Beau's 
excellent  workmanship. 

The  walls  are  covered  with  a  Japanese  gold  grass 
cloth  of  a  deep  rich  tone,  and  are  equipped  with  a 
heavy  picture  moulding  under  the  stone  cornices  and 
a  lighter  one  set  about  7  feet  6  inches  from  the  floor. 
They  are  covered  with  grass  cloth,  which  renders 
them  almost  invisible. 

The  ceiling  beams  are  of  plaster  excellently  mod- 
elled in  the  Elizabethan  style  bv  Mr.  Geo.  W.  Hill, 

A.R.C.A. 

The  radiators  are  screened  with  coil  cases,  ha\ing 
pierced  bronze  grille  tops.  This  method  of  screening 
is  quite  practical  and  the  tops  are  at  a  level  which 
enables  them  to  be  used  for  exhibiting  sculpture  and 
decorative  objects. 

Under  the  large  window  there  is  an  Elizabethan 
bench  with  cupboards  of  pedestal  form  at  either  end. 
A  radiator  is  back  of  the  seat,  and  with  this  disposi- 
tion there  is  no  draught  from  the  window,  while  the 
radiators   are  out  of   sight. 

Reflectors  of  unusual  type  are  suspended  from  six 
points  in  the  ceiling,  and  the  lighting  of  the  walls  is 


excellent,  though  the  usual  disfiguring  trough  is  dis- 
pensed with.  A  supplementary  system  of  table 
lamps  with  grass  cloth  shades  furnishes  a  more  home- 
like and  agreeable  lighting  for  ordinary  occasions. 
At  either  side  of  the  mantel  are  sixteenth  century 
wrought  iron  cranes  con\erted  into  electric  fixtures 
by  Mr.  Paul  Beau. 

The  furniture  consists  of  a  massive  Elizabethan 
table  in  the  centre  of  the  room,  upholstered  sofas  and 
arm  chairs,  covered  with  a  vigorous  pattern  of  verdure 
tapestry,  and  reproductions  of  old  Windsor  chairs. 

There  is  a  double  skylight,  heated  by  coils;  the 
inner  pivoted  lights  being  glazed  with  ground  antique 
glass  which,  when  open,  give  excellent  ventilation. 
The  rugs  are  of  Persian  workmanshi|i.  c|Uiet  and 
deep  in  color  and  tone. 

The  top  floor  of  the  building  contains  the  care- 
taker's quarters,  consisting  of  bedroom,  bathroom, 
and  kitchen,  with  a  small  room  leading  to  the  roof 
terrace  on  Victoria  street. 

The  exterior  may  be  called  rather  Spanish  in  type, 
the  walls  being  of  cement  rough  cast  of  fine  grain, 
with  a  cornice  in  the  nature  of  sloping  eaves,  covered 
with  Ludovici  dull  sea  green  tiles.  The  large  square 
opening  affords  a  suitable  treatment  for  the  entrance 
to  the  club  and  the  store  front. 


226 


CONSTRUCTION 


ll.b'li    KllOM 
CdliHIIlCH 


"the   arts   club,"    MONTREAL. 


K.    &    \V.    S.    MAXWELL, 
ARCHITECTS. 


The   Ontario   Club,    Toronto 


WALTER  N.  MOORHOUSH 


THE  TASK  presented  to  Sproatt  &  Rolph, 
architects,  in  altering  the  old  Standard  Bank 
building  located  at  the  corner  of  Jordan  and 
Wellington  streets,  was  of  an  unusual  nature,  and 
furnished  an  interesting  problem  both  from  an  archi- 
tectural standpoint  and  as  an  engineering  undertak- 
ing. On  the  one  hand  were  the  requirements  of  a 
first-class  club  such  as  the  Ontario  Club;  on  the 
other,  a  building  of  clumsy  design  and  solid  con- 
struction occupied  by  a  banking  establishment  and  a 
firm  of  wholesale  clothiers. 

The  chief  difficulties  in  the  construction  and  de- 
sign of  the  interior  were:  (I)  The  floors  of  the 
building  had  to  be 
fireproofed  accordmg 
to  city  by-laws.  The 
existing  mansard  roof 
was  supported  by 
temporary  trusses  1 6 
feet  deep  and  nearly 
60  feet  span,  con- 
structed    with     t  h  e 

floor    joists    as    they 
were  removed.  These 

trusses    were    placed 

so  as  not  to  interfere 

with   the   erection   of 

the     new     columns. 

All   the    floors    were 

then    torn    out    and 

steel  rods  with  turn- 
buckles  were  carried 

across  the  building  to 

act    as    ties.      When 

the      whole      interior 

\vas      removed,      the 

work   of  placing   the 

footings  began.    The 

dead  loads  due  to  the 

fireproof  construction 

were   so   great   as    to 

necessitate  the  use  of 

wall   columns.      The 

footings      o  f      these 

were  placed  one  at  a  time  with  great  care  so  as  not 

to  disturb  the  unbraced  shell  of  the  building,  over 

80  feet  in  height.  Underpinning  walls  were  built  on 

each  side  of  the  footing  vsith  grooves  so  placed  that 

a  firm  bond  was  obtained  with  the  mam  column  foot- 
ing when  the  concrete  was  poured. 

The  confined  space  presented  great  difficulties  to 
the  steel  erectors.  There  was  very  httle  room  to 
operate  a  derrick  of  suitable  proportions,  and  when 
the  steel  was  placed  it  was  exceedingly  difficult  to 
do  the  rivetting  at  the  walls,  on  account  of  the  near- 
ness of  the  existing  masonry.      As  the  framing  ap- 


proached the  existing  roof,  the  problem  became  more 
arduous.  The  work  of  placing  the  steel  roof  beams 
on  top  of  the  columns,  under  the  existing  roof  joists 
was  exceedingly  strenuous,  as  very  little  efficient 
mechanical  aid  could  be  used  on  account  of  the  con- 
finement of  the  space.  As  soon  as  these  beams  were 
placed,  the  temporary  trusses  and  tie  rods  were  cut 
away  and  removed,  and  the  wall  columns  firmly 
anchored  to  the  existing  masonry. 

(2)  Adapting  the  planning  and  interior  design 
suitable  for  the  purpose  to  existing  window  openings. 

(3)  Concealment  of  pipes,  ducts,  etc.  These 
were    many    in    number,    some    of    large    size,    and 

were  only  exposed  in 
unimportant     1  o  c  a- 
^  tions. 

In  plan  the  en- 
trance hall  leads  di- 
rectly into  the  main 
dining  room,  which, 
with  the  servery,  oc- 
cupies the  remainder 
of  the  first  floor.  An 
elevator  and  stairway 
lead  from  the  hall 
down  to  the  mem- 
bers' cloak  room, 
lavatories  and  barber 
shop  in  the  basement 
and  up  to  the  other 
rooms  of  the  club.  A 
gallery  overlooking 
the  dining  room 
forms  a  break  in  the 
main  stairway  and 
affords  a  good  {joint 
of  view  of  any  func- 
tion taking  place  in 
the  dining  room. 

The  main  stair 
continues  to  the  sec- 
ond floor,  which  ac- 
commodates the  club 
loLi.qge  library,  mag- 
azine  room   and   two   private   dining   rooms. 

The  third  floor  is  occupied  by  the  billiard  room, 
two  card  rooms  and  a  lavatory.  The  billiard  room 
is  furnished  with  seven  English  and  one  American 
billiard  tables. 

The  fourth  and  fifth  floors  are  divided  into  mem- 
bers' living  quarters.  A  capacious  kitchen  occupies 
about  one-third  of  the  whole  fifth  floor  and  efficient 
service  accommodation  is  arranged  for  in  the  rear 
hall  on  all  floors. 

The  outside  walls  and  roof  are  all  that  remain  of 
the  original  structure,  as  has  been  stated.     The  floor 


CONSTRUCTION 


<\\\\C.    KdiiM — LMiiKlNl,    I'KOM    ANli    TnWAUllS    •nil-:    1; AI.Cl IX Y. 

THE  ONTARIO  CLUB,   TORONTO,   ONT. 

SPROATT   &    RULPH,   ARCHITECTS. 


CONSTRUCTION 


2J'' 


READING   ROOM. 

CLur.  Roo^r. 


THE  ONTARIO  CLUB,   TORONTO,   ONT. 


^I'KOATT   \    Kill. I'll, 
ARrniTKCTS. 


230 


CONSTRUCTION 


framing  is  steel  with  reinforced  concrete  slabs  and  a 
cinder  concrete  fill  around  wood  sleepers  to  take  the 
finished  flooring.  The  partitions,  except  in  the  base- 
ment, are  metal,  being  formed  of  ^g  i"-  st^el  channels 
wired  together  and  metal  lathed.  Ceiling  furring 
IS  done  in  a  similar  manner,  rod  hangers  having  been 
placed  in  the  slab  where  required.  Conduits  for 
electric  wiring  were  placed  in  the  forms  before  pour- 
ing of  concrete,  as  also  were  sleeves  for  pipes,  etc. 
Beams  and  columns  in  all  cases  were  encased  in 
concrete.  The  old  roof  and  mansard  were  thorough- 
ly fireproofed  with  asbestos  board  and  the  spaces 
between  the  joists  packed  with  mineral  wool. 

The  entrance  hall  is  treated  in  a  formal  manner 
with  Caen  stone  walls;  floor  of  tile  with  Laurentian 
marble  laid  diagonally,  and  a  green  Bancroft  border 
and  base;  and  stairway  of  an  ornamental  design  in 
solid  bronze. 

The  dining  room  is  in  dark  oak,  wax  finish,  with 
panelling  I  I  feet  high;  a  frieze  decorated  with  crim- 
son damask  and  the  ceiling  of  beam  treatment  in 
oak. 

The  club  room  is  panelled  in  oak  8  feet  high, 
having  a  frieze  decorated  with  tapestry  and  a  plaster 
beamed  ceiling.  The  general  character  of  the  design 
is  carried  through  the  other  rooms  on  the  floor.  The 
billiard   room   is   also   finished   in   oak   in   a   colonial 


design,  which  is  in  keeping  with  its  intended  use. 

The  bedroom  floors  are  treated  in  pine,  white 
enamelled,  with  floors  of  birch.  In  the  basement  the 
lavatories  and  barber  shop  have  white  Italian  marble 
walls  and  terrazzo  floors,  while  the  kitchen,  servery 
and  bath  rooms  have  terrazzo  floors  and  white  tiled 
•.vails.  The  members'  stair  from  the  gallery  to  the 
fifth  floor  IS  bronze  plated  with  white  Italian  marble 
rreads  and  green  Bancroft  strings. 

The  lighting  fixtures  in  the  main  rooms  are  bronze 
finish  and  of  distinctive  design.  The  semi-indirect 
fixtures  in  the  entrance  hall  are  of  Italian  workman- 
ship, in  alabaster. 

In  order  to  obtain  the  maximum  of  comfort  for  the 
members,  considerable  study  was  made  of  existing 
work  of  similar  character  the  question  of  efficient 
service  being  given  the  greatest  consideration.  The 
various  cooked  meats,  etc.,  are  carried  down  from 
the  kitchen  in  electric  dumb  waiters  and  placed 
directly  in  a  steam  table  in  the  servery.  The  circu- 
lation from  the  dining  room  through  the  servery  is 
such  that  there  can  be  no  congestion,  the  fixtures 
being  so  placed  that  a  waiter  can  pass  directly 
through  in  one  direction  only,  depositing  dirty  dishes 
as  he  enters  and  procuring  whatever  he  requires  be- 
fore re-entering  the  dining  room.  The  system  of 
checking  supplies  throughout  is  a  most  efficient  one. 


CONSTRUCT/ON 


and  the  plan  has  been  arranged  in  accordance  with 
this  system.  The  control  of  the  dumb  waiters  facili- 
tates service  on  the  other  floors  as  may  be  required 
and  an  additional  electric  dumb  waiter  from  the  wine 
cellar  and  bar  to  the  various  floors  takes  care  of  this 
important  branch  of  club  service.  In  connection  with 
orders  to  the  bar,  a  gravity  tube  system  is  used. 

The  kitchen  fixtures  and  dish  washing  apparatus, 
etc.,  in  the  servery  are  supplied  with  live  steam  from 
a  boiler  separate  from  the  steam  heating  plant.  The 
hot  water  for  the  lavatories,  etc.,  is  also  an  indepen- 
dent service. 

The  elevator  equipment  is  electric  and  consists  of 
a  freight  hoist  of  one  ton  capacity  and  a  passenger 
elevator,  in  addition  to  the  three  dumb  waiters  al- 
ready mentioned. 

The  steam  heating  plant  consists  of  a  tubular 
boiler,  1  4  feet  long  by  4  feet  6  inches  diameter,  the 
radiators  being  equipped  throughout  with  thermo- 
grade  valves  set  to  operate  at  half-pound  pressure. 
An  electric  automatic  pump  controls  the  returns  to 
a  sump.  In  addition  there  is  an  indirect  heating 
system  supplying  the  main  rooms  with  warm  air,  the 
registers  being  placed  near  the  ceiling.  The  air  from 
the  intake  is  first  passed  through  a  water  curtain 
washer  and  over  vento  steam  coils.  An  automatic 
control  regulates  the  humidity  of  the  various  rooms. 


The  exhaust  \entilation  is  taken  care  of  by  two 
separate  systems,  one  fan  serving  the  main  rooms, 
exhausting  from  both  ceiling  and  floor  registers,  and 
one  the  serveries  and  lavatories.  These  fans  are 
direct  connected  and  are  situated  on  the  roof. 

Two  lins  of  piping  serve  the  building  with  connec- 
tions for  vacuum  cleaning,  the  machine  being  placed 
in  the  basement.  A  complete  refrigerating  plant  pro- 
vides the  club  with  ice,  and  supplies  cooling  coils  for 
the  refrigerators  in  the  servery  and  in  three  large  cold 
rooms  off  the  kitchen. 

The  plumbing  throughout  is  of  the  most  modern 
design,  the  members'  toilets  being  operated  by  a 
flushometer  tank  situated  on  the  roof.  The  fittings 
of    the    lavatories    throughout    are    Primus   pattern. 

The  barber  shop  is  fitted  with  three  chairs  and  a 
shoe-shine  fixture. 

The  members'  li\ing  quarters  are  equipped  in  the 
most  up-to-date  manner  each  bedroom  having  a 
clothes  closet,  basin,  and  telephone.  The  phones 
are  operated  from  a  switch  board  in  the  porter's 
office,  with  twenty-six  private  stops.  A  members' 
telephone  is  placed  on  each  floor  close  to  the  main 
stairway.  The  club  has  a  complete  annunciator  bell 
system,  and  speaking  tubes,  and  is  piped  for  gas  in 
the  servants'  quarters  in  case  of  any  accident  hap- 
pening to  the  electric  lighting. 


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QCNSTRUCTDN 

A-  JOURNAL-  FOR  THE    ARCHITECTURAL 

ENGINEERING  •  AI«JD  •  CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  •  OF    CANADA 


FREDERICK    REED.  Ea.tor 

H.  GAGNIER.  LIMITED,  PUBLISHERS 

(•(.rnei-    Ricliiiioiid    :in.l    Slu-pp.-ird    Slieets, 
Toronto,  -  -  Canada 


BRANCH   OFFICES  : 

MONTREAL-171  St.  James  Street 

WINNIPEG,  MAN.     13  Royal  Bank  Building 

VANCOUVER-334  Granville  Street 

CHICAGO     Advertising  Building 

NEW    YORK-156  Slh  Avenue 


CORRESPONDENCE — All  correspondence  should  be  addressed 
to  "CONSTRUCTION."  ('..nicr  Rirhnion.l  and  Shepparil 
Streets.    Toronto.    Canada. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS— Canada  and  Great  Britain.  $3.00  per  annum. 
United  States,  the  Continent  and  all  Postal  Union  countries, 
?4  00    pel-   annum,    in    advance.      Single    copies,    35c. 

ADVERTISEMENTS — ^Changes  of.  or  new  advertisements  must 
reach  the  Head  Office  not  later  than  the  first  of  the  month 
preceding  publication,  to  ensure  in.sertion.  Mailing  date  is 
on  the  tenth  of  each  month.  Adverti.sing  rates  on  application, 

CONTRIBUTIONS — The  Editor  will  be  glad  to  consider  con- 
tributions deahng  with  matters  of  general  interest  to  the 
readers  of  this  JournaJ.  When  pa.vment  is  desired,  this  fact 
should  be  stated.  We  are  always  glad  to  receive  the  loan  of 
photographs  and  plans  of  interesting  Canadian  work.  The 
originals   will    be    caiefull.v    preseived    and    duly    returned. 

Entered    as   Second   Class   Matte 
Canada. 


in   the   Post   Office   at   Toronto. 


Vol.  6         Toronto,  June,   1913 


No.  (> 


CURRENT  TOPICS 

y.  N.  SEMMENS  of  Winnipeg  was  the  architect 
in  charge  of  the  Bank  of  Montreal  illustrated  in  the 
April  issue  of  "Construction." 

THE  SASKATOON  Architects'  Association 
has  adopted  a  resolution  providing  that  the  plans  and 
specifications  for  all  new  buildings  to  be  erected  shall 
be  placed  on  deposit  in  the  offices  of  the  Builders' 
Exchange. 

POINT E  CLAIRE  will  build  a  new  boulevard 
one  hundred  feet  in  width.  This  driveway  will  run 
along  the  brow  of  the  hill  parallel  to  Lake  St.  Louis 
and  will  present  magnificent  views  of  the  valley  and 
lake  below.  The  boulevard  will  extend  from  Bea- 
consfield  to  Doival. 


A  MEETING  of  the  Council  of  the  R.A.LC. 
will  be  held  in  the  rooms  of  the  Ontario  Association 
of  Architects,  94  King  street  west,  Toronto,  on 
Tuesday,  17th  June,  1913,  at  10  o'clock  a.m.  for 
the  organization  of  the  1913  General  Annual 
Assembly,  and  the  transaction  of  any  other  business 
that  may  arise. 

BUILDING  OPERATIONS  in  Regina  are 
surpassing  former  records.  The  main  buildings  being 
erected  are  the  Grand  Trunk  hotel,  costing  $2,000,- 
000;  Sherwood  department  store,  $1,000,000;  Mc- 
Callum,  Hill,  ten  story  structure,  facing  Victoria 
square;  churches,  colleges,  and  hundreds  of  residen- 
tial houses. 

CONSIDERABLE  damage  is  being  done  to  old 
bits  of  architecture  by  the  vibrations  of  the  subway. 
The  latest  building  to  be  affected  is  the  chapel  of  the 
mediaeval  priory  of  Saint-Martin-des-Champs — St. 
Martin  of  the  Fields,  Pans.  The  main  chapel  has 
for  a  century  formed  the  exhibition  hall  of  patent 
inventions  at  the  end  of  the  Conservatory  of  Arts  and 
Trades.  It  is  the  little  old  sacristy  which  has  perished 
at  last,  its  unique  \aulted  roof  falling  in  because  its 
walls  began  falling  out.  In  this  building  the  Gothic 
arch  was  first  employed.  It  was  begun  in  the  year 
1 060,  before  the  abbey  church  of  Saint-Denis, 
which  was  the  first  great  construction  to  make  the 
Gothic  style  known. 

RODIN,  the  famous  sculptor,  is  working  on 
what  IS  considered  to  be  his  masterpiece,  "The  Bi- 
plane. "  It  IS  only  symbolical  and  is  described  by 
many  who  ha\e  seen  it  as  of  marvelous  beauty.  The 
sculpture  consists  of  a  tall,  slender,  unadorned  shaft 
surmounted  by  what  may  be  described  as  a  length- 
ened sphere  on  which  twin  figures  stand  side  by  side, 
their  bodies,  which  almost  touch,  curving  gracefully 
backward.  Their  faces  are  upturned.  Only  one 
foot  of  each  rests  on  the  sphere,  which  seems  to 
spring  from  beneath  them  in  the  moment  of  flight, 
and  their  wings  are  only  half  opened.  The  two 
figures,  which  seem  to  aid  and  support  each  other 
in  flight,  symbolize  the  two  wings  of  the  biplane. 

INTEREST  IS  evidenced  everywhere  over  the 
controversy  between  the  French  Government  and 
George  Grey  Barnard  as  to  the  latter's  right  to 
remove  from  France  the  arches,  columns  and  capitals 
purchased  six  years  ago.  These  architectural  details 
belong  to  the  Abbey  St,  Michel  de  Cruxa,  near 
Prades,  in  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  were  pur- 
chased with  a  removal  proviso.  Mr.  Barnard  has 
repeatedly  shipped  parts  of  the  old  abbey,  including 
some  thirty  columns  and  capitals.  His  idea  is  to 
construct  an  eleventh  century  cloister  in  America  as 
a  permanent  object  lesson  of  mediaeval  art.  The 
Government  is  laying  its  claim  by  classing  the  ruins 
as  public  monuments,  but  the  general  opinion  is  that 
such  action  would  be  impossible  since  the  sculptor 
secured  a  contract  of  purchase  so  long  ago. 


A    Plea  for   a   Better  System   of   Estimating   the  Cost 

of   Buildmgs 


G.  Alexander  Wright,  Licentiate  R.I.B.A. 


THE  evei-incieasing  amount  of  unproductive 
time,  and  usually  money,  which  contractors 
are  called  upon  to  expend  in  preparmg,  gratu- 
itously, quantities,  as  well  as  prices,  often  for  an 
owner's  benefit,  suggests  that  the  time  has  arrived 
when  all  concerned  should  take  up,  and  seriously 
consider,  the  possibility  of  adopting  a  modern  and 
more  sensible  system  of  estimatmg,  such,  for  example, 
as  has  been  long  in  successful  operation  in  older  com- 
munities. Not  a  mere  copying  of  such  methods,  for 
I  advocate  the  creation  of  a  standardized  method  of 
our  own — an  American  system,  practical  above  all 
things;  a  system  that  will  be  in  line  with  our  other- 
wise progressive  building  methods;  a  system  that 
shall  be  clear  and  accurate,  and  that  shall  stand  for 
square  dealing  between  contractor  and  owner — in 
short,  a  system  that  shall  give  every  man  his  due,  no 
more  and  no  less;  a  progressive  system,  free  from 
the  defects  of  other  systems,  such  as  unnecessary 
elaboration,  and  yet  one  that  will  reveal  to  the  bid- 
der, at  a  glance,  the  actual  quantity  of  material  and 
labor  in  a  structure,  in  any  individual  trade.  When 
bidders  are  invited  to  submit  bids,  they  are  theoreti- 
cally asked  of  course  to  submit  competitive  prices, 
but  in  actual  practice  their  bids  are  based  upon  com- 
petitive quantities,  before  the  competition  in  prices 
commences;  which,  in  my  opinion,  is  as  unjust  to  the 
contractor  as  it  is  ridiculous.  A  building  can  only 
contain  a  certain  amount  of  material,  and  no  amount 
of  figuring  by  contractors  against  each  other  can 
make  that  quantity  any  more  or  any  less.  Where, 
then,  is  the  sense  in  a  dozen  or  more  general  con- 
tractors competing  against  each  other  in  taking  quan- 
tities? One  or  more  bidders,  through  being  hurried, 
or  being  unable  to  take  off  the  quantities  accurately, 
leaves  something  out.  What  happens?  Their  bids 
are  consequently  low,  and  the  owner  benefits,  at  the 
low  bidder's  expense,  whilst  the  competent  or  more 
careful  bidder  loses  the  job,  because  his  quantities  are 
more  accurate,  or  because  there  may  have  been  room 
tor  uncertainty  when  figuring  the  plans  and  specifica- 
tions. 

Not  long  ago,  a  general  contractor  (whom  I  have 
Known  over  twenty  years)  told  me  that  if  contractors 
figured  to  do  competitive  work  just  exactly  as  plans 
and  specifications  called  for,  a  man  would  not  get 
"one  job  in  fifty."  Now,  if  this  is  true,  and  person- 
ally I  believe  it  is,  there  is  something  very  rotten  in 
our  methods.  In  my  judgment  it  lies  in  our  anti- 
quated estimating  practices. 

Those  of  us  who  know  something  of  the  unsatis- 


of  San   Fiai.'cisco.    April   liitli.    UH.'!. 


factory  conditions  under  which  bidders  are  often 
obliged  to  figure,  time  after  time  without  result,  have 
realized  that  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  in  time 
and  money  are  taken  from  contractors'  pockets  every 
year,  simply  because  they  do  not,  so  far,  limit  com- 
petition between  themselves  to  the  matter  of  prices. 
They  go  on  competing,  and  I  suggest  gambling,  with 
each  other  as  to  the  quantity  of  material  a  building 
will  take,  whereas  I  contend  that  that  is  a  question 
of  fact,  and  that  competition  in  the  quantities  between 
contractors  never  can,  and  never  will,  in  any  way, 
change  the  fact  that  a  certain  fixed  quantity  of 
material  and  labor  is  necessary  to  do  every  job. 
There  can  be  no  legitimate  competition  in  taking  off 
quantities  of  materials,  except  that  unfortunate  com- 
petition which  bidders  make  themselves  when  they 
take  off  too  much,  or,  as  too  often  happens,  too  little. 

The  legitimate  competition  can  only  come  in  where 
one  man  can  handle  a  job  better  than  another,  or  one 
man  may  have  some  advantage  over  another  in  buy- 
ing, and  so  forth.  All  this  kind  of  competition  is 
legitimate  enough,  but  it  must  be  obvious  that  no 
amount  of  figuring  can  reduce  the  real  quantity  of 
material  which  a  building  will  take,  and  so  my  con- 
tention IS  that  it  would  be  proper  and  fair  to  start  all 
bidders  figuring  upon  the  same  basis,  by  furnishing 
each  with  a  schedule,  or  bill  of  quantities,  shovvnng 
accurately  and  clearly  the  different  quantities  and 
kinds  of  materials  which  the  bidder  is  invited  to 
figure  upon;  and  even  then  there  would  be  plenty  of 
competition  left,  in  placing  profitable  prices  against 
each  item. 

Our  present  method  (or  rather,  want  of  method) 
in  estimating,  and  the  rapid  strides  being  made  in 
construction,  are,  as  I  have  said,  forcing  upon  the 
contractor,  more  and  more  every  year,  an  increasing 
waste  of  time  and  money  in  figuring  out  quantities. 
This  senseless  waste  and  competition  cannot  go  on 
for  ever.  It  has  already  brought  men  to  bankruptcy 
all  over  the  country,  and  has  often  prevented  the 
making  of  a  proper  and  legitimate  profit  among  those 
who  do  succeed  in  keeping  their  heads  above  water. 

This  IS  a  live  question,  and  it  deserves  the  earnest 
consideration  of  all  contractors'  associations  and 
architectural  societies  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
coast. 

No  new  or  untried  principle  is  involved.  It  is 
simply  that  of  a  definite  quantity  of  work,  for  a  de- 
finite amount  of  money.  In  substance  the  owner  says 
"I  want  this  quantity  of  work  done.  The  drawings 
and  specifications  show  you  how  this  quantity  of 
work  IS  to  be  assembled  or  put  together:  Now,  tell 
me  how  much  money  will  this  cost?     I  want  vou  to 


240 


CONSTRUCTION 


do  the  quantity  of  work  called  for;  no  more,  no 
less." 

At  present,  the  successful  bidder  often  says,  in 
effect,  to  an  owner,  "I  will  erect  your  building  ac- 
cording to  plans  and  specifications,"  but — mentally 
— he  says,  "I  do  not  figure  that  it  will  take  as  much 
flooring,  concrete,  plastering,  or  painting  as  my  com- 
petitors think  it  will!"  Let  me  ask.  Is  this  a  proper 
or  fair  competition  between  contractors  themselves? 
Is  it  fair  to  their  own  interests?  There  is  only  one 
individual  who  stands  to  gain  anything  under  such 
imperfect  methods,  the  owner,  and  not  always  he. 

It  may  be  stated  that  the  Quantity  System  is 
equally  applicable  to  engineering  works,  such  as  rail- 
road work,  sewerage  disposal  schemes,  canals,  pump- 
ing stations,  etc. 

Before  proceeding  to  a  further  consideration  of 
this  subject,  I  may  be  pardoned  perhaps  for  express- 
ing the  opinion,  after  having  had  over  twenty  years' 
intimate  experience  with  the  workings  of  the  Quantity 
System  of  estimating,  and  over  another  twenty  years 
in  San  Francisco  (without  any  such  system),  that 
I  know  of  nothing  in  connection  with  the  work  of 
the  contractor  that  would  be  more  beneficial  than  the 
adoption  of  some  equitable  recognized  system  of 
estimating  upon  bills  of  quantities,  and  these  latter 
would  be  equally  valuable,  whether  sub-contracts 
were  eventually  let  or  not. 

It  is  not  the  idea  that  we  accept  the  methods  of 
any  particular  country — the  author  hopes  he  is  too 
much  of  an  American  citizen  to  suggest  that — but 
where  contractors  in  older  communities  favor  a  cer- 
tain system  to  the  exclusion  of  the  very  thing  we 
practice  here,  then  I  suggest  that  we  might  well  stop 
for  a  moment  and  take  notice  of  what  is  being  done. 
For  example,  in  the  year  1909  a  conference  was  held 
m  Great  Britain  between  the  National  Federation 
of  Building  Trade  Employers,  the  Institute  of  Build- 
ers and  the  London  Master  Builders'  Association, 
and  a  resolution  was  adopted  recommending  con- 
tractors who  were  members  of  these  powerful  or- 
ganizations to  decline  to  bid  in  competition  against 
each  other,  unless  bills  of  quantities  were  supplied 
for  their  use  at  the  owner's  expense.  A  deputation 
from  these  contractors'  organizations  afterwards  at- 
tended before  the  principal  body  of  architects,  who 
promised  to  further  the  aims  of  the  contractors  as  far 
as  was  within  their  power;  and  to-day  the  Quantity 
System  is  in  full  operation,  not  only  in  the  case  of 
private  owners,  but  in  all  building  work  for  Govern- 
ment and  municipal  authorities,  and  upon  the  prin- 
ciple that  it  IS  impossible  to  obtain  accurate  bids 
without  accurate  quantities. 

There  must  be  some  good  reason  for  all  this,  and 
I  suggest  that  it  is  worth  consideration  by  any  body 
of  men,  architects  or  contractors,  who  are  endeavor- 
ing to  get  and  to  do  better  work,  and  thus  elevate 
the  building  business  to  the  honorable  position  which 
it  is  entitled  to  occupy,  and  to  bring  about  such 
conditions  as  will  cause  owners  to  hold  the  competent 
architect,  as  well  as  the  contractor,  in  higher  esteem. 


and  not  regard  him,  as  is  too  often  the  case  now, 
with  suspicion. 

Now  let  us  consider,  for  a  moment,  a  few  of  the 
disadvantages  of  existing  methods: 

First — The  time  usually  given  for  figuring  is  far 
too  short  for  the  accurate  taking  off  of  quantities,  in 
addition  to  the  pricing  and  figuring  out  of  the  many 
items.  A  bidder  usually  has  contract  work  in  pro- 
gress, and  other  matters  to  be  attended  to  during  the 
daytime;  other  plans  are  to  be  figured  by  a  certain 
time,  and  but  little  can  be  accomplished  in  the  eight- 
hour  working  day,  and  so  advantage  must  be  taken 
of  the  night  hours,  sometimes  all  night,  and  even 
Sundays  (as  I  happen  to  know),  and  any  other  time. 
Only  those  who  have  worked  under  these  conditions 
and  over  blue  prints  at  night,  hour  after  hour,  taking 
off  items,  can  appreciate  the  many  difficulties,  pitfalls, 
and  liability  to  error  through  figuring  against  time 
after  the  real  work  of  the  business  day  is  over.  But 
the  plans  must  be  returned  first  thing  in  the  morning, 
or  the  bid  must  be  in  by  a  certain  hour  the  next  day. 
Nothing  but  hurry — hurry — hurry.  In  not  a  few- 
cases  more  information  is  necessary;  something  is  not 
quite  clear.  The  plans  and  specifications  do  not 
agree  on  some  point.  Which  is  right?  There  is  no 
time  to  find  out,  the  only  person  who  can  enlighten 
you  IS  asleep,  perhaps,  while  the  careful  estimator  is 
burning  the  midnight  oil,  and  wrestling  with  problems 
which  can  be  avoided  and  entirely  eliminated  under 
a  more  modern  system  of  estimating. 

Again,  the  careful  bidder  who  honestly  tries  to  get 
in  all  the  items,  and  figures  to  do  the  work  as  called 
for,  IS  frequently  beaten  by  a  less  competent  bidder, 
who  forgets  something,  or  who,  maybe,  is  willing 
to  take  a  chance  anyway,  in  order  to  get  the  job. 
True,  omissions  in  lists  of  materials  are  sometimes 
unavoidable,  under  existing  methods,  which  unfor- 
tunately aim  at  speed  rather  than  accuracy. 

It  IS,  to  say  the  least,  disappointing  to  a  careful 
bidder  on  a  large  job  to  find  his  bid  just  above  the 
lowest,  and  after  the  low  man  has  signed  up  the 
contract,  it  develops  that  the  painting,  or  some  such 
item,  was  left  out.  This,  however,  could  not  occur 
with  the  Quantity  System. 

This  IS  no  overdrawn  picture,  as  I  know  from  per- 
sonal experience.  The  competent  bidder  who  gets 
in  all  his  items  to-day  is  usually  under  a  disadvantage 
unless  he  happens  to  be  figuring  agamst  men  of  his 
own  stamp.  Meanwhile  it  would  appear  that  the 
chances  are  in  favor  of  the  owner,  most  of  the  time, 
and  it  seems  to  be  a  case  of  "heads  I  win,  tails  you 
lose."     Surely  it  is  time  there  was  a  change. 

The  existence  of  present  conditions,  whilst  much 
to  be  regretted,  is  due  to  a  blind  continuance  of  early- 
day  custom.  It  IS  in  no  way  up  to  date,  nor  con- 
ducive to  progress,  nor  to  that  business  success  to 
which  a  bona  fide  contractor  is  entitled.  It  is  entirely 
unsuited  to  modern  construction  and  modern  methods. 
The  tallow  candle,  years  ago,  was  a  great  invention, 
but  how  many  of  us  would  light  our  homes  to-day 
by  this  method?     And  yet  our  estimating  methods 


CONSTRUCTION 


of  to-day  date  from  the  same  identical  period  as  the 
tallow  candle.  Other  countries  have  long  ago  gradu- 
ated from  such  primitive  methods,  but  we  are  content 
to  stand  still,  and  we  are,  in  this  respect,  away  behind 
the  times.  It  seems  to  be  almost  inconceivable  that 
shrewd  business  men  are  still  willing  to  spend  their 
time,  all  going  over  the  same  ground,  figuring 
against  each  other  on  quantities,  knowing  all  the  time 
that  they  are  all,  save  one  (and  sometimes  even  that 
one),  simply  wasting  their  time.  By  the  adoption  of 
some  sensible  system,  all  this  quantity  taking  could 
be  done  by  one  competent  person. 

The  great  difference  we  find  in  bids  arises,  in  my 
opinion,  not  so  much  in  the  prices  or  money  values 
placed  against  the  quantities,  as  it  does  from  errors 
in  the  quantities  themselves,  the  accurate  preparation 
of  which  calls  for  special  training  and  continuous 
concentration  of  mind,  which  the  busy  contractor  of 
to-day  can  seldom  find  time  to  acquire. 

Now  we  will  investigate  a  bill  of  quantities,  such 
as  we  are  considering.  What  is  it?  and  how  is  it 
used? 

First  of  all,  it  is  a  document,  handed  free  of  ex- 
pense to  each  bidder,  lithographed  or  similarly  dupli- 
cated, in  order  that  all  bidders'  copies  may  be  exactly 
alike.  It  will  contain  everything  which  it  is  essential 
for  a  contractor  to  know  when  making  up  a  figure, 
with  a  separate  section  for  each  trade,  such  as  exca- 
vation, concrete,  brickwork,  and  so  forth.  A  gen- 
eral summary  is  provided  at  the  end  of  the  bill,  in 
which  is  entered  the  net  cost  of  each  trade;  this  sum- 
mary is  footed  up,  the  profit  the  bidder  expects  to 
make  is  added,  plus  the  cost  of  the  quantities,  the 
result  being,  of  course,  the  amount  of  the  bid. 

The  methods  of  measurement  must  conform  to  the 
standards  used  by  each  individual  trade,  and  through 
the  bill  the  greatest  care  is  taken  to  have  everything 
systematized;  all  cubic,  square  and  lineal  feet,  and 
numbers  of  items,  will  be  found  all  together  under 
their  respective  heads.  In  this  way,  immediate  refer- 
ence may  be  made  to  any  item  required,  even  though 
the  entire  bill  may  contain  hundreds  of  items,  and 
so  every  item  has  its  proper  place — nothing  is  left 
to  chance.  Detail  sketches  also  appear  in  the  mar- 
gins whenever  necessary,  to  show  a  bidder  at  a  glance 
what  is  required.  These,  as  we  know,  are  of  more 
value  to  an  estimator  than  the  long  written  descrip- 
tions one  sometimes  finds  in  specifications.  The  key- 
note of  the  Quantity  Surveyor  is  accuracy.  In  going 
through  the  drawings  and  specifications  he  has  come 
across  all  those  doubtful  questions  which  always  crop 
up  when  figuring  under  present  methods.  He  will 
have  taken  them  all  up  with  the  architect,  and  ad- 
justed them,  before  the  quantities  are  handed  to 
bidders,  so  that  everything  is  all  plain  sailing. 

Nothing  IS  "near  enough"  for  a  Qurntity  Sur- 
veyor— he  scrutinizes  every  part  of  the  work  closely, 
clears  up  any  doubts,  or  anything  capable  of  a  double 
interpretation,  and  his  work  leaves  no  loopholes  for 
either  the  owner,  the  contractor  or  the  architect  to 
take  advantage  of.     The  result  is  that  it  is  seldom 


necessary  for  a  bidder  to  ask  questions  of  the  archi- 
tect when  making  up  a  figure.     If  he  should  wish  to 
do  so  probably  he  would  be  referred  to  the  surveyor, 
who  is  familiar  with  every  minute  detail  of  the  work. 
Further,  and  right  here,  lies  one  of  the  greatest 
advantages  of  the  Quantity  System.     It  is  not  neces- 
sary, except  in  a  general  way,  for  a  bidder  to  study 
the  drawings  and  specifications  at  all,  and  he  cer- 
tainly does  not  have   to   figure  them.      He   simply 
prices  the  bill  of  quantities,  and,  in  these  days  of 
hurry  and  bustle,  this  is  as  much  as  a  contractor  can 
be  expected   to  do  for  nothing.     This  enables  the 
competent  contractor   (the  one  who  has  unit  prices 
at   his   finger   ends)    to   make   up   a   bid    for,    say   a 
$100,000  building,  in  a  few  hours,  and  he  has  the 
satisfaction  of  knowing,  when  the  unit  price  is  placed 
against  each  item,  that  nothing  has  been  forgotten; 
in  other  words,  he  only  contracts  to  furnish  so  much 
material   and   labor — and   surely   this   is   absolutely 
right  in  principle.     Good  reasons  exist  why  the  gen- 
eral contractor  should  have  faith  in  his  own  judgment 
and  accustom  himself  to  price  items  in  every  trade 
which  goes  to  make  up  the  building  business.     It  is 
the  only  consistent  method  of  estimating,  for  anyone 
who  claims  to  be  a  general  contractor.     Experience 
has  taught  most  competent  men  that  it  pays  to  do  it. 
The  mere  getting  together  of  figures  from  sub-bid- 
ders, and  footing  up  the  totals  of  the  lowest,  is  not 
estimating  at  all.      That  is  mere  schoolboy  work. 
However,  I  am  led  to  believe  that  this  is  now  the 
exception  among  general  contractors  in  San  Fran- 
cisco rather  than  the  rule.     The  ideal  contractor  is 
the  one  who  makes  up  his  own  estimates,  and  not  he 
who  is  dependent,   for  any   reason,  upon   sub-con- 
iractors,  who  thus  become  the  real  estimators.      If 
every  general  contractor  would  keep   a  prime-cost 
book  of  all  trades,  and  quantities  were  supplied  to 
him,  he  would  soon  be  in  a  position  to  give  a  fairly 
close  figure  upon  any  sized  structure,  without  first 
taking  sub-bids,  and  this  I  suggest  is  the  most  con- 
sistent, satisfactory,  and  profitable  method  to  pursue, 
when  bidding  upon  w'ork  as  a  whole;  but  of  course 
it  requnes  care  and  experience. 

rurther,  one  of  the  greatest  arguments  in  favor  of 
letting  contracts  as  a  whole  is,  of  course,  the  fact  that 
a  general  contractor  has  the  ability  to  figure  all  trades 
m  his  own  office,  and  that  he  knows  how  to,  and  will 
supervise  the  work  of  sub-contractors,  if  any.  If 
architects  can  be  assured  of  this  bemg  done,  it  would 
be  better  for  all  concerned. 

In  general  practice  I  believe  the  accuracy  of  the 
bill  of  quantities  should  be  guaranteed.  Such  a 
document  might  well  be  made  the  basis  of  the  con- 
tract, equally  with  the  drawings  and  specifications; 
if  this  were  done,  the  chief  cause  of  disputes  between 
owner  and  contractor  would  be  removed. 

This,   I   submit,   is   entirely   logical   and   right — a 

certain  quantity  of  work  for  a  certain  sum  of  money, 

I  he  owner  to  determine  the  former  and  the  contractor 

to  fix  the  latter.     Surely  this  is  morally  just  and  fair. 

It  may  be  asked.  Where  are  these  competent  sur- 


CONSTRUCTION 


veyois  to  be  louncl?  And  it  would  Le  a  natural  in- 
quiry, as  it  is  no  part  of  the  duly  of  architects  to  pre- 
pare such  quantities.  In  fact,  the  relation  of  the 
architect  to  the  contractor  should  preclude  him  from 
having  anything  to  do  with  furnishing  quantities. 
This  should  be  attended  to  by  a  disinterested  special- 
ist— the  quantity  surveyor.  In  older  countries,  young 
men  of  education  are  now  apprenticed  to  practising 
surveyors,  and  it  has  become  a  recognized  profession. 
Years  ago  these  quantity  surveyors  frequently  came 
from  the  ranks  of  the  architects;  others  possessing 
the  necessary  education  were  possibly  contractors, 
building  superintendents  or  estimators.  I  have  known 
contractors'  representatives  who  commenced  life  in 
the  workshop,  who,  after  securing  the  advantages  of 
special  training,  made  experienced  and  very  com- 
petent quantity  surveyors.  There  must  be  a  begin- 
ning to  everything,  and  doubtless  there  are  many  men 
in  this  country  who,  after  some  little  training  m  the 
technique  of  this  work,  should  make  reliable  quantity 
surveyors.  The  principal  qualifications  are  honesty 
of  purpose  and  a  knowledge  of  architecture  and  con- 
struction. The  surveyor  should  be  a  neat  draftsman 
and  have  actual  experience  in  conducting  building 
operations.  He  should  possess  the  ability  to  readily 
detect  discrepancies  or  conditions  which  might  give 
rise  to  misunderstandings  during  construction,  and 
last  but  not  least,  the  necessary  mentality  to  act  dis- 
interestedly. He  must  do  what  is  right  in  measuring, 
as  between  the  contractor  and  the  owner.  The  usual 
custom  is  for  the  architect  to  furnish  the  quantity 
surveyor  with  a  set  of  the  drawings  and  a  draft  speci- 
fication, and  the  latter  then  commences  work  in  his 
own  offices.  During  this  period  the  architect  and 
surveyor  are  in  frequent  consultation,  to  the  end  that 
all  uncertainties  are  cleared  up  and  adjusted  upon 
the  drawings  and  specifications.  In  short,  no  effort 
is  spared  to  obtain  perfect  clearness  and  accuracy 
before  bidders  commence  figuring. 

Such  uncertainties  are  bound  to  crop  up;  they  are 
unavoidable.  They  nevertheless  perple.x  the  con- 
tractor when  he  is  figuring,  and  his  foreman  on  the 
job,  and  create  unnecessary  trouble  and  sometimes 
bitter  disputes;  and  then,  in  such  cases,  one  of  the 
parties  to  the  contract  is  usually  a  loser. 

Now  that  we  have  briefly  considered  the  qualifica- 
tions of  a  quantity  surveyor,  let  us  take  note  of  what 
the  preparation  of  a  bill  of  quantities  involves.  It 
may  well  be  said  that  during  the  last  forty  years  it 
has  been  brought  to  a  mathematical  science,  and  yet 
it  is  really  surprising  what  a  vague  idea  exists  con- 
cerning the  methods,  objects  and  uses  of  the  Quantity 
System.  The  fact  remains,  however,  that,  where 
the  system  has  been  adopted,  responsible  contractors 
refuse  to  figure  without  it.  Some  day  that  will  be 
the  attitude  of  contracto  s  in  this  country — when  they 
fully  realize  the  folly  of  wasting  their  time  and  money 
in  competing  against  each  other  on  quantities  as  well 
as  on  prices. 

But  to  return:  Three  distinct  processes  are  in- 
volved, and  each  calls  for  diffe;ent  operations. 


First — "Taking  off"  and  entering  every  item  (or 
"dimension,"  as  it  is  called)  upon  the  dimension 
sheets.  This  is  always  done  in  exactly  the  same 
order  in  every  building;  no  dimension,  however 
small,  is  omitted — no  guess-work  of  any  kind  is  per- 
mitted. The  exact  location  in  the  building  of  every 
dimension  taken  is  carefully  noted,  and  every  figure 
or  note  taken  is  preserved  for  future  reference. 

It  is  impossible  to  illustrate  here  the  work  in  detail 
involved  in  taking  off  each  trade,  but  the  following 
may  serve  to  show  the  general  idea:  Let  us  follow  a 
surveyor  for  a  moment  in  taking  off  h's  dim.ensions 
for  a  few  items  of — we  will  say  common  brick  work. 
He  always  commences  taking  dimensions  at  the  same 
point  on  each  floor  plan;  every  length  of  wall  from 
one  angle  to  the  next  is  measured  separately  and  the 
dimensions  entered  in  "waste,"  as  it  is  termed.  We 
will  assume  that  it  takes  say  fourteen  dimensions  to 
go  clear  around  a  building — these  fourteen  dimen- 
sions and  their  locations  are  permanently  recorded, 
footed  up,  and  the  total  lineal  feet  is  then  placed 
immediately  below  this,  and  a  line  drawn  across 
the  column  to  separate  it  from  the  next  item.  The 
dimension  is  squared,  i.e.,  the  number  of  square  feet 
these  figures  represent  is  figured  out,  and  opposite 
to  the  total  we  find  a  description,  thus,  for  example: 
2 1  -inch  wall  of  standard  common  brick  work  laid 
up  with  lime,  mortar  and  Portland  cement,  gauged 
three  to  one,  pointed  with  flat  joints  one  side  for 
whitewash  and  rake^  out  the  other  side  for  cement- 
ing. 

In  good  practice  it  might  be  best  to  give  the  num- 
ber of  square  feet  superficial  of  wall,  and  give  the 
thickness.  The  same  method  is  adopted  with  each 
story,  with  its  varying  thicknesses  of  walls,  every 
dimension  being  entered  in  precisely  the  same  order, 
with  its  particular  location  noted. 

Then  we  come  to  deduction  of  openings.  Those 
with  inside  and  outside  reveals  (as  in  the  case  of 
box-frame  windows)  are  taken  separately,  door 
openings  the  same.  Those  of  one  size  and  one  thick- 
ness of  wall  are  "timesed,"  as  we  say,  and  entered 
in  the  dimension  column,  so:  "Ddt.  9  3  feet  9 
inches  x  7  feet  13  inches  outside  wall,  fifth  floor." 

Then  should  follow  an  item,  "extra  labor,"  to  so 
many  8-inch  common  brick  segment  arches  in  say 
three  half-brick  rowlocks  to  4-foot  6-inch  openings 
with  3-inch  rise  in  8-inch  wall,  include  for  cutting 
skewbacks,  etc.,  and  for  wood-turning  piece  and 
setting  and  striking.  In  case  richer  mortar  was  speci- 
fied for  arches,  it  w'ould  be  so  stated,  and  the  pro- 
portions. 

When  rough  cutting  to  brick  work  is  required, 
every  square  foot  of  it  would  be  measured.  Brick 
work  in  footings  or  foundations,  or  walls  below 
ground  or  at  unusual  heights,  should  be  all  segregated 
and  given  separately,  with  full  descriptions. 

Such  items  as  the  following  are  then  taken  by  the 
square  yard  or  square  foot — viz.,  selected  common 


C  O  \  S  T  R  U  C  T  1  O  A' 


brick  facing.  If  joints  are  struck  and  cut  (as  face 
work),  it  is  taken  as  a  separate  item,  as  should  be 
the  case  with  any  portions  that  are  to  be  pointed  with 
special  or  colored  mortar.  Cementing  by  the  square 
yard  if  on  ordinary  plain  surfaces,  but  if  in  widths 
of  12  inches  or  under,  then  this  is  separated  and 
taken  by  lineal  foot;  should  this  work  occur  on  cir- 
cular surfaces,  it  would  be  so  described,  kept  sepa- 
rate, and  the  radius  given.  Lineal  dimensions  are 
taken  of  all  rough  splays  and  chamfers,  flues,  point- 
ing to  flashings,  projecting  courses,  with  the  number 
of  mitres,  splays,  or  stops  in  same;  brick  sills,  with 
the  returns,  are  numbered,  if  any.  The  labor  of 
forming  quoins,  square  or  splayed,  and  (in  certain 
cases)  the  lineal  feet  of  plumbing  angles  and  reveals, 
might  be  taken,  also  le\eling  up  for  joists,  bond  iron 
and  the  hke. 

The  foregoing  applies  to  common  brick  work,  as 
before  stated.  Now,  where  "face"  brick  are  used, 
the  entire  surface  of  such  facing  is  measured  by  the 
square  foot,  including  reveals  and  soffits  (but  open- 
ings deducted),  the  kind  of  mortar  and  the  labor  of 
pointing  being  given.  Here  would  be  taken  such 
'terns  as  face  arches.  Fair  cutting  by  the  square  foot 
on  same  principle  as  mentioned  for  common  brick 
work.  Then  come  lineal  feet  of  each  course,  of 
which  figured  sketches  should  appear.  Raking 
mouldings  or  belts  separate;  then  follow  the  number 
of  external,  internal,  raking,  skew  or  other  mitres; 
also  square  ends,  etc.  (if  any).  All  other  lineal  feet 
Items  follow  in  their  proper  order,  and  then  in  a  simi- 
lar way,  concluding  with  numbered  items,  which 
would  be  described  and  (if  necessary)  sketched  in 
the  margin.  I  am  aware  that  this  is  but  a  very  ele- 
mentary illustration  of  the  detailed  method  of  taking 
off,  but  the  principle  applies  throughout  every  depart- 
ment, in  every  trade,  from  the  excavator  to  the  paint- 
er, but  it  would  be  too  great  an  undertaking  to  go 
fully  into  details  here  in  each  case. 

Surveyors'  quantities  are  usually  measured  net, 
and  it  is  so  stated  in  the  preamble  of  the  bill — upon 
the  understanding  that  the  unit  price  for  each  item 
IS  to  be  made,  by  the  contractor,  to  cover  trade  cus- 
toms, etc.,  which  differ  in  each  locality. 

The  before-mentioned  dimension  sheets  are  usually 
checked  o\er  with  the  dra\vings  by  a  second  person, 
and  then  all  totals  are  abstracted;  that  is  to  say,  they 
are  transferred  to  abstract  sheets,  under  separate 
headings.  In  this  way  many  similar  items  of  the 
,"9me  value  are  collected  together  and  footed  up  and 
checked.  This  reduces  the  number  of  items  which 
appear  eventually  in  the  finished  bill,  which  is  written 
direct  from  those  abstract  sheets,  and  any  further 
sketches  or  descriptions  necessary  for  the  bidder  to 
thoroughly  understand  what  is  required  are  then  fin- 
ally added.  When  completed,  a  suffic'ent  number 
of  copies  of  these  bills  are  lithographed,  or  otherwise 
duplicated,  and  a  copy  is  sent  by  the  surveyor  to  the 
list  of  prospective  bidders,  whose  names  and  ad- 
dresses have  been  previously  furnished  him  by  the 
architect. 


Some  of  the  advantages  of  the  Quantity  System  of 
estimating  to  the  contractor  are  as  follows:  (1) 
Saving  of  time  and  money;  (2)  Greater  precision 
in  measuring;  (3)  No  uncertainty  as  to  interpreta- 
tion of  plans  or  specifications  (the  quantities  should 
govern)  ;  (4)  No  visits  to  the  architect's  offi.ce  when 
figuring,  for  explanations  or  otherwise;  (5)  No  other 
work  IS  contracted  for  except  the  quantity  set  forth 
in  the  quantities;  (6)  The  contractor,  if  he  so  de- 
sires, can  check  up  the  quantities  before  signing  a 
contract, — in  an  American  system  of  estimating,  the 
quantities  should,  I  think,  form  part  of  the  contract; 
(7)  No  bidder  can  inadvertently  leave  out  anything, 
and  so  in  this  way  arrive  at  too  low  a  figure;  (8)  Not 
having  to  spend  time  taking  out  his  quantities,  the 
contractor  has  time  to  attend  to  more  profitable  busi- 
ness; (9)  Systematically  arranged  bills  of  ruantities 
duly  priced  (whether  work  has  been  secured  or  not) 
form  excellent  data  for  making  future  estimates. 

Before  an  American  sj'stem  can  be  put  into  oper- 
,^tion  it  will  be  necessary: 

First — That  a  committee  of  representative  con- 
tractors be  selected  to  standardize  a  method  of 
measurement  to  be  universally  followed  by  all  con- 
tractors and  architects. 

Second — That  competent  men,  mutually  satisfac- 
tory to  contractors  and  architects,  be  retained  in  such 
numbers  as  the  volume  of  work  may  demand.  The^e 
men,  or  quantity  surveyors,  could  be  placed  under 
bond,  covering  their  competency  and  integrity  until 
they  have  been  proved  and  assured;  such  appoint- 
ments to  be  permanent,  except  for  good  cause;  the 
compensation  of  these  surveyors  to  be  fixed  at  a  cer- 
tam  percentage  upon  the  total  of  each  estimate;  each 
bidder,  of  course,  adding  this  amount  to  his  bid. 

Third — I  suggest,  also,  that  a  law  be  passed  re- 
quiring that  a  bill  of  quantities  be  furnished  (free  of 
expense  to  bidders)  upon  all  State  and  other  public 
buildings.  I  advocated  this  as  far  back  as  the  year 
1893,  and  it  may  interest  you  to  know  that  such  a 
law  is  actually  in  effect  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  has  been  since  1895.  It  does  not,  howe\er,  go 
quite  far  enough,  as  the  quantities  furnished  have  no 
guarantee  as  to  their  accuracy.  Quantity  question 
is  attracting  much  attention  at  the  present  moment 
among  contractors  in  Boston,  New  "*l'ork  and  other 
cities,  and  I  may  mention,  perhaps,  that  a  programme 
is  now  being  formulated  to  bring  this  Quantity  Sys- 
tem to  the  attention  of  every  building  contractors' 
association  and  every  architects'  society  in  this  coun- 
try. 

Fourth — In  connect'on  with  th°  Qi;antit\  System 
I  still  advocate  (as  I  did  in  a  brochure  on  arbitration 
\\-h'ch  I  published  in  1894)  the  creation  of  a  tech- 
nical tribunal,  or  court  of  arbitration,  where  nothing 
but  building  suits  and  disputes  shall  be  determined 
and  adiusted.  (See  also  the  American  Architect, 
Aprd  13,  1901.)  Such  court  is  to  be  presided  over 
by  a  specially  selected  judge  and  at  least  two  other 
persons  of  practical  experience  in  the  actual  construc- 
tion of  buildings,  and  in  e^tin  .tin^  the  \alue  of  buil  I- 


244 


CONSTRUCTION 


ers'  vvoik,  and  familiar  with  building  trade  methods, 
terms,  processes  and  customs.  I  maintam  that  such 
technical  matters  as  buildmg  construction,  values, 
etc.,  should  not  be  decided  solely  by  technical  law, 
nor  by  laymen  alone,  however  skilled  in  other  ways, 
notwithstanding  the  custom  of  calling  expert 
witnesses  before  them.  I  consider  that  it  would  be 
an  advantage  to  disputants  if  a  majority  on  the  bench 
.had  a  first-hand  practical  knowledge  of  building 
construction  and  methods,  such  as  I  have  indicated, 
where  technical  disputes  might  be  determined  in  a 
few  days,  once  and  for  all,  and  without  delays, 
which  only  tire  the  contractor  out  and  thereby  force 
him  to  accept  a  settlement  more  or  less  un;ust,  from  a 
practical  standpoint. 

I  am  hoping  to  shortly  see  a  committee  appointed 
in  every  building  employers'  organization  in  this 
country,  to  take  up  and  seriously  consider  such  mat- 
ters as  I  have  touched  upon  this  evening.  Nothing, 
;n  my  judgment,  will  tend  to  elevate  the  building 
business  and  to  promote  a  feeling  of  mutual  confi- 
.dence  and  respect  between  the  architect,  the  con- 
tractor and  the  owner  more  than  the  Quantity  Sys- 
tem of  estimating,  which,  as  I  think  I  have  shown, 
.aims  at  absolutely  square  dealing  between  the  man 
who  pays  for  the  structure  and  the  man  who  builds  it. 

In  conclusion,  during  a  recent  trip  East  and  to 
Europe,  it  was  my  privilege,  through  your  courteous 
recretary,  to  be  kept  in  touch  with  your  activity  and 
the  progress  recently  being  made  by  this  organization. 
I  wish  to  extend  to  your  president,  directors  and  mem- 
bers mv  sincere  congratulations  upon  the  progressive 
.methods  you  have  so  far  adopted,  and  to  tender  you 
Tiy  best  wishes  for  continued  success. 

I  would  like  to  add,  as  President  Wilson  is  re- 
r)orted  to  have  put  it  recently,  that  "nothing  is  done 
to-day  as  it  was  done  twenty  years  ago."  That  is 
the  essential  fact.  I  read  somewhere  the  other  day 
(hat  this  age  we  are  living  in  to-day  is  a  new  age,  an 
age  in  which  everybody  all  over  the  world  is  doing 
new  things,  with  interesting,  important,  wonderful 
new  devices,  new  methods,  new  machines  to  make 
new  products;  new  proofs  of  the  power  of  the  human 
mind  to  conceive  and  to  control,  and  the  human  hand 
to  construct  instruments  with  which  to  conquer  the 
forces  of  nature  and  bring  them  to  the  service  of 
.humanity — these  are  the  characteristics  of  the  age 
we  live  in.  Never  have  the  creative  forces  of  man- 
kind moved  so  fast  as  in  the  lifetime  of  us  who  are 
now  on  earth.  Never  before  have  there  been  so 
manv  people  in  the  world  eager  to  know  what  the 
world  is  doing  and  how  it  is  dong  it. 


On  April  10th,  Mr.  G.  Alexander  Wright,  archi- 
tect, addressed  the  Association  on  the  very  interesting 
subject  of  "Quantity  Estimating." 

The  large  attendance  present  at  the  meeting  testi- 
fied to  the  interest  taken  in  the  subjct,  ancl  while  for 
many  reasons  it  may  not  be  practical  or  possible  to 
r'et  this  plan  of  estimating  work  adopted  in  the  aichi- 


tects'  offices,  it  is,  nevertheless,  a  subject  upon  which 
the  contractors  should  be  fully  informed,  and  it  is 
worthy  of  note  that  a  large  number  of  the  big  con- 
tractors in  this  city  to-day  are  employing  estimators 
to  assist  them  in  figuring  their  work. 

Mr.  Wright,  in  his  address,  did  not  recommend 
a  mere  copying  of  the  methods  in  use  in  England,  but 
rather  suggested  an  American  system  which  wouLl 
be  practical  for  local  conditions. 

At  the  close  of  the  address  numerous  intelligent 
questions  were  asked  Mr.  Wright,  and  a  number  of 
those  present  seemed  to  favor  the  system,  having 
\^'orked  under  it  in  other  countries. 

The  objection  is  made  that  the  owners  could  prob- 
ably not  be  induced  to  pay  the  fee  for  a  quantity 
survey  on  their  job  before  it  is  put  out  for  figures. 
Then,  too,  it  is  thought  by  some  that  the  architect, 
with  quantities  of  the  work  in  front  of  him,  might  be 
tempted  to  go  still  further  into  the  contracting  busi- 
ness than  some  of  them  have  already  seen  fit  to  do, 
and  that  the  information  might,  therefore,  be  used  to 
the  disadvantage  of  the  contractors.  Of  course,  con- 
ditions vary  in  different  localities,  and  while  there 
may  be  some  architects  here  who  would  take  advan- 
tage of  obtaining  information  as  to  the  quantities  of 
work  and  material  in  their  buildings,  there  would 
i:)robably  not  be  many  of  such,  and,  in  any  event,  it 
is  finally  the  question  of  cost  which  must  settle  the 
awarding  of  a  contract;  and  it  is  a  well  known  fact 
that  some  contractors  are  able  to  obtain  slightly  better 
prices  than  others  for  their  materials,  and,  again, 
others  are  able  to  construct  buildings  at  a  less  cost 
than  others,  o\ving  to  their  more  efficient  manage- 
ment. 

One  thing  is  certain — if  all  architects  thought  and 
dealt  squarely  and  honestly  the  adoption  of  the  sys- 
tem would  undoubtedly  be  of  advantage  to  all  the 
contractors. 

It  may  be  well  to  state  that  this  system  of  estimat- 
ing is  now  under  consideration  by  other  organizations 
of  builders  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  and  there 
seems  to  be  a  general  tendency  among  up-to-date 
contractors  throughout  the  country  to  adopt  a  more 
careful  and  accurate  system  of  estimating  the  cost 
of  a  contract.  The  old  days  when  a  contractor  prac- 
tically cubed  up  a  building  and  put  in  his  bill,  trusting 
to  good  fortune  to  make  a  profit  on  the  work,  have 
gone  by.  More  money  is  spent  for  plumbing  fixtures, 
wiring,  etc.,  to-day  than  was  ever  thought  of  twenty 
years  ago,  and  the  man  who  roughly  estimates  the 
cost  of  a  building  at  this  time  gets  a  job  only  when 
he  has  made  a  mistake. 

The  system  is  no  experiment,  and  is  being  fol- 
lowed, and  has  been  followed,  for  years  past  in 
several  countries  of  the  world,  and  the  Association 
owes  a  vote  of  thanks  for  the  intelligent  and  cour- 
teous manner  in  which  Mr.  Wright  placed  the  sub- 
ject before  the  stockholders.  Howeve'-,  he,  himself, 
states  that  it  is  impossible  to  attempt  to  give  a  thor- 
ough understanding  of  the  question  in  one  lecture. — 
— Ceneral  Cnntiaclms    AssociaUou  Ficvielv. 


Strength   Test   of   Remiorced    Brickwork 


THE  FOLLOWING  tests  of  remtorced  brick- 
work were  made  recently  at  Winnipeg  before 
a  representative  body  of  architects  and  builders.  For 
some  time  a  practical  method  of  reinforcing  brick 
has  held  the  attention  of  burnt  clay  experts  and  it  has 
fallen  to  W.  H.  Brown,  architect,  of  York,  Eng- 
land, to  furnish  a  thorough  and  simple  means  for 
producing  the  desued  result. 

The  test  was  made  to  determme  the  carrymg 
capacity  of  a  reinforced  beam  resting  on  two  end 
supports  and  of  a  cantilever  beam. 

In  construction  the  test  consisted  of  a  hollow  rem- 
forced  bnck  beam,  2  ft.  II  in.  deep  and  8  in.  wide, 
supported  on  two  brick  piers  so  as  to  form  a  simple 
beam  of  9  ft.  8'  2  in.  clear  span  between  piers,  and 
a  cantilever  beam  of  4  ft.  6  in.  clear  overhang.  The 
beam  was  built  with  its  length  running  approximately 
in  an  easterly  and  westerly  direction  with  the  canti- 
lever at  the  east  end,  and  consisted  of  two  separate 
walls  with  I  '2  in.  air  space  between.  The  south 
wall  was  4  in.  thick  and  built  of  twelve  courses  of 
brick,  laid  flat,  with  vertical  joints  staggered.  Wire 
mesh  reinforcement  was  laid  in  the  mortar  of  each 
course,  and  also  below  the  lower  courses  of  bricks. 
The  north  wall  was  2^  1  in.  thick  and  was  built  of 
eight  courses  of  bnck,  laid  on  edge,  with  vertical 
joirts  staggered  The  reinforcement  was  laid  similar 
to  that  in  the  south  wall. 

The  brickwork  of  tVe  beam  extended  in  to  the 


brick  piers  so  that  every  other  course  had  half  of  the 
bnck  in  the  pier  and  half  in  the  beam  itself,  while 
the  other  course  had  a  vertical  mortar  joint  where 
the  beam  connected  with  the  pier.  The  reinforce- 
ment was  continuous  over  the  piers,  while  the  two 
walls  were  tied  together  at  intervals  by  the  reinforce- 
ment. The  piers  were  built  on  a  concrete  founda- 
tion, which  was  laid  directly  on  frozen  ground,  no 
special  foundation  being  prepared. 

All  bricks  used  in  the  wall  were  of  ordinary  white 
clay  purchased  from  a  local  manufacturer.  A  test 
of  SIX  samples  of  these  bricks  was  made,  and  results 
are  shown  in  Table  A. 

Tabic  A. 


Loads  at  first  crack.      Crushing  loads 


Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

1       On  edge 

21.8 

20,000 

917 

55.400 

2,520 

2       On   edge 

19.9 

37.000 

1 .860 

77,800 

3,910 

5      On  edge 

20.4 

37.000 

1,815 

74,000 

3,620 

4       Flat.  .  .  . 

31.0 

35,000 

1,130 

155,000 

5.000 

5       Flat,  .  .  . 

32.9 

50,000 

1,520 

100,000 

3,040 

b      Flat.... 

32.9 

50,000 

1.520 

106,000 

3,220 

Note — All  crushing  surfaces  were  coated  with  plaster  of 
paris  to  insure  an  even  bearing  surface.  Specimen  No.  1 
showed    han-    rr.irks    belore    testing. 


l.o.U)  1(1,51.14  lb: 


I'.KICKS    CKL'SIIKU    liKl-URK    KK 1  .\  I'oKlE.M  I-.NT    G.W  K    W.W. 


246 


CONSTRUCTJON 


The  concrete  consisted  of  one  part  Portland 
cement  to  three  parts  of  very  fine  sand.  The  rein- 
forcing used  was  a  special  wire  woven  mesh  steel 


LOAD    12.512   LP.;;.    TO  THK   LEFT    .\Xn  6.740  TO  THE  RIGHT. 


.^-^^ftn  ^^Sfg^^j^^itf^^--- 


diagonal  wiring  of  No.  19  gauge,  meshed  so  that  a 
transverse  section  cuts  the  four  longitudmal  strands 
and  three  diagonal  strands.  The  width  of  this  fabric 
is  about  two  and  one-half  inches. 

During  the  construction  of  piers  and  beams  the 
space  was  housed  in  with  ordinary  board  sheathmg 
and  fire  was  kept  going  the  whole  time  of  the  con- 
struction until  within  two  or  three  days  of  the  date  of 
the  test.  The  outside  temperatures  from  date  of 
construction  to  date  of  test  are  given  in  Table  B. 


Tabic   B. — Maximum    and    Minimum    Tcmperalures, 
January  20th  to  February  21  si,  I9I3. 


Date, 

Ma.ximum. 

Minimum. 

Jan.  20   ... 
21   ... 

— 21.9  F.  .  . 

— 28.3T. 

....   —16.0   .... 

...  —25.7 

77 

6.1    

...  —  8.0 

I'l:        .... 

....   —12.5   .... 

...  —21.1 

24   .  .  .  . 

..  .  .   —  5.8   .... 

...  —21.2 

25   .... 

14.9   .... 

...  —  2.7 

26   ... 

5.6   .... 

...  —12.9 

27   .... 

4.2   .... 

...  —  6.2 

28  .  .  .  . 

13.2   .... 

.  .  .   —  5.1 

29  .  .  .  . 

17.2   

12.6 

30  .  .  .  . 

9.6   

...   —  7.9 

31   .  ..  . 

.  ..  .   —  9.7   

.  .  .   —25.5 

Feb.  1   .  .  .  . 

5.2   .... 

...   —21.4 

2   .... 

2.6   .... 

...   —12.1 

3  ...  . 

.  .  .  .   —  9.3   

.  .  .   —23.5 

4  .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .   —11.8   .... 

...   —25.5 

5   .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .   —  4.8   

.  .  .  —22.6 

6  .  ..  . 

.  ..  .   —  3.5   .... 

...  —12.3 

7  .... 

21.9   

...  —2.7 

8  .  ..  . 

5.9   

...   —  9.9 

9   

..  .  .   —  1.8   

.  .  .   —20.0 

10   .  ..  . 

11.9   

...   —  4.9 

11   ... 

..  .  .   —  9.7   .... 

...   —16.8 

12   .  .  .  . 

13.8   

...   —24.3 

13   .  .  .. 

23.3   

3.1 

14   

26.7   

.  .  .   —  3.1 

15   

10.8   

...  —10.2 

16   .  .  .  . 

13.6   

2.9 

17   .... 

24.8   

10.0 

18   .... 

28.3   

21.5 

19   .... 

13.2   

3.4 

20  .  .  .  . 

10.9   

...  —  4.4 

21   ...  . 

11.4   

...  —18.3 

fabric,  of  high  elastic  limit,  consisting  of  four  longi- 
ludinal    strands.    No.    i  7    gauge,    held    in    place  by 


Precaution  was  given,  however,  to  exclude  frost  from 
the  building,  but  it  would  appear  that  there  was  a 
slight  degree  of  frost  on  the  lower  course  of  the  cant  • 
lever  at  the  end  of  the  overhang. 

The  test  was  made  by  piling  pig  iron  on  top  of  the 
beam  and  cantilever,  care  being  taken  to  spread  the 
bottom  courses  of  pigs  so  as  to  prevent,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, any  arching  effect.  The  test  started  at  I  p.m. 
February  20th,  and  the  main  beam  and  cantilever 
beam  were  loaded  alternately  until  the  main  span 
carried  a  load  of  12,502  pounds,  and  the  cantilever 
span  carried  a  load  of  3,091  pounds.  The  cantilever 
beam  was  then  loaded  to  destruction  before  placing 
any  further  loads  on  the  main  span.  No  hair  cracks 
developed  in  the  cantilever  arm  until  a  load  of  8,882 
lbs.  was  reached,  at  which  time  a  hair  crack  devel- 
oped at  the  top  where  the  cantilever  arm  joined  the 
pier.  The  loading  and  deflection  observed  are  noted 
in  Table  C. 


CONSTRUCTION 


247 


Table  C.  During  the  loading  of  the  cantilever  arm  to  de- 

struction, a  slight  crack  was  noticed  at  the  junction 
of  the  main  beam  and  the  east  pier,  due  to  the  deflec- 
tion of  the  cantilever  arm.  This  closed  up  after  the 
failure  of  the  cantilever  and  did  not  seem  to  affect 
the  main  beam.  After  the  failure  of  the  cantilever, 
loading  was  continued  on  the  main  span  until  5.45 
p.m.  February  20th,  the  total  load  on  the  beam  then 
being  27.746  lbs.,  which  load  was  left  on  over  night. 
Owing  to  the  deflection  of  the  beam  the  horizontal 
mortar  joints  of  the  piers  opened  up  at  their  outer 
edges,  on  the  same  horizontal  plane  as  the  bottom 
of  the  beam. 

Loading  was  resumed  at  10  a.m.,  February  21st, 
and  continued  until  12.30  p.m.,  the  total  weight  on 
the  beam  then  being  39,282  lbs.,  which  load  was 
then  left  on  the  beam  until  4.30  p.m.  When  the 
total  load  reached  41,129  lbs.  the  structure  failed 
due  to  the  north  wall  2/2  in.  thick  giving  way  and 
allowing  the  load  to  fall  towards  the  north,  thus 
throwing  the  whole  structure  (beam  and  piers)  to- 
wards the  south,  the  piers  themselves  separating  from 
the  foundation.  The  north  wall,  which  was  only 
2^  2  in.  thick,  probably  failed  by  diagonal  tension,  a 
distinct  crack  having  been  noticed  extending  from 
the  ends  of  the  beam  near  the  bottom  to  the  top  of 
the  beam  near  the  centre.  The  loading  and  the  ob- 
served deflections  are  shown  in  Table  C. 

E.  Brydone  Jack,  C.E.,  Professor  of  Civil 
Engineering  at  the  University  of  Manitoba,  in  sum- 
marizing, said  that  the  results  of  this  test  showed  a 
remarkable  increase  in  the  strength  of  the  brick  walls, 
due  to  the  use  of  the  reinforcement,  and  very  clearly 
illustrated  its  value  for  building  operations,  where 
brickwork  had  to  act  as  a  beam  to  carry  loads. 

The  advantage  in  reinforcing  a  building  smiilar 
to  the  above  method  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  thickness 
of  the  walls  can  be  reduced  one-third.  Take  a  wall, 
for  example,  thirteen  inches  thick — fifty  by  one 
hundred  feet — this  would  mean  105,000  brick.  By 
means  of  the  reinforcement  the  wall  could  consist  of 
an  outer  course  of  four  inches  and  an  inner  one  of 
three  inches  with  a  cavity  between.  This  makes  a 
difference  of  35,000  brick  and  will  reduce  the  cost 
twenty  per  cent.  In  addition  to  the  amount  saved 
the  hollow  wall  is  more  conducive  to  atmospheric 
changes  in  winter  and  summer,  possesses  more 
strength  and  lessens  the  weight  on  the  foundations. 
The  following  reasons  have  been  cited  in  favor  of 
this  method:  Saving  in  foundation,  saving  in  main- 
tenance, saving  in  depreciation,  saving  in  interest, 
f  increased  life,  freedom  from  condensation  and  free- 

^  dom   from   noise,   increased  beauty   of  appearance. 

"■"-L;"uoad  February  .0th.    February  .ist,  o  a.m.,  deHec-  Similar  tests  have  been  held  in  different  countries, 

tion  before  any  loading.    Three  distinct  craclvs  at  middle,  als.;  resulting  in   a   revision  of  by-laws,   permitting  ot  the 

crack   at   lower    ends   extending   diagonally    to   the    middle   of  .        .     ,        .         ,  r   ^.^o^;,]    ,,,ivp  wnvpn 

span  at  the  top  use  ot  reintorcing  by  means  ol  special  wne-woven 

,— No  hair  cracks.  mesh  steel  fabric.     It  is  impossible  to  predict  the  out- 

'-Cantl'ver'  faTwhy  shearing  near  support.                         come  of  this  new  method,  but  it  is  Certain  to  produce 

/—Loading   fell  to  the  north,  caused  by  deflection  and          the  desired  results  and  give  to  brickwork  the  enduring 

partial   failure   of   north  wall,   thus   throwing  whole   structure  ■■  .  ,"         ii   ^„„J;i'    „„ 

purs  and  all  towards  the  south.  qualities  necessarv  undei  all  conditions. 


Main  span 

Cantilever 

span. 

No.  of 

Total     Observed 

Total   Observed 

loading. 

Time. 

loading,   defli 

ection. 

loading.  defl< 

action. 

Feb.  20th. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

1 
2 

1.00   p.m. 

1.029  0 

2.030  0 

1. 

3 

1.043 

0. 

4 

3,074 

.02 

5 

4,096 

.02 

6 

2,072 

.01 

7 

5.122 

.02 

8 

6.196 

.02 

9 

2.00  p.m. 

3,091 

.01 

10 
1  1 

2.45   p.m. 

7,216 
8.259 

.02 
.02 

12 

9,312 

.02 

1  i 

10.388 

.02 

14 

1  1,436 

.02 

15 

12,502 

.03 

16 

.03 

4,126 

.01 

17 

.03 

5,138 

.01 

18 

.03 

6,166 

.01 

19 

.03 

6,740 

C.Ol 

20 

3.35   p.m. 

.02 

7,247 

.11 

21 

.02 

7,807 

.11 

22 

.02 

8.312 

.11 

23 

.02 

8,882 

J.  14 

24 

.03 

9,415 

72 

25 

9,946 

'.27 

26 

.04 

10,506 

e.37 

27 

13.057 

.04 

28 

14,1  15 

.04 

29 

15,154 

.04 

30 

16,203 

31 

17,282 

.04 

32 

18,292 

.05 

33 

19.362 

.06 

34 

20.433 

.07 

35 

21,456 

a.07 

36 

22,497 

.07 

37 

23,527 

.07 

38 

24,551 

.08 

39 

5.00  p.m. 

25,605 

Interval  30 

.09 

in. 

40 

5.30  p.m. 

26.682 

41 

5.45  p.m. 
Feb.  21st. 

27.746 

h.\3 

42 

10.00  a.m. 

28.811 

43 

29.870 

44 

30,903 

45 

31.930 

46 

33,002 

47 

34,039 

48 

35,131 

49 

36,178 

50 

37,198 

51 

38,232 

52 

12.30  p.m. 

39,282 

53 

4.30  p.m. 

40.363 

54 

5.00  p.m. 

41,129/ 

u- 

-Hair  cracks  s 

tarteil   at    niidille   am 

1  sides  of   1h 

ittr.m    0 

beam 

Cracks  at  mi 

ddk-  ..1   south 

wall,  e 

xtending   si.N 

.  Course 

.'48 


CONSTRUCTION 


A  NEW  FACTORY,  costing  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  a  quarter  of  a  miUion  dollars,  and  employ- 
ing upwards  of  a  hundred  men,  is  projected  by  the 
Metal  Shingle  and  Siding  Co.  of  Saskatoon.  At 
the  present  time,  temporary  buildmgs  are  now  under 
way  for  the  company,  and  these  will  be  replaced  soon 
by  the  large  brick  and  steel  permanent  structure. 


THE  BULLETIN  of  the  British  Chamber  of 
Commerce  for  Italy  states  that  on  the  occasion  of 
the  thirteenth  Congress  of  Italian  Engineers  and 
Architects,  which  will  take  place  at  Messina  in  the 
autumn  of  1913,  there  will  be  organized  in  that  city 
a  building  exhibition  with  the  object  of  illustrating 
the  best  technical,  artistic,  and  hygienic  arrange- 
ments, decorating  and  building  materials,  etc.,  suit- 
able for  the  reconstruction  of  the  destroyed  city. 


A.  T.  EN  LOW  has  resigne  J  as  manager  of  sales 
of  the  Stark  Rolling  Mill  Co.,  to  become  associated 
as  partner  with  the  Pedlar  People,  Oshawa,  Ont., 
Canada.  Mr.  Enlow  has  had  an  active  time  in  the 
sheet  trade  of  the  United  States,  starting  twenty  years 
ago  and  having  been  closely  connected  with  the  vari- 
ous companies  ever  since.  While  sales  manager  of 
the  Stark  Rolling  Mill  Co.,  he  devoted  cons'derable 
time  to  the  exploiting  of  Toncan  metal,  the  wonder- 
ful anti-corrosive,  rust-resisting  sheet  metal  product, 
in  the  Canadian  field,  and  through  the  Pedlar  People 
made  it  almost  as  well  known  here  as  in  the  States. 


THE  "Country  Life"  Book  of  Cottages,  costing 
from  $750  to  $3,000,  by  Lawrence  Weaver,  is  a 
treatise  on  cottage  building  setting  forth  some  of  the 
conditions  imp-osed  by  varying  limits  of  cost.  The 
work  abounds  in  illustrations  of  actual  buildings, 
showing  how  different  architects  have  succeeded  in 
providing  convenient  and  successful  cottages  at  a 
reasonable  cost.  The  chapters  treat  of  cottages  for 
laborers,  cheapest  types  of  rural  homes,  cottages  for 
estate  servants,  cottages  for  $2,000,  $2,500  and 
$3,000,  gate  lodges,  the  repairing  of  old  cottages, 
the  grouping  of  cottages,  and  village  planning.  The 
book  is  published  by  Country  Life,  Limited,  20 
Tavistock  street,  Covent  Garden,  W.  C,  London. 
Price,   $L25. 


THE  TEST  of  reinforced  brickwork  given  in 
this  number  is  the  outcome  of  an  experiment  by  W. 
H.  Brown  of  York,  England.  Mr.  Brown  started 
to  manufacture  in  England,  Australia  and  India.  In 
Canada  the  patent  was  turned  over  to  the  Reinforced 
Brickwork  Company,  Limited,  who  are  manufactur- 
ing at  Walkerville,  with  their  head  office  in  Winni- 
peg. It  did  not  take  Mr.  Brown  a  long  time  to  have 
the  matter  introduced,  and  the  result  is  that  to-day 


over  40,000  buildings  are  using  "H.B."  reinforce- 
ment, in  less  than  two  years  after  the  same  was  placed 
on  the  market.  A  similar  test  was  held  recently  at 
Vancouver.  The  cantilever  part  of  the  test  stood 
up  until  8,200  pounds  had  been  loaded  on,  at  which 
weight  it  broke.  The  span  of  the  brickwork  was 
loaded  on  Monday  afternoon  with  a  weight  of 
20,153,  at  which  time  darkness  came  on  and  the  test 
v\'as  postponed  until  next  morning.  Pig  iron  to  the 
amount  of  26,734  was  loaded  on  and  the  wall  still 
held  up.  The  supply  of  iron  having  been  exhausted, 
the  wall  was  then  hammered  down  by  means  of  a 
plank.  The  deflection  of  the  span  under  this  great 
weight  was  one-half  an  inch.  The  firm  which  ar- 
ranged the  test  was  the  Dominion  Equipment  and 

Supply  Company. 

*    *    * 

BECA  USE  of  a  recent  notice  of  the  removal  of 
the  Nevs'  York  offices  of  the  Yale  &  Towne  Manu- 
facturing Company  from  9  Murray  street  to  9  East 
Fortieth  street,  New  York  city,  there  seems  to  have 
been  some  confusion  in  the  minds  of  Canadians  that 
this  might  have  reference  to  some  change  in  the 
Canadian  offices  of  Canadian  ^  ale  &  Towne,  Ltd., 
at  St.  Catharines,  Ont.  This  is  not  so.  The  Yale 
offices  at  St.  Catharines  are  the  headquarters  for  all 
Yale  locks  and  hardware  sold  m  Canada,  and  all 
Canadian  mail  should  be  sent  to  this  address.  The 
makers  of  ^  ale  locks  and  hardware  take  great  pride 
in  the  fact  that  Yale  products  sold  in  Canada  are 
now  both  made  in  Canada  and  distributed  through  a 
Canadian  organization.  The  Yale  plant  at  St. 
Catharines  is  growing  so  fast  that  it  bids  fair  some 
day  to  rival  in  size  the  parent  ^  ale  works  at  Stam- 
ford, Connecticut. 

YOUNC,  well-trained  architect  (A.R.I. B.A.) 
desires  good  appointment  preferably  with  a  view  to 
partnership.  Valuable  experiences  in  England  and 
Canada:  thoroughly  competent  in  designing  and 
perspectives.  Apply  Box  25,  "Construction,"  171 
St.  James  Street,  Montreal,  Que. 


MANUFACTURING  HEADQUARTERS 

FOR 

Mathematical,    Surveying    and    Scientific 

Instruments,    Drawing    Materials, 

Draughting  and  Blue  Printing 

Equipment. 

Blue  Prints  made  from  Tracings 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO.,    LTD.. 
116  Adelaide  St.   West,   Toronto. 

Manufactories: 
European :  American :  Canadian . 

Nuremberg.  Chicago.  Toronto. 


GONSTRUCnCN 


VOL.  VI 


NO.  T 


CONTENTS    FOR    JULY,    1913 

EDITORIAL       251 

Caiiail^i'.v  Tieeil  of  Beaux-Arts  ateliers .Successful   results   from   city   planning    in 

Germany Fourth     International     Congress     on     School     Hygiene Canadian 

IjuiUlin.gs  erected  by  American  crmtractors Arguments  why  women  should  enter 

architectur... 

NEW     CENTRAL     Y.M.C.A.     BUILDING.     MONTREAL     255 

APARTMENT    HOUSES.    TORONTO    260 

CURRENT    TOPICS     267 

Creation  of  barracks  in  I'aris  to  house  tlie  poor Montreal's  conduit  scheme 

London    .S.iciety    of   Architects    dr.ift    bill    f.ir    r.-gistr.ition    of    architects .N'ew    dc- 

purtiii.;iilal    buildinss   at    (itt.iwa. 

FIFTH     ANNUAL    CONFERENCE    ON     CITY     PLANNING     271 

DESIGNING    AND    LAYING    OUT    OF    TOWNS    272 

TRADE      NOTES      288 

Full   Pu^e  Illustrations 

THE    PUBLIC   GARDENS    AT    NIMES.    FRANCE    Frontispiece 

NEW     CENTRAL     Y.M.C.A.     BUILDING.     MONTREAL     253 

GROUPS    FROM     SOUTH     AFRICAN     WAR     MEMORIAL     269 


H.   GAGNIER.   Limitt-d.    Publisheis 

GRAPHIC  ARTS  BUILDING.  TORONTO,  CANADA 

BRANCH    OFI-ICKS  : 

MONTREAL  WINNIPEG  CHICAGO  NEW  YORK 


■H''\ 


9z 
?  < 


£s 


n 


Canada's  need  of  Beaux-Aris  Tvork — A  help 
to  our  draflsmen  in  creative  xvorl( — the  time 
to  adopt  the  system  is  non'. 


THE  INFLUENCE  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux 
Alts  bids  fair  to  dominate  the  world's  field  of  archi- 
tecture. Not  satisfied  with  the  wonderful  progress 
in  France  it  is  entering  England,  much  to  the  chagrin 
of  a  large  number  of  her  prominent  architects.  We 
all  know  how  far-reaching  has  been  the  effect  of  this 
school.  The  vast  majority  of  successful  designers  in 
England  and  America  have  been  tutored  by  her, 
already  the  American  system  is  based  directly  upon 
the  French  method  of  architectural  education.  Now 
the  well  organized  system  of  the  Ecole  has  been 
started  in  England  by  the  establishment  of  the  atelier 
in  Wells  Mews  which  will  be  directed  by  Beaux- 
Arts  men.  Mr.  Cox,  of  England,  in  drawing  a 
parallel  between  a  design  class  and  an  atelier,  says: 
1.  The  preparatory  atelier,  where  projects  are  set 
by  the  patron  or  professor  for  the  students  to  work 
out  together  as  practice  for  the  admission  competition 
into  the  Ecole.  2.  The  atelier  for  those  students 
who  are  received  into  the  Ecole,  and  who  render 
in  the  atelier  the  projects  set  by  the  professor  of 
theory  of  architecture  of  the  Ecole.  It  would  be 
gratifying  indeed  if  some  of  our  prominent  architects 
would  grasp  the  needs  of  to  morrow  and  take  a 
similar  step  towards  bettering  conditions.  Since 
it  is  universally  recognized  as  the  one  best  method, 
why  not  establish  it  in  our  large  cities  at  least?  It 
means  little  expense,  some  sacrifice  on  the  part  of  the 
men  fully  competent  to  conduct  the  work  and  a  tre- 
mendous impetus  to  the  character  of  work  being 
done,  as  well  as  the  ambitions  of  the  young  men  who 
hope  to  be  the  builders  of  to-morrow.  If  such  a 
system  could  be  established  we  might  follow  the  Eng- 
lish idea  of  having  the  various  ateliers  take  up  prob- 
lems on  the  same  project  as  well  as  privileges  for 
preliminary  studies  based  on  the  French  system. 
Eventually,  when  the  time  warrants,  have  a  school 
of  fine  arts,  enabling  the  students  to  study  free.  The 
time  to  take  the  initiative  is  now.  Why  wait  until  our 
nation  is  built,  rather  let  it  be  the  means  of  helping 
us  to  build  it  right. 


n 


City  planning — The  successful  results  in 
Germany  and  our  need  of  emulaluig  the 
motives   and  sVstems   of  other  countries. 


THE  WORK  of  our  ciN'ic  commissions  augurs 
well  for  the  future  development  of  our  cities.  Still 
there  is  reason  for  further  study  and  action  in  this 
direction.  Too  many  places  are  progressing  with 
little  thought  of  the  needs  twenty  years  hence.  Wil- 
liam Sheperdson  expresses  himself  in  the  New  York 
Times  that  Gennany  in  the  handling  of  her  cities, 
in  the  constructing  and  in  the  administering  of  them 
is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  at  the  top  of  all  Gov- 
ernments, and  that,  although  there  would  be  neither 
sense  nor  profit  m  taking  up  a  German  city  govern- 
ment and  setting  it  down  intact  in  America,  many  of 
the  most  important  and  fundamental  projects  of  the 
Empire  could  be  turned  admirably  to  account  here, 
and  Germany  could  and  should  be  our  most  gratify- 
ing and  abundant  source  of  wise  precedents.  Mr. 
Sheperdson  attributes  the  superiority  of  the  Germans 
to  the  idea  of  municipal  control.  It  is  one  continual 
planning  and  building  to  meet  the  requirements  fifty 
years  ahead.  The  Germans  understand  thoroughly 
the  beautification  of  their  city  streets.  They  also  lay 
great  stress  on  each  undertaking  which  will  in  any 
way  affect  the  health  or  property  of  the  individual. 
One  special  lesson  is  the  failure  of  the  past  and  it  is 
seldom  that  a  second  disaster  or  mistake  will  occur. 
There  is  a  determined  effort  to  provide  thorough- 
fares, plan  parks  and  play-grounds,  which  will  meet 
all   future  contingencies. 

One  of  the  best  examples  of  their  careful  planning 
15  shown  in  provisions  always  made  for  the  working- 
men.  So  many  to\vns  are  models  of  cleanliness  in 
the  cheaper  districts  while  the  sanitary  arrangements 
are  beyond  reproach.  In  this  way  the  filth  and 
squalor  of  our  own  municipalities  are  guarded  against 
and  the  children  are  brought  up  to  know  the  mean- 
ing of  healthy  surroundings. 

One  handicap  exists  among  us  th?.t  is  ever  absent 
in  German}-.  We  strive  to  individualize  our  aims, 
allowing  each  administration  to  choose  its  own 
method  of  operation.  The  Germans,  on  the  other 
hand,  work  with  a  definitely  prepared  scheme  and 


251 


CONSTRUCTION 


no  change  in  the  improvements  is  made  when  other 
forces  come  mto  power. 

To  cite  an  example  of  their  practical  nature  let  us 
take  the  idea  presented  by  Herr  Wolf  at  the  Dus- 
seldorf  exhibit.  He  shows  a  city  block  shallow 
enough  to  permit  of  only  one  row  of  houses  to  be 
built  in  it,  facing  the  streets  at  the  outer  edge  of 
the  block.  In  the  rear  is  an  entrance  leading  into  a 
roomy  court  which  is  naturally  a  park.  The  courts 
have  an  outlet  into  the  streets  and  are  designed  for 
children's  playgrounds  and  passage  ways  for  pedes- 
trians, which  affords  an  avenue  of  escape  from  auto- 
mobiles on  the  main  street  as  well  as  a  protection 
against  dusty  air  made  by  heavy  traffic.  The  whole 
scheme  resolves  itself  into  placing  the  walks  behind 
the  houses  instead  of  in  front,  which  eliminates  all 
dangers  of  street  traffic.  Such  a  plan  gives  to  the 
exterior  a  city  character  and  a  suburban  effect  in 
the  rear. 

This  issue  gives  a  condensed  report  of  the  "Fifth 
annual  conference  on  city  planning,"  and  the  pro- 
gressive reports  were  gratifying.  With  a  more  con- 
sistent effort  to  secure  a  proper  scheme  and  the  priv- 
ilege of  working  it  out  without  political  interference, 
our  cities  will  appreciate  the  cleanliness  and  whole- 
someness  of  those  in  other  countries. 


n 


Canadian  huildings  erected  hy  American  con- 
Iraclors — A  need  for  local  concerns  and  a 
promising  outlook  for  a  decided  change. 


fl 


The  Fourth  International  Congress  on  School 
Hygiene — A  comparative  programme  covering 
the  entire  field  has  been  prepared,  also  exhibits. 


UNIVERSAL  INTEREST  is  being  mani- 
fested in  the  Fourth  International  Congress  on  School 
Hygiene,  to  be  held  in  Buffalo,  N."!.,  August  25- 
30.  The  one  idea  dominating  the  action  of  each 
committee  is  to  assemble  a  body  of  men  and  women 
interested  in  the  development  of  the  proper  facilities 
for  school  children.  By  a  hearty  co-operation  of 
everybody — and  it  is  a  question  which  deeply  con- 
cerns each  person — this  congress  will  undoubtedly 
be  the  most  successful  ever  held  and  will  go  far  to- 
wards the  happy  settlement  of  many  complexing 
problems.  A  comprehensive  programme  covering 
the  entire  field  of  school  hygiene  has  been  arranged. 
Papers  will  be  read  dealing  with  results  secured 
through  the  practical  application  of  scientific  facts 
and  procedures  of  school  hygiene,  and  with  the  re- 
sults of  scientific  investigation  and  laboratory  re- 
search. One  of  the  features  of  the  assembly  which 
will  be  of  extreme  interest  to  our  readers  is  the  part 
dealing  with  plan,  structural  features  and  equipment 
of  buildings.  Such  headings  will  be  thoroughly  dis- 
cussed, as  site,  architecture,  decoration,  ventilation, 
illumination,  plumbing,  furniture,  bathing  facilities, 
etc.  And  it  is  only  too  evident  in  studying  the  exist- 
ing conditions  prevalent  throughout  the  various  pro- 
vinces that  we  are  quite  deficient  in  our  knowledge  of 
these  various  phases.  It  behooves  the  architects,  en- 
gineers, builders  and  contractors  to  attend  this  con- 
ference and  if  such  a  course  is  impossible  to  keep 
closely  in  touch  with  the  daily  proceedings. 


"WITH  ALL  its  activity  in  building  construc- 
tion, Canada  has  developed  no  contracting  firms  of 
great  size  or  extensive  resources,  and  prominent  con- 
cerns on  this  side  of  the  border  line  have  stepped 
in  there  during  the  last  few  years  and  gained  nearly 
all  the  important  building  contracts."  The  veracity 
of  the  above  quotation  coming  from  the  New  York 
Sun,  can  be  judged  best  by  glancing  over  the  large 
work  which  is  being  carried  on  throughout  the  Pro- 
vinces. American  contractors  have  completed  or  are 
building  the  Chateau  Launer  at  Ottawa,  a  $L250,- 
000  hotel;  the  Fort  Garry  hotel  at  Winnipeg,  a 
$1,500,000  building;  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  new 
$1 .350,000  hotel  at  Edmonton;  the  C.P.R.  building 
at  Toronto,  costing  $900,000;  the  Prudential  Trust 
building  at  Winnipeg,  to  cost  $600,000;  the  Ritz- 
Carlton,  $2,000,000  hotel  at  Montreal;  the  Read 
building  at  Montreal,  worth  $500,000;  and  the 
Royal  Bank  building  at  Toronto,  to  cost  $1,200,- 
000.  Not  many  years  ago  the  States  chided  us  on 
the  fact  that  our  prominent  structures  were  designed 
by  Americans.  The  case  is  quite  the  reverse  now — 
a  fact  w'hich  leads  us  to  believe  that  all  buildings  of 
importance  will  in  a  few  years  be  erected  by  Cana- 
dian contractors. 


n 


Conclusive  arguments  why  women  should 
enter  architecture — A  rvarning  to  the  men  and 
a  ray  of  hope  for  the  women. 


MRS.  SPENCER,  one  of  the  pioneer  architects 
among  women,  has  written  some  conclusive  reasons 
why  her  sex  should  rank  high  in  the  field  of  art. 
Her  arguments  are  better  quoted:  "I  never  design  a 
house  without  first  living  in  it  in  imagination.  I  go 
through  all  the  housework,  fancy  myself  cook,  and 
housemaid,  and  mistress,  and  thus  discover  any  awk- 
wardness of  arrangement  in  the  interior  construction. 
I  never  build  a  house  with  steps  between  scullery 
and  kitchen.  Being  a  woman  myself,  I  recall  the 
continual  inconvenience  such  an  arrangement  would 
be  to  the  housewife  and  cook.  Why  so  many  men 
place  the  kitchen  range  in  a  dark  corner  is  a  curious 
problem.     One  must  have  light  by  which  to  cook. 

"A  woman  builder  has  the  advantage  of  practical 
experience.  Shelves,  for  example,  are  too  often 
placed  at  the  height  of  a  workman's  arm.  We  would 
eliminate  dark  rooms  in  a  house,  even  a  dark  coal 
cellar.  If  the  coals  are  kept  in  an  outhouse,  why 
should  this  not  have  glass  slates  in  the  roof?" 

Such  arguments  will  undoubtedly  persuade  us  that 
women  could  better  handle  the  complex  problems 
which  confront  every  big  office.  The  men  should 
study  these  weighty  problems  set  forth  by  Mrs. 
Spencer,  else  they  find  themselves  supplanted.  The 
spirit  of  the  article  should  be  inspiring  at  least  to  the 
dozen  women  who  claim  to  be  practising  architects. 


NEW  CENTRAL  V.M.C.A.  BUILDING,   MONTREAL,  QUE. 

JACKSOX    S:    RUSEXCRANS    AXD    ROSS    &    MACFARLAXE.     ARCHITECT; 


253 


254 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONS r R u  c  r I o  N 


New   Central    Y.  M.  C.  A.    Buildin^,    Montreal 


MONTREAL  was  the  first  city  on  this  con- 
tinent to  undertake  a  work  for  young  men 
on  the  same  basis  and  principles  as  outhned 
in  the  organization  known  as  the  Young  Men  s 
Christian  Association,  founded  by  l\1r.  George 
WilHams  (later  Sir  George  Williams),  almost 
under  the  shadow  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London. 

The  vision  and  faith  of  the  founder,  supplemented 
by  the  consecrated  effort  of  men  who  have  followed 
him,  have  resulted  in  thousands  of  buildings  being 
erected  all  over  this  continent  and  in  every  quarter 
of  the  civilized  world.  As  the  birthplace  of  the 
movement  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  Montreal  has 
kept  pace  with  the  development  of  the  work,  reach- 
ing out  from  the  distinctively  religious  foundation 
upon  which  it  is  reared  to  the  physical,  social  and 
educational  fields,  which  make  for  the  complete 
development  of  manhood. 

The  following  photographs  illustrate  the  exterior 
and  interior  of  one  of  the  three  new  buildings  recently 
erected  in  Montreal.  The  architects  were  Messrs. 
Jackson  &  Rosencrans,  New  ^  ork,  and  Ross  & 
Macl'arlane,    Montreal,    associated. 

The  exterior  is  constructed  with  terra  cotta  and 
Columbus,  Ohio,  gray  brick.  The  building  is  fire- 
proof construction  of  steel  frame  and  reinforced  con- 
crete. The  main  entrance  is  on  the  east  side  of 
Drummond  street,  entering  a  large  reception  hall 
with  a  fireplace  alcove  immediately  opposite  the 
entrance,  a  reading  room  and  small  meeting  room  on 
the  right,  and  the  writing  room  and  secretarial  offices 
on  the  left.  Separate  entrance  is  provided  for  the 
junior  department  as  shown  on  the  exterior  view,  and 
on  the  north  side  a  corresponding  entrance  leads  to  the 
auditorium,  which  can  thus  be  used  for  entertainment 


without  in  any  way  affecting  the  specialized  work  of 
the  association. 

The  basement  contains  the  lower  jjart  of  the 
plunge  room  and  plunge;  the  latter  is  75  feet  long 
by  25  feet  wide,  and  presents  one  of  the  most  attract- 
ive rooms  in  the  building.  The  plunge  bath,  the 
floors  and  the  walls,  including  the  facings  of  l:he 
spectators'  galleries,  are  laid  with  ceramic  mosaic  tile. 
It  is  well  lighted  from  ceiling  lights  set  in  the  vaulted 
ceiling.  The  source  of  the  water  supply  for  the 
plunge  and  the  entire  building,  excepting  the  boilers, 
IS  a  well  penetrating  860  feet  of  limestone,  yielding 
6,750  gallons  an  hour.  A  wholesome,  pure  supply, 
without  the  necessity  of  filtration,  is  thus  assured. 
This  room  also  contains  the  showers  and  communi- 
cates with  the  locker  rooms  for  boys  and  men. 

Men's  lockers,  steam  laundry,  barber  shop,  cafe, 
billiard  room  and  bowling  alleys  are  also  on  the  base- 
ment floor.  The  illustration  of  the  billiard  room 
shows  a  portion  only  of  this  room.  The  bowling 
alleys  are  well  lighted  and  are  among  the  best  in  the 
city,  and  fully  justify  their  place  among  the  associa- 
tion privileges. 

On  the  first,  or  main  floor,  one  view  only  is  given 
of  the  reception  hall,  looking  across  toward  the  meet- 
ing room,  and  reading  alcove.  This  room  is  tiled 
and  the  wood  finish  is  fumed  red  oak.  The  furnish- 
ings are  in  harmony  both  for  design  and  tone  and  the 
rugs  impart  a  note  of  color  that  makes  this  part  of 
the  building  exceedingly  attractive. 

The  auditorium  has  a  seating  capacity  of  500 
people,  and  has  been  constructed  with  the  columns 
so  placed  that  as  little  obstruction  as  possible  would 
affect  the  view  of  the  stage.  The  ornamental  plaster 
work  of  this  room  is  very  effective  and  considerable 


CONSTRUCTION 


comment  has  been  made  on  the  modeller's  skill  in  this 
connection. 

The  gymnasium  is  on  the  main  floor  and  is  placed 
in  convenient  relation  to  the  locker  room  and  plunge; 
it  also  has  special  exercise  rooms  in  immediate  con- 
nection, and  a  banked-up  running  track  with  specta- 
tors' gallery.  The  requirements  as  to  height  for 
hanging  apparatus  and  equipment  has  been  observed. 

The  physical  director's  offices  and  examination 
room  are  on  this  floor,  also  the  cloak  room  conveni- 
ently placed  with  relation  to  the  gymnasium  and 
auditorium. 

On  the  second  floor  are  situated  the  junior  depart- 


The  third  floor  is  given  up  almost  entirely  to  the 
educational  department.  There  are  eleven  large 
class  ro.;ms,  each  with  accordeon  doors  to  enable  the 
use  of  one  or  more  together  as  may  be  desired.  The 
educational  directors'  offices,  a  few  bedrooms  and 
the  dark  rooms  of  the  photographic  department  are 
also  on  this  floor. 

The  fourth  and  fifth  are  the  dormitory  floors,  pro- 
viding over  1 75  bedrooms  for  the  members,  with 
the  necessary  trunk  rooms,  shower  and  toilet  rooms 
on  each  floor. 

Freight  and  passenger  elevators  provide  communi- 
cation to  all  floors.     The  kitchen  arrangements  are 


>iAi:rTi(i.\    iiAi.i 


ment  with  its  own  complete  equipment,  including 
secretary's  office,  reading  room  and  library,  reception 
room,  game  room  and  meeting  room,  club  rooms  and 
gymnasium,  with  spectators'  gallery,  locker  room  and 
shower  baths. 

Quite  separate  from  the  above,  and  yet  so  placed 
that  communication  can  be  arranged,  the  library, 
committee  rooms,  cafeteria  and  kitchen  are  provided. 
The  offices  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  are  also  on 
this  floor.  Illustrations  are  given  of  the  boys'  gym- 
nasium and  game  room,  the  men's  library  and  read- 
ing room  and  the  restaurant,  the  wood  finish  in  all 
cases  being  fumed  oak. 


such  that  dumb  waiter  communication  reaches  the 
boys'  gymnasium,  men's  gymnasium  and  auditorium, 
making  it  possible  to  serve  dinners  or  association 
banquets  in  any  or  all  of  these  audience  rooms  with 
considerable  ease,  requiring  only  the  additional  help 
necessary  to  meet  the  demand  on  the  kitchen  re- 
sources. 

The  power  plant  and  equipment  is  in  a  separate 
building  in  the  rear,  placed  with  due  regard  for  con- 
venience and  economy  in  operation,  and  serving  all 
the  requirements  of  main  building. 

The  total  cost  of  the  building  without  furnishings 
was  about  $397,250.00. 


CONSTRUCTION 


257 


riiK  I'l.rxc.K. 

lAtK.xl.N    t\    Kll^l:^CRA^S 

jDETAIL    or    PLUXGE. 

NEW   CENTRAL   V.M.C.A.    BUILDING, 

AXO  ROSS  &    MACI-ARLANE, 

MONTREAL.  QUE. 

ARCHITECTS. 

_'5S 


CONSTRUCTION 


.mi:n  s  i.it'.u  \I<^■. 
Ari>iToi<n'M.     ■ 


N1A\    CKMKAL   'i.M.C.A.    llLILDlNu, 
MONTREAL,  QUE. 


JAl'KSOX  X-  UdSKNCK  A.\'S 

AMI  ROSS  >V  MACI"AliLAXIt. 

AUCIIITKCTS. 


L  U  N  S  T  R  U  C  '/•  /  O  A' 


23' I 


MKN  S  CYMNASILM. 


M,\\    (  l-.MRAL  Y.M.C.A.    BL;|l-i)l\c 
MONTREAL,  QUE. 


AM'  RiiSS  X  MACI'Alil.  W'K 

AKriiri'iA  rs. 


260 


CONSTRUCTION 


Apartment    Houses,  Toronto 


WITHIN  THE  LAST  FEW  years  the 
rapid  growth  of  Toronto  has  necessitated 
the  erection  of  numerous  apartment  houses. 
Their  types  vary  considerably,  ranging  from  the 
small  duplex  apartment  to  those  which  accommodate 
a  large  number  of  suites.  This  same  need  is  experi- 
enced in  all  our  cities  and  it  is  worthy  of  comment 
that  in  the  majority  of  cases  the  plans  have  been 
carefully  studied  and  made  practical  by  the  adoption 
of  the  best  in  all  modern  up-to-date  work. 

The  cause  of  the  rapid  development  of  the  apart- 
ment IS  given  to  the  high  cost  of  individual  houses, 
both  as  to  the  rental  and 
to  the  maintenance  of 
same.  People  felt  that 
for  a  small  family  a  house 
was  too  large;  the  servant 
problem  too  troublesome, 
or  the  anxiety  of  the 
household  cares  too  bur- 
densome. These  and 
other  causes  led  many  to 
encourage  such  structures 
and  there  seems  to  be  little 
trouble  in  renting  them,  no 
matter  how  quickly  they 
seem  to  spring  up. 

So  many  of  the  apart- 
ments have  been  erected 
by  speculative  builders, 
who  gave  no  thought  to  a 
proper  plan  or  the  latest 
improvements.  This  prac- 
tice to  a  certain  extent  has 
been  eliminated  by  the 
gradual  education  of  the 
people  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  Canadian 
cities  will  escape  the 
thousands  of  unsanitary, 
impractical  and  unsightly 
apartments  which  fill  the 
American  cities. 

The  plan  is  the  chief 
feature  and  demands  considerable  thought.  Hovs 
often  in  early  structures  would  the  door  to  the  sitting 
room  command  all  others,  or  directly  opposite  a 
toilet,  or  back  of  less  important  rooms.  The  servants 
were  forced  to  use  the  same  entrance  and  stairs. 
All  of  which  objectionable  features  are  taken  care 
of  and  the  apartment  of  to-day  should  lack  nothing 
in  arrangement  or  comfort. 

The  College  Heights  Apartments  are  situated  in 
one  of  the  most  desirable  residential  districts  and 
carfully  planned  to  meet  every  requirement  of  such 
a  location.  Pressed  brick  and  cut  stone  are  used 
upon  the  exterior;  oak  throughout  the  interior  except 


in  the  living  room,  tnmmed  in  mahogany.  All  floors 
are  of  hardwood  and  each  apartment  has  one  or 
more  electric  fireplaces.  The  heating  system  is 
steam.  In  the  basement  are  provided  the  laundries, 
store-rooms,  heating  plant,  etc. 

The  Waldorf  Apartment  consists  of  eighteen 
suites,  all  lighted  from  the  exterior,  there  being  no 
light  shafts  or  areas  in  the  building.  Upon  the  in- 
terior oak  and  cypress  provide  for  all  woodwork. 
The  floors  are  noise-proof,  finished  in  seven-eighths- 
inch  thick.  Tiling  IS  used  in  the  entrance  and  stair- 
case hall.  The  plumbing  is  supplied  with  hot  water 
from  a  central  boiler,  while 
the  heating  is  by  steam. 
As  in  the  other  apartment, 
all  the  basement  space  is 
given  up  to  the  heating 
equipment  and  storage- 
rooms.  Each  apartment 
contains  at  least  one  fire- 
place with  an  ingle-nook 
containing  seats. 

The  Bradgate  Apart- 
ment is  designed  in  dark 
red  bnck,  Roman  stone, 
light  stucco,  and  rough 
sawed  pine  stained  dark. 
Upon  the  interior  the 
stairs  are  of  iron  and  the 
floors  of  oak. 

The  Willard  Apart- 
ments are  built  of  buff 
brick  with  light  stone  trim- 
mings. The  two  buildings 
face  each  other  and  are 
designed  with  balconies 
overlooking  the  lake.  Ma- 
hogany IS  used  throughout 
while  the  living  rooms 
have  a  dado  of  the  same 
material  5*2  feet  high. 
Tiling  IS  used  in  the  entry, 
halls  and  bathrooms.  The 
tar  and  gravel  roof  is  ar- 
ranged for  the  private  use  of  the  tenants  as  well  as 
the  basement.  Steam  heating  has  been  installed, 
making  the  cost  per  cubic  foot  20  cents. 

The  Hampton  Apartments  consist  of  buff  pressed 
brick  with  Ohio  stone  trimmings.  Arrangements  are 
made  for  thirty  suites,  accommodating  from  three  to 
five  rooms,  and  separated  by  brick  walls.  The  in- 
terior finish  throughout  is  of  quarter-cut  oak  and 
hardwood  floors.  Eighteen  of  the  suites  are  acces- 
sible from  one  street,  while  the  remaining  twelve 
open  upon  another.  The  basement  is  planned  with 
locker  spaces  and  mechanical  equipment.  The  cost 
approximated  20  cents  per  cubic  foot. 


262 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


26?, 


DINING    ROOM 

AND 

F.NTRANCE. 

BRADGATE 

APARTMENTS, 

AX'ENUE  ROAD 

HILL. 
TORONTO,   ONT. 


\RKI\-nT().\ 


264 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


•TfrcAL-TTocKTLyi 


WALDORF   APARTMENTS, 
KING  STREF.T   WEST, 
TORONTO,  ONT. 
T.  r.iiWARDs  vV  s.\un'I)i:rs.  architects. 


266 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


2()7 


OCNSTRUCnQN 

A-  JOURMAL-  FOR  THE  ■  ARCHITECTURAL, 

ENGINEERING  •  AND  •  CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  ■  OF  •  CANADA 


t-REDEKlCK    REED,   Editor 

H.  GAGNIER,  LIMITED.  PUBLISHERS 

Toronto.  -  -  Canada 

BRANCH   OFFICES: 

MONTREAL     171   St.   James  Street 

WINNIPEG.  MAN.     13  Royal  Bank  Building 

CHICAGO     Advertising  Buildini; 

NEW    YORK-1E6   Slh   Avenue 


CORRESPONDENCE— All  eorrespondenc 
to  ■■CijXSTKl'CTUIN."  Corner  Itic- 
Stiffts.    Tiiiciiitc.    ('Hiiada. 


should    be   addressed 
iiiond     aii.l      Sheppaiil 


SUBSCRIPTIONS— Canada  and  Great  Britain,  $3.00  per  annum. 
United  States,  tlie  Continent  and  all  Postal  Union  countries. 
$4.00    pel-   annum,    in    advance.      Single    copies,    35c. 

ADVERTISEMENTS — 'Changes  of.  or  new  advertisements  must 
lead)  tlie  Head  otfiee  not  later  than  the  first  of  the  montli 
piecediiig  publication,  to  ensuie  insertion.  Mailing  date  is 
on  the  tenth  of  each  month.  Advertising  rates  on  application. 

CONTRIBUTIONS— The  Editor  will  be  glad  to  consider  con- 
tributions dealing  \\ith  matters  of  general  interest  to  tlie 
readers  of  this  Journal.  When  payment  is  desired,  this  fact 
should  be  stated.  We  are  always  glad  to  receive  the  loan  of 
photographs  and  plans  of  interesting  Canadian  work.  The 
originals    will    be    carefully    preserved    and    duly    returned. 

Entered  as  Second  Class  Matter  in  the  Post  Office  at  Toronto, 
Canada. 


Vol.  6 


Toronto,  July,  1913  No.  7 


CURKKNl    TOPICS 

R.  K.  SHEPARD  and  D.  D.  Calvin  have 
formed  a  co-partnership  for  the  practice  of  architec- 
ture under  the  firm  name  of  Shepard  &  Calvin. 
Their  address  is  43  Scott  street,  Toronto. 


C.  HOWARD  ELLIS,  of  Toronto,  formerly 
connected  with  the  office  of  Chas.  H.  Piatt,  New 
York  city,  is  taking  an  extended  trip  through  Europe. 
Mr.  Ellis  expects  to  practise  architecture  in  the- 
Canadian  field  upon  his  return.  Mr.  Ellis  is  a  son 
of  J.  A.  Ellis  of  the  firm  of  Ellis  h  Connerv. 


ARRANGEMENTS  for  calling  for  competi- 
tive plans  for  the  new  departmental  buildings  in 
Ottawa  are  being  completed.  Messrs.  J.  G.  H. 
Russell  and  TTiomas  E.  Colcutt,  who,  with  J.  O. 
Marchand,  are  the  assessors  who  will  have  charge 


of  the  competition  and  will  select  the  best  design, 
are  arranging  the  general  ground  plan,  with  the 
acting  Premier,  Hon.  George  Perley.  The  com- 
petition IS  to  be  open  to  architects  all  over  the  British 
Empire,  and  prizes  will  be  given  for  the  best  half- 
dozen  plans  received.  The  author  of  the  successful 
design  will  secure  the  work,  and  the  five  others  next 
in  merit  will  receive  $3,000  each.  The  ground  plan 
already  prepared  will  be  used  as  a  basis  in  calling 
for  plans,  but  the  competitors  are  to  be  at  liberty  to 
send  in  different  ground  plans  if  they  so  desire.  The 
competition  will  close  in  the  fall  and  work  on  the 
first  of  the  new  buildings  will  commence  next  year. 
These  buildings  will  include  a  new  Supreme  Court 
to  accommodate  also  the  Railway  Commission  and 
the  Department  of  Justice,  and  a  departmental  office 
block.  They  will  be  erected  on  the  recently  expro- 
priated property  overlooking  the  river  west  of  Par- 
liament  Hill. 

Mr.  Colcutt  is  a  past-president  of  the  British  Insti- 
tute, is  the  holder  of  King  Edward's  gold  medal,  a 
member  of  the  Society  des  Artistes  Francaises,  and 
a  member  of  the  Belgium  Architectural  Society.  He 
obtained  the  grand  prix  at  the  last  Paris  Exhibition 
for  designing  artists. 

THE  PLANS  already  in  course  of  preparation 
for  the  various  portions  of  Montreal's  great  municipal 
scheme  of  conduit  work  throughout  the  city,  will 
when  finished  include  twenty-three  miles  of  city 
streets,  while  the  placing  of  conduits  in  still  other 
sections  is  also  under  contemplation.  With  the  com- 
pletion of  the  conduits  already  planned  there  will 
disappear  about  five  thousand  telegraph  poles  from 
the  twenty-three  miles  of  streets  and  approximately 
a  thousand  miles  of  overhead  wires  will  be  removed. 
In  many  parts  of  the  city  the  telegraph  poles  are 
within  two  or  three  feet  of  one  another.  Within  a 
distance  of  twelve  feet  at  a  point  on  St.  Catherine 
street,  there  stand  four  poles,  but  placing  them  on  an 
average  of  fifty  feet  apart  the  above  estimate  is 
made.  Likewise,  with  the  telegraph  and  power 
wires.  On  many  of  the  business  streets  over  forty 
wires  are  carried  across  each  pole,  but  estimating  an 
average  of  twenty  wires  to  the  twenty-three  miles 
of  streets  with  poles  on  both  sides,  a  thousand  miles 
of  wiring  is  reached.  The  conduits  provide  for  a 
future  "Great  White  Way"  street  lighting,  and  for  a 
perfect  system  of  fire  alarm  and  police  patrol  wiring. 
The  method  of  distributing  the  light-giving,  heat- 
producing  or  power-conveying,  electric  wires  to  the 
places  of  residence  and  business  along  the  route  of 
the  conduits  is  interesting.  The  large  manholes  pro- 
\ide  for  the  large  cables  carrying  high  voltage  cur- 
rent and  are  stretched  to  the  smaller  transformer 
manholes.  From  the  transformer  manholes,  the  wires 
return  to  the  main  manholes  and  on  through  the 
main  ducts  to  the  service  manholes,  situated  at  inter- 
vals between  the  main  manholes,  and  from  the  seivice 
manholes  through  the  round  service  ducts  into  the 
private    buildings. 


2fiS 


CONSTRUCTION 


SENA  TOR  BERENCER  has  enthusiastically 
approved  of  the  idea  of  M.  Cochon,  head  of  the 
Federation  des  Locataires,  or  Tenants"  League,  for 
the  creation  of  barracks  in  which  to  house  the  very 
poor  of  Paris.  It  will  be  recalled  that  it  was  M. 
Cochon  who  one  day  found  building  sheds  in  the 
gardens  of  the  Tuilenes  and  appropriated  them  for 
his  poor  proteges.  Another  time  he  moved  their 
furniture  on  handcarts  into  the  Court  of  the  Ministry 
of  the  Interior.  Next  he  tried  to  lodge  them  at  the 
Elysee,  at  the  Ministry  of  War,  and  at  the  Palais 
Bourbon.  M.  Berenger  declares  that  whatever  there 
may  be  of  the  grotesque  in  such  enterprises,  yet  the 
fundamental  idea  is  no  doubt  good  and  praiseworthy, 
and  M.  Cochon's  eccentric  doings  have  at  least  had 
one  good  effect,  that  of  drawing  public  attention  to 
the  matter.  There  are  hundreds  of  destitute  people, 
and  often  very  respctable  workmen,  with  large  fami- 
lies, evicted  from  their  lodgings  on  quarter  day.  The 
building  of  workmen's  dwellings  does  not  meet  the 
case,  as  they  are  occupied  as  soon  as  built  by  work- 
men who  can  afford  to  pay  for  a  fair  amount  of 
comfort.  The  people,  on  the  other  hand,  who  are 
evicted,  especially  when  they  have  large  families, 
have  got  into  trouble  because  they  are  totally  desti- 
tute. Senator  Berenger  suggests  that  the  latter 
should  be  treated  simply  in  the  way  that  the  tempor- 
ary housing  of  soldiers  is  treated  by  the  military 
authorities.  Permanent  barracks  should  be  con- 
structed, where  these  destitute  people  could  find  a 
shelter.  The  City  of  Pans  has  many  empty  plots  of 
ground  which  it  could  lease  for  a  nominal  rent. 
With  the  buildings  there  should  go  large  play- 
grounds for  the  children,  and  finally,  this  sort  of 
workmen's  barracks  should  be  supplemented  by  suk- 
able  trade  schools,  in  which  the  children  should  be 
taught  a  trade  and  fitted  for  life. 


THE  SOCIETY  of  Architects,  London,  con- 
sidering it  desirable  in  the  public  interest  that  persons 
requiring  professional  aid  in  architecture  should  be 
enabled  to  distinguish  qualified  from  unqualified 
practitioners,  and  that  steps  should  be  taken  to  pre- 
vent incompetent  persons  from  posing  as  architects, 
have  to  that  end  drafted  "A  Bill  for  the  Registra- 
tion of  Architects."  This  will  be  presented  in  due 
form  to  Parliament. 

The  following  present  some  of  the  reasons  for 
their  action  in  this  regard:  Architects  have  the  spend- 
ing in  the  aggregate  of  vast  sums  of  public  money 
and  the  control  of  matters  affecting  the  life,  health, 
convenience  and  financial  interests  of  a  very  large 
section  of  the  community.  The  practice  of  archi- 
tecture calls  for  the  possession  and  exercise  of  many 
and  varied  gifts  and  attainments,  chief  among  which 
are,  artistic  sense  and  feeling,  scientific  and  profes- 
sional knowledge,  practical  skill,  and  business  ability. 
The  various  architectural  bodies  publish  registers  of 
their  members,  but  the  value  of  these  lists  of  archi- 


tects as  a  guide  and  protection  to  the  public  is  very 
considerably  discounted  by  the  fact  that  the  public 
directories  necessarily  schedule  under  the  title  of 
"architect"  without  reference  to  his  qualifications, 
any  person  who  claims  that  designation,  whether 
justified  or  not.  The  proposal  for  the  registration  of 
architects  is  not  a  new  one,  nor  does  it  introduce  any 
new  principle.  It  is  merely  carrying  to  its  logical 
conclusion  of  state  registration,  the  present  voluntary 
system  of  registration  of  their  members  by  the  vari- 
ous architectural  bodies.  Registration  is  in  force  in 
several  European  countries,  many  of  the  American 
States,  and  a  number  of  our  own  Dominions,  while 
others  are  applying  for  it. 

The  proposal  is  that  at  the  time  of  the  passing  of 
the  Act  every  bona  fide  qualified  architect  shall  be 
entitled  to  register  and  that  the  vested  interests  of 
engineers,  surveyors,  clerks  of  works,  builders  or 
other  persons  who  may  be  affected  shall  be  protected, 
and  opportunity  afterwards  given,  to  all  who  wish 
to  practice  architecture,  of  qualifying  for  admittance 
to  the  register.  Only  those  so  registered  are  to  be 
entitled  to  recover  fees  for  services  rendered  as  archi- 
tects. The  bill  would  provide  {inter  alia)  for  the 
establishment  of  a  registering  body  or  council,  com- 
prised of  members  appointed  by  the  Privy  Council, 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  and  the  architectural 
societies,  for  the  administration  of  the  Act  and  the 
conduct  of  the  examinations. 

The  first  effect  of  an  architects'  Registration  Act 
would  be  to  give  an  immediate  and  definite  impulse 
to  architectural  education  and  training,  by  setting  up 
a  compulsory  standard  of  qualification.  The  chief 
weakness  of  the  present  voluntary  system  of  archi- 
tectural examinations  is  that  they  are  not  obligatory 
(except  under  certain  conditions  for  admittance  to 
membership  of  architectural  bodies).  At  present 
such  examinations  are  not  in  any  case  essential  as  a 
preliminary  to  the  practice  of  architecture  or  to  the 
claiming  of  the  title  of  architect.  The  ultimate  re- 
sult of  such  an  Act  of  Parliament  would  be  that  the 
unqualified  practitioner  would  be  gradually  elimin- 
ated by  effluxion  of  time  without  inflicting  injustice 
or  hardship  on  anyone,  and  without  creating  a  mono- 
poly, while  the  public  would  have  a  guarantee  that 
in  employing  any  architect  they  would  secure  the 
services  of  a  person  possessed  of  at  least  the  minimum 
qualifications  required  for  the  proper  performance 
of  his  very  onerous  duties. 

Among  some  of  the  advantages  to  the  public 
which  in  the  opinion  of  the  society  would  be  secured 
as  a  result  of  the  passing  of  a  Registration  Act  of  the 
kind  advocated,  would  be:  the  raising  of  the  standard 
of  architectural  education  and  training  by  the  sub- 
stitution of  a  compulsory  in  place  of  a  voluntary 
system  of  qualification,  the  consequent  adequate  pro- 
tection of  the  interests  of  that  large  section  of  the 
public  affected,  and  the  recognition  by  the  State  of 
the  Art  of  Architecture  as  a  great  national  asset  to 
be  fostered  and  cultivated  to  the  utmost. 


CONSTRUCTION 


260 


GROUP  AND  FIGURE 

FROM  THE 

SOUTH  AFRICAN  WAR  MEMORIAL, 

LEICESTER,  ENGLAND. 


CONSTRUCTION 


tl-   o 
O    S 


::i  H  z 

g      Crt      < 

O    UJ    _J 


2g 


< 


y  o 


CONS  T  RUCTION 


271 


Fifth    Annual   Conference   on    City   PI 


annmg 


THE  FIFTH  annual  conference  on  city  plan- 
ning, held  in  Chicago  from  Monday  to  Friday, 
May  5-9,  witnessed  a  gathering  of  200  dele- 
gates, most  of  whom  were  experts  in  civic  matters. 
Canada  showed  up  well,  sending  five  delegates  from 
Montreal,  ten  from  Toronto,  two  from  Calgary  and 
one  each  from  Regina,  Ottawa  and  Winnipeg.  To- 
ronto was  previously  represented  on  the  committee  of 
the  conference  and  Montreal  was  now  added  as  a 
tribute  to  the  Canadian  representation.  The  chair- 
man of  the  national  conference,  Frederick  Law  Olm- 
sted, of  Brookline,  Mass.,  and  a  city  planner  of 
national  reputation,  opened  the  proceedings  by  out- 
hning  a  city  planning  programme  showing:  (  I  )  The 
development  of  a  city  planning  movement  and  the 
organization  of  unofficial  activities  and  of  official 
bodies  to  be  charged  with  the  duties  of  city  planning; 
(2)  The  principal  steps  in  the  preparation  of  a  city 
plan  after  its  preparation  is  established,  and  (3) 
Methods  of  putting  a  city  plan  into  execution. 

Mr.  Olmsted  prophesied  that  "In  fifty  years  an 
official  body  in  every  city  will  be  assigned  the  respon- 
sibility for  the  carrying  out  of  a  consistent  building 
plan."  He  said:  "There  are  three  logical  divisions 
of  any  city  planning  movement :  the  winning  of  public 
support,  the  planning  itself  and  the  translation  of 
plans  into  facts.  The  three  divisions  are  concurrent, 
they  advance  or  fall  together.  A  knowledge  of  the 
facts  IS  the  first  requirement,  and  the  basis  for  a  city 
plan  must  be  a  city  survey  covering  information  as  to 
four  classes  of  facts.  The  first  of  these  includes  the 
facts  of  the  physical  environment  of  the  people;  the 
second,  the  social  facts  concerning  the  people  them- 
selves and  the  reactions  between  them  and  their 
physical  environment;  the  third,  the  economic  and 
financial  facts  as  to  the  resources  of  the  community 
and  the  possible  means  of  bringing  those  resources  to 
bear  on  public  improvements;  and  the  fourth,  the 
facts  as  to  the  legal  and  administrative  conditions 
which  must  be  reckoned  with  in  any  attempt  to  con- 
trol the  physical  environment."  Mr.  Olmsted's  ad- 
dress was  followed  by  a  statistical  report  on  the  city 
planning  activities  of  the  year,  prepared  by  Flavel 
Shurtleff,  of  Boston,  secretary  of  the  conference. 
This  was  illustrated  by  stereopticon  views  of  im- 
provements actually  effected  in  American  cities,  to- 
gether with  statements  of  the  cost,  etc. 

Mr.  Wacker,  in  the  course  of  his  remarks,  said: 
I  believe  the  experience  of  Chicago  has  demon- 
strated there  are  four  important  legal  obstacles  to  be 
removed  before  the  science  of  city  planning  can  be 
made  mose  effective.  One  of  these  is  the  law  for- 
bidding cities  to  condemn  more  property  than  is  actu- 
ally needed  for  an  improvement.  Our  cities  should 
have  ample  powers  of  excess  condemnation,  that  they 
may  lake  whatever  wide  belts  of  property  may  be 
advisable  in  any  improvement  district,  holding  the 


same  for  rearrangement  and  resale  after  the  comple- 
tion of  the  improvement  has  added  largely  to  the 
values.  Secondly,  our  cities  should  have  the  right 
to  acc]uire  property  for  the  purpose  of  eliminating  un- 
sanitary districts.  Thirdly,  the  law  should  provide 
for  issues  of  long-term  bonds,  under  proper  restric- 
tion, so  the  citizens  of  the  future  who  will  enjoy  to 
the  full  the  benefits  of  the  great  improvements  may  be 
called  upon  to  contribute  toward  paying  for  such 
improvements.  Fourth,  to  provide  for  economy, 
legal  means  should  be  had  to  stop  realty  speculation 
based  upon  the  certainty  of  increased  values 
growing  out  of  improvements  under  a  city 
plan,  and  also  to  prevent  erection  of  costly 
buildings  fronting  thoroughfares  to  be  widened,  un- 
less such  buildings  shall  be  erected  to  fit  in  with  the 
new  plans,  and  thus  be  exempt  from  condemnation, 
thereby  lessening  expense  to  the  city.." 

During  the  convention  Dr.  Hegemann,  general 
secretary  of  the  German  City  Planning  Conference, 
pointed  out  the  danger  of  ignoring  the  railway  facili- 
ties and  criticized  the  Chicago  plan  as  having  made 
such  a  mistake.  In  speaking  of  Paris  he  showed  how 
$500,000,000  had  been  expended  in  making  it  a 
Renaissance  city  while  the  housing  conditions  and 
location  of  railways  were  poorly  handled. 

Dr.  Hegemann,  who  had  objected  to  seeking  as  a 
model  for  Chicago  Pans,  where,  he  said,  transporta- 
tion and  housing  were  the  worst  in  the  world,  told 
again  of  the  results  of  the  greater  Berlin  competition. 
Then  he  continued:  "For  a  comprehensive  transpor- 
tation plan  of  a  large  city,  the  opinion  of  the  leading 
transportation  experts  of  the  country — if  not  of  the 
world — must  be  asked.  At  the  competition  for 
Greater  Duesseldorf  in  1912,  nearly  all  the  competi- 
tors worked  in  co-operation  with  some  transportation 
expert.  On  the  bas's  of  a  good  solution  of  railroad 
problems,  a  satisfactory  development  of  housing  can 
be  worked  out.  The  main  thoroughfares,  the  parks, 
and  the  public  buildings,  can  be  put  in  their  right 
place  without  being  endangered  by  resettlement  of 
railroad  troubles.  The  creation  and  protection  of 
desirable  districts  for  the  homes  of  the  people  can  be 
worked  out  on  this  basis.  The  well-to-do  will  be 
able  to  invest  his  money  safely  without  fearing  the 
deterioration  of  the  neighborhood,  and  the  man  of 
modest  means  can  get  good  connections  with  pleas- 
anter  little  houses — far  enough  away  from  the  heart 
of  the  city  to  give  him  ample  opportunity  to  have  all 
the  garden  he  may  desire.  The  basis  of  the  city 
beautiful  is  the  businesslike  handling  of  transporta- 
tion. Modern  transportation,  if  thoroughly  applied 
to  city  planning,  will  produce  a  new  type  of  a  decen- 
tralized city,  which  will  contain  more  green  spaces, 
gardens,  and  parks — with  a  corresponding  improve- 
ment in  the  health  of  the  people — than  the  crowded 
cities  we  have  known  ujj  to  date." 


Designing    and    Laying   Out   of    Towns 


T.  HAROLD  HUGHhS- 


Approaching  the  Problf-:m. 
/.     The  Architectural  Ideal. 

THE  architectural  standpoint  in  designing  and 
laying  out  cities  and  towns  is  that  point  of 
view  which  demands  the  subordination  of 
many  component  parts  to  the  production  of  an  har- 
monious and  united  whole,  which  shall  not  only 
satisfy  all  utilitarian  requirements  but  contribute  to 
the  mental  and  moral  welfare  of  mankind.  Prac- 
tical problems  must  be  so  solved  as  to  appeal  to  our 
sense  of  beauty.  Such  necessities  as  water  suoply. 
will,  within  broad  limits, 
exercise  no  influence  on 
schemes  of  drainage,  or 
the  transmission  of  power, 
the  ultimate  effect  of  the 
city;  but  lines  of  trans- 
portation, the  allocation 
of  the  various  quarters, 
the  distnbution  of  park 
lands,  public  buildings, 
and  monuments,  and  th*" 
lay-out  of  streets  and 
squares  will  all  be  de- 
signed to  assist  in  the 
realization  of  some  great 
artistic  scheme. 

Town  planning  is  an 
art  with  a  far-reaching 
influence.  The  painting 
or  statue  placed  in  the 
art  gallery  or  in  the 
dwellings  of  the  wealthy 
is  seen  by  few;  but  the 
town  planner,  whose  can- 
vas is  the  hill  and  the 
plain,  can  by  his  crea- 
tion of  the  city  beautiful 
give  pleasure  day  by  da\ 
and  affect  the  lives  of 
many  not  only  for  the 
present  but  for  genera- 
tions to  come. 

To  whom  must  we  look  for  the  creation  of  the 
beautiful  town?  The  mind  accustomed  to  the  design 
of  buildings,  to  the  grasp  of  an  entire  problem,  to  the 
harmonious  relation  of  many  details  fitly  propor- 
tioned to  their  object,  alive  to  the  value  of  the  axial 
line  and  vista,  knowing  how  and  where  to  concen- 
trate interest,  able  to  accentuate  and  subordinate 
parts,  this  mind — the  mind  of  the  architect — is  the 
one  to  design  the  town  such  as  I  would  define  it. 

•Kssay  submitteri  under  the  motto  •■ReduiHlaiK  y."  awarded 
the  Roval  Institute  silver  medal  and  tvveiuy-nve  guineas,  Vn2. 
I'ublislied  through  the  courtesy  of  the  Journal  of  the  lioyal 
Institute   of   British   Architects. 


How^  must  the  problem  be  approached?  No  great 
work  of  art  can  be  achieved  without  some  high  ideal, 
to  attain  which  the  artist  constantly  must  strive. 
Some  great  thought  must  be  embodied  in  every 
design,  every  detail  must  be  attuned  to  some  great 
ruling  principle,  and  in  a  large  comprehensive  scheme 
the  designer  must  seize  upon  every  opportunity  of 
enforcing  the  dominant  idea. 

The  town  must  be  conceived  as  a  whole,  and 
must  be  the  work  of  one  whose  high  ideals  and 
imagination  can  rise  above  the  host  of  details  which 
beset  the  designer  of  such  a  vast  and  complex  prob- 
lem. The  planner  of 
towns  must  be  a  dreamer 
steeped  in  ideals  and 
freeing  at  the  outset  his 
mind  from  all  pretty  de- 
tails. He  must  create 
around  him  by  his 
thoughts  a  favorable  en- 
vironment, and  so  con- 
ceive the  broad  lines  of 
his  scheme.  By  a  wise 
study  of  the  past,  recog- 
nizing its  limitations  and 
its  ideals,  he  can  stimu- 
late his  imagination  and 
gain  an  insight  into  the 
qualities  required  to  cre- 
ate the  city  beautiful. 
Knowledge  of  the  ruling 
principles  and  aided  by 
these,  an  attempt  to  re- 
create in  his  mind,  from 
their  ruins,  the  cities  of 
long  ago,  will  be  of  the 
utmost  value;  and  may 
he  not,  in  this  respect, 
glean  something  from 
painters  who  could  de- 
pict the  glories  of  the 
past  in  such  scenes  as  the 
Landing  of  Cleopatra,  or 
Dido  and  Carthage? 

//.    Lessons  of  the  Past. 

(a)   Greek. 

Was  it  well-considered  planning  and  the  grouping 
of  buildings  and  accessories  into  one  great  architec- 
tural scheme,  or  beautiful  buildings  superbly  placed, 
which  contributed  to  the  effect  of  a  Greek  city?  I 
think  the  latter.  Selinonte,  influenced  by  the  work 
of  Hippodamus,  in  whom  we  see  the  highest  attain- 
ments in  Greek  planning,  owes  its  beauty  to  its 
elevated  position  above  the  water  and  to  the  sense 


CONSTRUCTION 


273 


of  unity  in  the  design  of  its  buildings — as  a  town 
plan  it  is  a  failure.  From  the  great  period  of  the 
fifth  century  B.C.  to  the  time  of  Alexander  there 
was  an  increasing  desire  for  clear  reasoned  thought 
and  an  attempt  to  render  some  fine  conception  in  the 
city  plan,  in  place  of  chance  haphazard  growth;  but 
that  perfect  unity  and  subordination  of  all  details 
to  one  great  idea  so  beautifully  shown  in  their  indi- 
vidual buildings  was  never  attained.  Though 
attempts  are  made  to  obtain  the  best  effects  withm 
the  limits  imposed,  the  necessity  of  fortifications 
and  the  insistence  on  the  preservation  of 
sacred  spots,  precluded  the  adoption  of 
any  unified  architectural  scheme.  At 
no  other  period  can  a  more  complete 
understanding  of  the  site  and  its  re- 
sources be  seen.  Art  and  Nature  are 
happily  wedded,  as  shown  in  the  mag- 
nificent disposition  of  their  buildings  on 
some  prominent  site  or  in  the  theatre  cut 
out  of  the  slopes  of  the  hill ;  and  at  Per- 
gamos,  Athens,  and  elsewhere,  the 
value  of  broad  level  lines  on  a  hilly  and 
diversified  site  is  apparent. 

The    buildings     on    the    Acropolis, 
Athens,   though   not  planned  in  direct 
relation  one  to  the  other,  were  so  placed 
on  the  rock  as  to  give  the  appearance 
of  one  great  ensemble  as  seen  from  the 
city  below,  the  outward  and  visible  sign 
of    that    which    dominated    their    lives. 
The   Propylaea,   traced  from   th 
Cretan  palace  to  Mnesicles' 
superb     edifice     at     Athens, 
shows   a    desire    to   obtain    a 
dignified  first  impression  and 
a  portal  worthy  of  the  pre- 
cincts   to  which   it    gives   ac- 
cess.     Public  gymnasia  and 
stadia     were    brought    more 
into      architectural      relation 
with  the  city — a  contrast  to 
our  method  of  dealing  with 
recreation     grounds,     though 
now,  as  then,  physical  exer- 
cise plays  an  important  part 
in  life.     The  Agora,  placed 
in   relation   to   the   two  main 
cross    streets    of    the    town, 

shows  an  appreciation  of  the  in..  2.    i.ux 

importance  of  the  vista,  and 

the  grouping  of  their  public  buildings  round  it 
shows  the  value  attached  to  the  formation  of  some 
climax  in  their  design,  an  effect,  however,  more  mag- 
nificently obtained  by  the  placing  of  the  great  domi- 
nating temples  on  an  eminence,  giving  to  the  whole 
composition  a  sense  of  unity  extending  to  the  smallest 
houses,  however  distant  and  irregularly  scattered 
about.  Though  symmetry  was  not  always  striven 
for,  a  general  sense  of  balance  is  felt  and  an  inter- 
esting sky-line  maintained. 


(b)  Roman. 
In  the  study  of  Roman  Civic  Art  it  is  the  great 
scale  and  the  big  way  of  approaching  problems  which 
strike  one  most  forcibly.  Possessed  of  more  power 
and  fewer  restrictions  than  the  Greeks,  they  did  not 
hesitate  to  cut  away  the  side  of  a  hill  or  to  fill  in  a 
valley  to  suit  their  magnificent  plans.  Regular  and 
symmetrical  schemes  were  adopted,  the  chess-board 
system  being  more  or  less  customary — the  two  main 
streets  of  the  town  set  at  right  angles  to  one  another 
regulating  the  lay-out  of  the  remainder  of  the  city 
plan;  but  effective  planning  is  limited 
more  or  less  to  the  public  buildings  and 
markets,  the  residential  parts  being  un- 
resolved. 

The  value,  then,  of  Roman  study  to 
us  must  centre  chiefly  on  the  Fora  and 
their  surroundings.  Placed  usually  at 
the  intersection  of  the  two  chief  streets, 
they  occupy  central  positions,  but, 
hidden  within  the  angles  formed  by  the 
two  ways,  they  partake  more  of  the 
nature  of  enclosed  spaces  and  shed 
none  of  their  glory  on  the  adjacent 
streets.  The  surroundings  of  the  Fora 
(now  no  longer  market  places),  with 
their  colonnades  and  porticos,  all  con- 
tribute to  the  total  effect  of  magnificence 
- —  and  speak  eloquently  of  the  civic  pomp 
and  splendor  of  Roman  public  life, 
something  of  which  might  with  advan- 
<^v^\  tage  be  infused  into  our  own. 

The  importance  attached 
to  unity  and  regularity  of 
planning  and  to  the  vista  is 
shown  in  the  grouping  of  the 
Fora  in  Rome,  which  are  so 
placed  that  they  are  not  only 
complete  in  themselves  but 
are  in  architectural  relation  to 
those  already  built;  more- 
over, in  the  great  Fora  of  the 
Eternal  City  the  important 
Diinciple  that  public  buildings 
must  be  well  placed,  if  they 
are  to  have  their  full  archi- 
tectural value,  is  exemplified. 
Great  care  is  taken  to  mask 
all  irregularities — in  the  co- 
lonnaded streets  of  Palmyra, 
set  axially  with  the  temples 
at  each  end,  any  deviation  from  the  straight  line  is 
overcome  by  a  skilful  adjustment  of  triumphal 
arches. 

Delightful  emphasis  was  given  to  the  junction  of 
cross  roads,  and  an  added  importance  to  the  axial 
lines  by  the  placing  of  large  pylons  or  four-way 
arches  at  the  points  of  intersection.  The  Triumphal 
Arch  to  the  Forum  of  Trajan,  the  Hexagonal  Hall 
to  the  Temples  of  Baalbec,  or  the  steps  and  mighty 
crescent    forming    the    entrance    to    the    Palace    of 


CONSTRUCTION 


Augustus  on  the  Palatine  Hill,  all  show  the  same 
desire  to  create  a  magnificent  first  impression. 

In  the  placing  of  civic  ornament  much  may  be 
learnt  from  the  Romans.  Their  use  of  statuary 
placed  on  pedestals  in  the  Fora  in  relation  to  the 
whole  design,  or  on  corbels  attached  to  the  columns, 
the  lines  of  the  drapery  thus  contrasting  with  the 
formal  architecture,  is  far  nobler  than  our  haphazard 
methods  of  dealing  with  such  objects  at  the  present 
time. 

The  monumental  character  of  Roman  work  is  the 
result  of  a  close  adhesion  to  three  great  principles: 
(!)  Symmetry;  (2)  the  maintenance  of  the  axial 
line,  and  (3)  the  establishment  of  some  central 
feature  and  subordination  of  accessory  parts.  These 
principles,  so  well  shown  in  their  great  Thermae  \vith 
their  beautifully  grouped  halls,  directly  or  indirectly 
must  assert  themselves  in  any  successful  city  scheme. 

In  the  hemicycle  with  its  great  possibilities,  the 
Romans  added  the  curve  to  the  straight  line  of  the 
Greeks  to  be  fully  developed  in  the  Renaissance. 

(c)   Mediaeval. 

In  all  great  periods  of  art  a  desire  for  symmetry 
and  regularity  is  observable,  at  one  time  more  pro- 
nounced than  at  another.  In  the  Middle  Ages,  plans 
of  towns,  when  laid  out  de  novo,  were  regular  and 
symmetrical  whenever  the  nature  of  the  site  would 
permit.  The  majority  of  examples,  however,  have 
developed  the  irregular  forms  they  take  owing  to 
determining  lines  of  fortifications  and  a  gradual  un- 
regulated growth;  under  these  conditions  then,  they 
cannot  have  the  value  for  study  for  a  modern  city, 
which  should  not  be  laid  out  to  afford  material  for 
the  water-color  artist!  It  is  possible  to  admire  and 
love  the  marvellous  effects  of  these  old  towns  without 
wishing  to  reproduce  them  in  the  twentieth  century. 
They  are  the  products  of  a  time  when  to  do  the 
right  thing  came  naturally,  and  each  man,  with  a 
great  tradition  behind  him,  unconsciously  built  so 
that  his  work  took  its  place  beautifully  as  a  unit  in 
the  whole,  and  effects  were  obtained  for  which  it 
would  be  absurd,  under  modern  conditions,  to  strive. 

Lessons,  however,  may  be  learned  from  mediaeval 
work.  The  walls  of  fortification  enclosing  the  old 
towns,  and  clearly  defining  them  from  the  country 
around,  show  the  value  a  definite  boundary  would 
be  to  our  modern  cities,  instead  of  the  straggling  out- 
skirts so  often  a  disfigurement.  The  clustering  of 
the  town  around  some  great  towering  church  or 
cathedral,  a  dominating  mass,  like  the  Acropolis  at 
Athens,  gives  a  sense  of  unity  to  the  whole;  whilst 
countless  examples  show  that  perfect  geometrical 
regularity  on  paper  is  not  always  necessary,  for  little 
deviations  from  the  square  are  with  difficulty  mea- 
sured by  the  eye.  From  the  market  place  we  can 
learn  the  value  of  the  quiet,  restful  effects  obtained 
by  a  judicious  arrangement  of  street  entrances,  giving 
an  unbroken  frame  of  buildings,  and  with  it  that 
sense  of  seclusion  so  suitable  for  a  square  in  a  busy 
commercial  centre  (an  effect  which  may  be  obtained 


without  meandering  streets  but  in  a  rectilineal  system 
with  streets  entering  "en  bras  de  turbine").  Such 
an  arcaded  market  place  as  that  of  Montpazier 
would  make,  in  principle,  an  excellent  model  for  our 
shopping  centres;  and  we  can  learn  something  too 
for  our  residential  quarters,  where,  removed  from  the 
centre  of  the  city,  the  need  of  formality  being  less,  a 


in;.   J).     RADiAi.   ri.AXNMxc :     i>i  ac.kam    hi-    a    mhuKkn    city 

BASKI)   ox    Till".   PI. AX    III-    KAKI.jlU'IIK. 

judicious  variation  in  the  building  lines  of  the  street 
gives  a  pleasing  and  welcome  variety. 

(d)  Renaissance. 

With   the  revival   of  Classic   architecture   in   the 
fifteenth  century  in  Italy,  and  with  it  earnest  study  of 


■'>'^° 


l-IG.    4.       A    CAI'IT.M.    CITV:     GOVERXMKXT    I'.T  1 1.DINGS 
IKIMIXATIXI.  Till-:   WlIdl.K. 

the  great  buildings  of  the  Romans,  appeared  the 
revival  of  the  "grand  manner"  in  planning,  and  that 
fine  sense  of  breadth  and  scale  in  architecture  so 
closely  associated  with  the  name  of  ancient  Romi\ 
The  regularity  and  symmetry  of  the  buildings  soon 


CONSTRUCTION 


spread  to  gardens,  streets,  and  "places"  which  were 
laid  out  at  that  time  and  in  conjunction  with  them. 
The  settmg  of  buildings  and  arrangement  of  their 
sites  and  the  practice  of  formal  gardenmg  developed 
a  desire  for  larger  fields  to  conquer,  and  plans  of 
cities  and  towns  were  schemed  showmg  a  desire  to 
consider  the  problem  in  the  light  of  a  complete  har- 
monious whole.  A  masterly  grasp  of  the  possibili- 
ties, a  largeness  of  conception,  and  a  power  and  a 
courage  to  handle  civic  design  on  a  scale  such  as 
never  before  had  been  attempted  now  becomes 
apparent. 


■MM'fi^'- 


ilVKKNMr.N  I     JU'U.IH  M 


l.N    A    HU.I.- 


The  desire  to  shed  the  glory  of  important  buildings 
upon  their  surroundings  by  placing  them  on  some 
prominent  point  to  which  many  roads  converge,  large 
open  spaces  or  forecourts  to  buildings  to  enable  their 
designs  to  be  properly  appreciated,  magnificent  vistas, 
a  predominance  of  geometrical  forms,  and  a  linking 
up  of  many  features  into  one  connected  design  are  all 
characteristics  to  be  seen  in  the  plan  of  any  Renais- 
sance town. 

The  Italian  villas  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries  (largely  the  works  of  men  who  were  paint- 
ers before  architects!)  are  excellent  examples  of  the 
"grand  manner"  in  architecture.  A  realization  of 
the  possibilities  of  the  site,  of  the  value  of  dignified 
approaches,  of  noble  terracing,  of  vistas,  of  formally 
laid  out  gardens  in  excellent  relation  to  the  buildings, 
these  and  many  other  qualities  which  defy  analysis 


are  to  be  seen  in  such  designs  as  the  Sacchetti  (Fig. 
I),   Madama,  Aldobrandini,  or  the  D'Este. 

But  in  other  countries  besides  Italy,  countries  to 
which  the  Renaissance  spread,  there  also  may  be 
studied  noble  works.  In  France,  perhaps  more  than 
anywhere  else,  can  be  seen  the  finest  examples  of  the 
harmonious  design  of  buildings  and  sites — of  grounds 
treated  as  an  essential  part  of  the  architecture.  The 
sites  usually  flat,  prolonged  vistas  (Fig.  7),  large 
open  spaces  and  beautiful  broad  effects  of  water, 
grass,  and  foliage,  are  points  in  which  the  French 
excelled.  No  other  people  have  shown  such  a  mag- 
nificent sense  of  breadth  and  space  as  may  be  seen 
in  such  creations  as  the  gardens  of  Chantilly  or  Ver- 
sailles. In  the  Renaissance,  for  the  first  time,  we 
see  the  city  planned  as  an  artistic  whole.  A  fine 
conception  precedes  its  slower  realization,  and  every 
detail  is  subordinated  to  the  one  central  idea.  Would 
that  we  again  could  pick  up  the  threads  of  a  lost 
tradition ! 

///.    Infiucnces  uf   To-daX>. 

All   good   art  must   live — it   must   reflect   the  age 
we   live  in.      Full   recognition   must  be  given   to  all 
I  the  practical  considerations  which  affect  civic  art,  for 
-//    'o^^n   planning    is   not    an    art   plus   a   science,    but 
■■^     demands  that  all  modern  utilitarian  requirements  and 
scientific    problems    be    accepted    and    expressed    in 
beautiful    forms.      Our   retrospective   glance    at    the 
cities  of  the  past  shows  the  results  of  forces  entirely 
different  from  those  at  work  to-day,  and  the  habits 
and  customs  of  the  people  who  inhabited  them  are 
clearly  written  in  their  plans.     It  follows,  then,  that 
we   must   consider   every   tendency   of   modern    life, 
science,  and  invention  which  will  directly  or  indi- 
rectly   affect    our  design    and    reflect    the    twentieth 
century. 

Determining  factors  will  be  found  in  the  railway 
and  transit  systems  in  general.  The  speed  of  traffic 
almost  as  much  as  its  bulk  will  regulate  the  width 
of  roads,  and  faster  transit  facilities  will  be  desirable 
in  the  future.  Motor  and  other  rapid  modes  of  loco- 
motion necessitate  long,  straight  streets,  the  avoid- 
ance of  awkward  turns,  and  the  provision  of  open 
points  of  intersection  together  with  means  of  easy 
supervision  and  direction.  Modern  city  life  with 
Its  stress,  demands  that  office  quarters  be  as  free  as 
possible  from  traffic;  and,  as  shopping  streets  and 
centres  must  always  entail  blockage  in  the  traffic,  for 
such  quarters  as  these  duplicated  streets  may  be  the 
only  solution. 

Class  distinction,  "fashionable  quarters,"  or  social- 
istic tendencies  will  all  leave  their  mark  on  plans. 
Economic  problems,  the  cost  of  living,  the  desire 
of  the  workman  to  have  easy  or  cheap  access  to  his 
work,  the  tendency  to  avoid  domestic  problems  and 
live  in  flats  and  hotels,  and  many  other  such  present- 
day  influences  will  have  a  marked  effect  on  the  city, 
and.  properly  grasped,  will  help  in  the  production 
of  a  living  plan  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  population 
of  to-day  and  to-morrow. 

Scientific  progress  must  lea\e  its  mark.     The  ten- 


276 


CONSTRUCTION 


dency  to  concentrate  in  the  production  of  power  at 
large  central  stations  will  affect  the  aspect  of  the  city, 
and  newer  methods  of  transit  both  by  land  and  air 
must  be  considered.  May  it  not  be  something  of  a 
fetish  that  in  the  days  of  such  undertakings  as  the 
Suez  and  Panama  Canals  we  should  let  our  designs 
be  regulated  by  every  little  undulation  of  the  site, 
perhaps  to  the  detriment  of  a  broad,  straightforward 
scheme  ? 

Attainment  of  the  Ideal. 
The  General  Town  Plan. 

(a)   The  Individuality  of  the  Town. 

To  portray  the  town's  individuality  and  to  express 
its  character  must  be  the  first  consideration  and  con- 
stant endeavor  of  the  designer.  He  must  consider 
the  life  of  its  people,  the  use  of  the  city,  be  it  collegi- 
ate, legislative,  or  commercial,  the  materials  to  be 
used,  the  vegetation  that  will  thrive,  and,  greatest  of 
all  powers  to  give  individuality,  the  configuration  of 
the  site,  considerations  which,  by  a  clear  acknow- 
ledgment and  expression  in  his  design,  will  give  to 
the  city  its  distinctive  character  and  clearly  reflect  the 
life  and  history  of  its  dwellers. 

(b)    The  Site  in  General. 

A  glance  at  those  cities  which  stand  out  pre-emi- 
nently as  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world  will  prove 
that,  m  each  instance,  the  nature  of  the  site  has 
entirely  governed  the  general  lay-out,  and  will  show 
how  natural  features  have  been  turned  to  the  greatest 
advantage;  but  whereas  in  the  cities  of  the  past  mili- 
tary considerations  have  usually  governed  the  selec- 
tion of  the  site,  we,  more  or  less  within  limits,  may 
select  one  for  its  aesthetic  possibilities.  Full  know- 
ledge of  the  site  must  precede  the  formation  of  any 
scheme  for  its  covering — no  greater  mistake  can  be 
made  than  to  approach  the  problem  with  some  pre- 
conceived idea  of  a  type  of  plan  "formal"  or  "in- 
formal" which  the  designer  wishes  to  |3roduce. 
Originality,  it  should  be  remembered,  will  arise  from 
a  close  adherence  to  the  demands  of  the  site. 

The  mountain,  valley,  plain,  or  river  will  all 
determine  the  form  of  plan  (Fig.  4),  whilst  every 
feature  of  the  site,  woods,  ponds,  or  clumps  of  trees 
must  be  taken  into  consideration  and  turned  to  good 
effect.  The  lake  will  suggest  a  water  frontage  and 
the  public  buildings  placed  in  conjunction  with  it 
(Fig.  8).  The  river,  perhaps,  will  have  the  strong- 
est influence  in  the  development  of  the  city  site,  and 
the  possibilities  of  great  sweeping  curves  to  its  em- 
bankments, or  the  splendid  position  for  public  build- 
ings, lining  each  side,  should  not  be  overlooked.  The 
bridges  should  be  carefully  placed,  since  they  will 
govern  the  setting  out  of  the  streets  on  each  side,  and 
care  must  be  taken  in  the  placing  of  the  industrial 
quarters  that  they  may  not  in  time  unduly  spoil  the 
river-side  development.  If  the  river  runs  at  the  foot 
of  some  precipitous  hill,  as  does  the  Wear  at  Dur- 


ham, a  magnificent  site  is  afforded  for  the  building, 
ecclesiastical  or  civic,  which  is  to  dominate  the  whole 
city  plan. 

The  hillside  or  summit  will  afford  the  most  com- 
manding position  for  the  chief  public  buildings  of 
the  city.  If  the  former,  its  dark  covering  of  trees  and 
foliage  will  demand  a  careful  silhouette  to  the  build- 
ings grouped  upon  its  slopes,  and  if  these  be  of  a 
public  nature  the  effect  must  not  be  spoilt  by  allow- 
ing the  town  to  develop  behind  them  If  the  hill  or 
mountain  side  be  steep  many  opportunities  may 
occur  for  noble  terracing  and  sheer  cliffs  of  wall. 
The  residential  quarter  will  naturally  require  high 
ground,  which  should  not,  however,  compete  with 
the  spot  selected  for  the  civic  centre. 

Not  only  will  the  nature  of  the  site  itself  deter- 
mine the  general  lines  of  the  design,  but  also  promi- 
nent features  of  the  surrounding  country.  Views  of 
distant  mountains,  hills,  or  water,  or  any  beautiful 
prospect,  should  be  linked  up  with  the  city.  Avenues, 
open  spaces,  and  the  forecourts  to  important  build- 


Fir,  6.      A   STATKl.N    ri.ACi;.  RKCESSED  FROM   LINES  01"  TRAFFIC 
AMI    SL'KROU.VIIF.II    BY    HOTELS. 

ings  must  be  schemed  to  obtain  a  view  of  the  distant 
country,  the  formal  city  buildings  forming  a  foil  and 
setting  to  the  landscape. 

Every  part  of  the  site  having  been  given  the  fullest 


CONSTRUCTION 


consideration,  and  all  its  possibilities  grasped,  the 
planner,  always  thinking  in  three  dimensions,  may 
outline  his  scheme. 

(c)  The  Siib-division  of  the  Site. 

Practical  considerations  such  as  prevailing  winds, 
rainfall,  geological  formation,  etc.,  accounted  for, 
we  may  begin  to  dispose  of  the  various  quarters 
which  will  go  to  make  up  the  city  plan. 


KKII  Kl.IKr.    AS    I. All! 


The  city  may  be  sub-divided  into  three  areas: 
(  1  )  The  Civic  and  Commercial,  conveniently  con- 
sidered together;  (2)  the  Residential;  and  (3)  the 
Industrial.  Reasons  of  convenience  and  health  may 
dictate  that  these  areas  must,  within  certain  limits, 
be  separately  placed  and  grouped  and  determine  the 
relative  positions  they  should  occupy.  Our  archi- 
tectural standpoint  demands  more — it  demands  that, 
though  separated  (and  each  requiring  a  different 
treatment  and  some  effect  of  centralization  in  itself). 
they  shall  retain  their  positions  as  units  in  a  complete 
whole,  and  be  in  relation  to  one  another  whether 


viewed  from  the  mountain-tojj  or  public  square.  The 
following  are  ways  by  which  this  may  be  obtained: 
{  I  )  The  subordination  of  the  minor  parts  and  accen- 
tuation of  the  chief,  giving  a  greater  vigor  and  sense 
of  completeness  to  the  whole.  (2)  Main  radial 
avenues  between  the  heart  of  the  city  and  its  outskirts 
(Fig.  4),  which  should,  at  their  termination  both  in 
the  centre  and  in  the  area  they  serve,  have  some 
prominent  and  well-fixed  focal  point,  to  give  a  sense 
of  connection  to  city  and  suburb.  (3)  Ring  roads 
maintaining  their  width  and  character  throughout. 
(4)  Great  formal  sweeps  of  dwellings  in  the  resi- 
dential quarters,  perhaps  terraced  high  on  some  hill 
like  the  seats  of  a  Greek  theatre,  and  having  the 
chords  of  their  curves  in  definite  relation  to  the  centre, 
whilst,  whenever  possible,  straight  streets,  however 
short,  may  be  planned  with  their  axes  radiating  from 
the  important  buildings  in  the  heart  of  the  town.  (5) 
Scale  obtained  by  the  adoption  of  a  similar  unit  for 
both  town  and  outskirts.  There  is  no  reason  for  the 
level  lines  of  classical  cornices  in  the  civic  centre  to 
give  way  entirely  to  spires  and  mediaeval  gables  in 
the  environs. 

Of  great  importance  are  the  problems  of  the  dis- 
connection of  the  various  areas,  and  the  transition 
from  one  quarter  and  class  of  building  to  another. 
No  definite  rules  can  be  laid  down  since  each  site 
will  require  a  different  solution.  By  treating  the 
main  avenues  connecting  the  areas  for  part  of  their 
length  as  park-ways,  not  only  would  the  park  system 
be  continued  from  the  open  outskirts  to  the  more 
closely  built  upon  commercial  part,  but  the  transition 
from  one  class  of  building  to  another  would  become 
less  noticeable.  More  effective,  perhaps,  would  be 
ring  avenues  of  ample  width  connecting  up  a  series 
of   open    spaces. 

Where  the  residential  area  is  in  close  contact  with 
the  commercial,  the  office  buildings  should  not  give 
way  immediately  to  the  detached  villa  standing  in  its 
own  grounds.  Flats  or  tenements  would  form  a 
more  agreeable  transition  from  the  city  block  to  the 
suburban  dwellings — yet,  m  any  attempt  to  attain 
pleasing  transition  from  one  area  to  another,  great 
care  must  be  taken  not  to  give  too  disconnected  an 
appearance  to  the  whole. 

Assuming  the  positions  to  the  various  areas  already 
allocated,  each  individual  one  may  be  considered. 
Something  of  the  principles  governing  the  lay-out  of 
the  whole  town  will  apply  to  each  area,  each  must 
have  some  centre  of  greater  or  less  importance, 
whilst  various  other  points  of  emphasis  should  be 
:  rovided  round  which  the  plan  may  form.  Propor- 
tion of  solid  and  void,  of  masses  of  buildings  and 
masses  of  foliage  carefully  considered,  will  greatly 
assist  in  the  ultimate  effect  of  each  quarter  and  of 
the  whole. 

I .  The  Civic  and  Commercial  Area. — Something 
of  a  climax  is  required  in  the  whole  city  design,  and 
this  "climax,"  if  the  city  be  a  political  one,  will  be 
formed  by  the  Government  buildings  (Fig.  4)  ;  if 
collegiate,  perhaps  by  the  university;  usually  it  will 


278 


CONSTRUCTION 


be  formed  by  the  civic  centre  of  the  city  itself  (Fig. 
3).  The  piehminary  consideration  of  the  site  will 
have  shown  the  most  suitable  position  for  this  centre; 
an  elevated  spot,  the  mountain  side,  or  water  front- 
age, or  a  combination  of  these,  being  selected  as  the 
most  important  and  prominent  place;  round  it  the 
civic  and  commercial  area  will  be  formed. 

Dignity  should  be  the  key-note  in  the  lay-out  of 
this  quarter,  and  a  greater  degree  of  formality  obtain 
here  than  in  any  other  part.  A  more  spacious  dis- 
tribution of  the  various  parts,  of  roads,  buildings, 
and  open  places,  and  a  greater  breadth  of  treatment, 
not  only  in  the  design  of  the  individual  buildings,  but 
in  the  proportions  of  streets  and  forecourts,  should 
pervade;  and,  in  general,  architectural  magnificence 
will  demand  a  more  generous  treatment  than  mere 
utility  requires.  From  this  quarter  the  greater  num- 
ber of  avenues  will  radiate;  its  general  shape  and 
lay-out,  then,  should  be  so  devised  that  its  more 
prominent  buildings  may  be  seen  from  as  many  points 
as  possible  and  cast  their  radiance  over  the  greatest 
area  practicable.  It  will  be  the  organic  centre  of 
the  whole,  and  should  be  so  disposed  as  to  leave  no 
doubt  in  the  mind  of  the  visitor,  arriving  by  rail,  road, 
or  water,  as  to  which  is  the  heart  of  the  city.  If 
circumstances  dictate  that  the  civic  quarter  be  placed 
at  one  end,  then,  in  its  relation  to  the  other  quarters, 
it  should  occupy  some  such  position  as  does  the 
Schloss  and  surrounding  buildings  to  Karlsruhe 
(Fig.  3). 

Ample  space  should  be  reserved  for  the  civic 
buildings,  which,  with  their  surroundings,  should 
embody  the  pride  of  the  citizens,  for  such  centres  as 
those  of  education,  amusement,  and  shopping,  and 
for  the  general  commercial  and  office  quarters;  and 
if  the  various  important  buildings  of  the  different 
centres  be  linked  together  by  broad  avenues,  the 
value  of  each  and  of  the  total  effect  will  be  greatly 
enhanced. 

2.  The  Residential  Quarter. — A  more  homely, 
restful  character  will  be  proper  to  this  quarter,  and  a 
much  greater  use  of  foliage,  together  with  the  smaller 
and  more  disconnected  type  of  building,  will  prevent 
this  part,  on  however  much  higher  ground,  compet- 
ing with  the  CIVIC  centre.  In  this,  as  in  other  areas, 
a  centre  point  to  the  design  is  desirable.  Round 
this  subsidiary  centre,  which  should  be  spaciously 
laid  out  in  conjunction  with  the  great  avenues  coming 
from  the  city,  churches,  branch  libraries,  shops,  etc., 
will  be  built,  and  from  it  avenues  should  radiate  to 
the  various  parts  of  the  area.  Other  points  of  interest 
in  the  plan  may  be  formed  at  the  junction  of  main 
roads,  where  groups  of  shops,  a  church,  or  a  school 
may  be  placed  to  give  further  emphasis  to  the  plan, 
whilst  recreation  grounds  will,  in  the  poorer  quarters, 
similarly  provide  points  of  interest.  The  main 
avenues  should  be  laid  out  in  a  simple  and  direct 
manner;  they  may  be  of  great  width  and  planned 
with  centre  plots  of  grass  and  trees,  forming  prome- 
nades. Variety  may  be  obtained  by  broad  terracing, 
by   plateaux,   and   by   great    formal   curves,   having, 


when  possible,  relation  to  the  centre  of  the  area  or 
the  chief  civic  centre  itself. 

Great  care  will  be  required  in  plotting  the  streets 
when  the  site  is  hilly.  A  street  carried  straight  up 
an  incline  will,  if  the  houses  be  built  fronting  it, 
result  in  broken,  restless  masses.  It  would  be  better 
in  such  cases  to  make  the  streets  run  on  level  lines 
on  the  hill-side,  giving  the  long,  unbroken  roof-lines 
so  suitable  to  such  a  quarter.  If  the  road  to  ascend 
the  hill  winds  to  right  and  to  left,  delightful  effects 
may  be  obtained  if  direct  access  by  foot  be  given  by 
long,  easy  flights  of  steps,  always  providing  some 
spot  of  interest  at  the  summit. 

Endless  rows  of  small  houses  in  the  poorer  quar- 
ters must  be  avoided.  Houses  should  show  some 
method  of  concentration  and  be  grouped  together 
in  the  streets  or  round  open  squares  or  spaces,  as 
any  appearance  of  dotting  the  buildings  separately 
about  the  site,  each  with  its  little  garden,  would  be 
ruinous  to  the  effect  as  a  whole. 

Street  junctions  offer  interesting  problems  in  de- 
sign; the  houses  must  be  so  spaced  and  designed  as 
to  form  interesting  vistas  to  the  incoming  streets  and 
to  prevent  any  unpleasant  effects  from  unconsidered 
"side  elevations." 


's"3»'  m'  *---T^ 


Till-:    W  ATKR    l-Kll.NT.\r,K 


A  rria.ii,    Krii.niNt 


3.  The  Industrial  Quarter. — The  treatment  of 
development  cannot  be  easily  foreseen.  It  will,  in 
its  general  disposition,  be  governed  by  railway  lines 
this  quarter  will  be  the  most  difficult,  for  its  future 
and  sidings,  rivers  or  canals.  It  follows,  then,  that 
in  the  careful  placing  of  railways  and  waterways 
in  the  first  place  much  can  be  done  to  ensure  some 
ordered  growth.  This  area,  just  as  any  other,  should 
express  its  character  in  its  streets,  its  places,  and  its 
buildings.  Civic  ornament  will  find  no  place  here. 
Large  and  important  buildings,  such  as  customs 
houses,  goods  stations,  or  power  houses  might  provide 
point  of  emphasis,  and  here,  as  elsewhere,  a  good 
street  system  will  count  for  much.  Architectural 
magnificence  must,  in  the  avenues,  give  way  to  the 
requirements  of  heavy  traffic,  and  the  buildings 
lining  them  should  be  of  strong  and  simple  character. 
Open  spaces,  quiet  and  restful  in  appearance,  \vill 
be  needed  here  more  than  anywhere  else,  and  such 
should  be  placed  away  from  the  busiest  thorough- 
fares. Offices  and  warehouses  should  be  grouped  in 
an  orderly  manner,  and  when  large  yards  are  re- 
quired for  loading  and  unloading  goods,  these  might 


CONSTRUCTION 


279 


face  ihe  road  with  the  buildings  grouped  round  the 
sides,  the  breaks  thus  formed  giving  variety  to  the 
Hnes  of  the  streets. 

(d)   The  Approaches. 

The  problem  of  the  first  impression  is  one  which 
the  architect  is  constantly  called  upon  to  solve  in  the 
planning  of  his  buildings,  recognizmg  how  much  it 
will  count  in  the  beholder's  appreciation  of  his  whole 
design.  How-  much  more  important,  then,  must  be 
the  approach  to  the  city  and  the  impression  given  by 
it!  It  may  be  by  water,  rail,  or  road.  Whatever 
the  means,  the  first  view  should  be  as  beautiful  and 
impressive  as  it  is  possible  to  be,  and  should  embrace 
the  chief  buildings  and  points  of  attraction  which  the 
city  may  possess   (Figs.  3  and  4). 

The  Approach  by  Water. — In  our  country  this 
may  be  from  the  sea  or  river.  Water  in  relation  to 
a  town  has  great  possibilities,  and  in  the  approach 
from  the  sea,  the  harbor  should  be  brought  into  direct 
relation  to  the  heart  of  the  town,  presenting  the  most 
imposing  buildings,  and  the  docks  and  warehouses 
treated  in  a  more  dignified  and  orderly  fashion  than 
usually  obtains.  Many  cities  may  possess  a  river 
approach.  Here  again,  if  possible,  a  vista  should 
be  opened  out  from  the  docks  to  the  civic  centre,  and 
the  river-side  given  as  attractive  an  appearance  as 
possible.  If  the  sides  of  the  river  are  embanked  the 
buildings  should  not  be  placed  too  closely  to  the 
river-side,  but  set  some  way  back  to  give  full  value 
to  the  wide  sweeps  of  river-side  road,  though,  at 
intervals,  some  building,  a  customs  house  or  dock 
office,  may  with  great  effect  rise  sheer  from  the 
water's  edge. 

The  Approach  by  Rail. — The  station,  a  noble 
building,  the  entrance  portal  to  the  modern  city, 
should  be  placed  in  proximity  to  the  best  quarter, 
and  from  it  should  radiate  avenues  to  the  various 
centres,  terminating  in  vistas  of  some  important 
buildings  (Fig.  3).  Where  possible,  the  chief 
a\enue  should  lead  directly,  on  the  axis  of  the  sta- 
tion, to  the  town's  civic  centre,  framed  in  by  a  monu- 
mental arch  or  imposing  pylons.  In  front  of  the 
station  there  should  be  a  large  open  space,  and  the 
building  itself  must  be  somewhat  recessed  from  the 
point  of  the  traffic's  greatest  density.  This  open 
space  should  be  laid  out  in  a  generous  fashion,  and 
planted  with  grass  and  foliage  (Fig.  6).  Some- 
thing of  the  city's  character  might  here  be  expressed, 
by  the  chief  industries  of  the  place  forming  the  sub- 
ject for  sculptural  ornament,  and,  recessed  from  the 
whirl  of  the  traffic,  a  statue  of  some  prominent  citizen 
who  may  have  brought  fame  to  the  town  might  well 
be  placed.  Ample  provision  for  cab  ranks  and  car 
shelters  must  be  made  so  that  they  detract  as  little 
as  possible  from  the  general  effect.  The  passage  of 
the  railway  lines  through  the  city  must  be  devised 
to  present  as  pleasant  a  picture  as  possible  to  the 
traveller,  and,  when  they  must  necessarily  run  through 
districts  fully  built  upon,  it  would  be  wise  to  plant 
the  sides  with  trees,  and  in  every  cas»  some  reason- 


able space  should  be  left  between  the  rails  and  build- 
ings. 

The  Approach  by  Road. — All  main  avenues  will 
be  designed  to  open  out  a  vista  of  some  important 
building  which  will  add  interest  to  the  approach  by 
road  (Fig.  4).  Main  roads  connecting  the  city 
with  the  neighboring  towns  should  be  wide  and  im- 
posing, great  piers  or  pylons  should  be  built  on  the 
boundary  line,  which  could  serve  the  purpose  of 
distance-indicating  posts,  and  on  the  outside  of  these 
a  less  formal  treatment  of  trees,  hedges,  and  foot- 
paths will  all  serve  to  mark  more  distinctly  the  tran- 
sition from  country  to  town. 

The  whole  city  should  be  designed  to  present  a 
beautiful  mass  and  outline  as  seen  from  afar,  and 
some  attempt  should  be  made  to  define  its  bound- 
aries, such  definition  not  necessarily  being  incom- 
patible with  the  provision  for  expansion.  Wide  ring 
avenues,  belts  of  park  land,  or  fields  might  help  to 
attain  this,  whilst  streets  laid  out  in  the  outskirts 
should  be  so  designed  and  the  buildings  so  placed  as 
to  give  a  closed-in  appearance  to  their  outer  ends — 
gable  ends,  curbstones,  and  macadam  too  often  rub 
shoulders  with  grass  and  trees.  Beyond  the  bound- 
aries, too,  straggling  houses  must  be  banned;  in- 
convenient as  they  are  to  schemes  of  drainage  and 
lighting,  they  are  still  more  objectionable  as  eyesores. 

(e)  The  Main  Avenues. 

From  the  architectural  standpoint  these  are  of  two- 
fold value:  (  I  )  As  determining  the  development  of 
the  scheme,  and   (2)    for  their  intrinsic  beauty. 

1 .  The  main  traffic  lines  will  always  be  the  chief 
factors  in  regulating  the  growth  and  expansion  of 
the  city,  forming  as  they  do  the  backbone  or  structure 
of  the  city  plan.  They  must  then,  within  such  lati- 
tude as  practical  considerations  and  the  configura- 
tion of  the  site  allow,  be  laid  out  to  give  a  broad, 
simple,  and  dignified  scheme,  helping  to  give  a  sense 
of  connectedness  and  unity  to  the  various  parts  and 
areas  (Fig.  4),  and  to  accentuate  the  physical  centre 
of  the  plan.  These  main  avenues  will  naturally  by 
their  connection  with  the  outlying  main  roads  help  to 
link  up  country  and  town,  an  object,  however,  more 
effectively  obtained  by  laying  out  streets  so  that  they 
have  as  vistas  some  distant  mountain,  hill,  or  other 
beautiful  prospect,  linking  up  Nature  and  Art — 
whilst  the  formal  lines  of  architecture  will  give  a 
delightful  setting  to  the  view. 

2.  The  avenues  should  be  broad,  not  alone  for 
traffic  facilities,  but  as  befitting  the  great  scale  on 
which  an  important  town  should  be  built,  and  an 
air  of  stateliness  may  properly  be  given  to  them. 
Buildings  forming  vistas  to  these  great  avenues  must 
be  of  such  size  as  to  provide  satisfactory  terminations 
and  not  be  dwarfed  by  them.  Care  must  be  take 
that  the  road  levels  be  continuous,  either  flat  or  in- 
clined, dips  and  curves  being  avoided  as  destroying 
the  effects  of  the  avenue  itself  and  in  many  cases 
obscuring  the  terminal  vista. 

Formal   planting  of   trees   and   shrubs  will   make 


?sn 


CONSTRUCTION 


these  a\enues  pleasant  promenades  as  well  as  traffic 
routes,  and  fountains  and  monuments  placed  to  form 
focal  points  to  by-streets  will  give  additional  points 
of  interest,  helping  to  break  up  too  lengthy  a  vista. 
Trees  planted  in  the  avenues  must  have  definite  pro- 
portion in  height  and  width  to  the  street  and  build- 
ings, and  when  strips  of  turf  are  planted  in  conjunc- 
tion with  them  in  the  centre  or  side  the  plots  should 
be  simple  and  unostentatious  in  design.  By  the  use 
of  trees,  shrubs,  and  grass,  by  fountains  and  monu- 
ments, and  vsith  good  proportion  between  the  height 
of  buildings  and  width  of  roadway  and  well-schemed 
vistas,  interest  in  the  avenue  itself  should  be  main- 
tained. 

Ring  avenues  with  their  constant  change  of  direc- 
tion and  vista  afford  a  delightful  contrast  to  the 
straight  street.  At  their  intersection  with  the  main 
avenues  large  open  spaces  are  necessary;  here  tri- 
umphal arches  and  great  pylons  may  be  placed,  and 
suitable  sites  contrived  for  important  public  buildings. 

(f)  Allocation  of  the  Various  Centres. 

The  position  of  the  various  areas — residential, 
commercial,  and  industrial — settled,  and  the  ap- 
proaches and  traffic  lines  laid  down,  the  next  step 
will  be  to  provide  focal  points  and  spots  of  emphasis 
giving  the  necessary  architectural  expression  to  the 
plan  (Figs.  3  and  4).  These  points  will  be  supplied 
by  the  various  centres  which  practical  as  well  as 
aesthetic  considerations  render  desirable,  civic  centres, 
centres  of  education  and  recreation,  of  commerce 
and  shopping.  Such  centres  should  be  treated  in  a 
generous  manner,  indicative  of  the  wealth  and  im- 
portance of  the  town,  being  formed  as  they  will  by 
its  chief  buildings,  whilst  in  their  treatment  some- 
thing of  their  function  and  relative  importance  in  the 
life  of  the  inhabitants  should  be  expressed. 

Centres  may  be  formed  in  connection  with  park 
areas,  in  connection  with  water  or  in  the  heart  of  the 
city,  when  they  may  be  grouped  in  some  great,  broad 
street  or  round  some  place  or  group  of  open  squares; 
whatever  the  site  they  should  be  so  treated  as  to  add 
as  much  dignity  as  possible  to  the  neighboring  streets 
and  "places."  The  total  effect  may  be  increased, 
and  greater  importance  given  to  each  individual 
centre,  by  a  judicious  linking  up,  one  to  the  other, 
with  spacious  avenues,  and  in  their  relative  positions 
in  the  whole  plan  a  balance  of  effect  is  necessary. 

1 .  The  Civic  Centre. — The  point  for  this  centre, 
which  must  be  the  chief  and  predominate  over  the 
whole  city,  was  selected  on  the  first  consideration  of 
the  site,  since  to  a  certain  extent  it  governed  the  set- 
ting out  of  the  main  avenues  and  the  general  disposi- 
tion of  the  quarters,  and  in  laying  out  the  civic  and 
commercial  area  it  was  so  placed  as  to  be  seen  from 
as  many  points  as  possible  that  all  might  feel  it  to  be 
the  "hub"  of  the  city  and  city  life.  This  centre  will 
include  such  buildings  as  the  town  hall,  law  courts, 
public  offices,  etc.,  and  round  it  offices,  both  public 
and  private  (such  as  legal)  will  naturally  congregate, 
and  provision  for  them  in  relation  to  the  chief  build- 


ings must  be  made  from  the  first,  assisting  as  they 
will  in  the  architectural  treatment  of  the  whole  centre. 
The  arrangement  of  the  streets  and  open  places  in 
connection  with  it  should  be  spacious,  and  they  should 
be  so  placed  and  proportioned  as  to  express  some- 
thing of  the  "pomp  and  splendor"  of  the  town.  This 
portion  of  the  city  will  afford  the  best  positions  for 
public  statuary. 

2.  Educational  Centre. — This  centre,  including 
such  buildings  as  museums,  art  galleries,  libraries, 
and  colleges,  will,  especially  if  it  include  a  university, 
form  one  of  the  largest.  If  such  be  the  case,  a  com- 
promise must  be  effected  here;  museums  and  libraries 
must  be  near  to  the  heart  of  the  city,  to  the  people, 
whilst  a  university  will  require  a  more  secluded  spot, 
and  ample  space  for  playing  fields — even  then  it  may 
he  brought  architecturally  into  touch  with  the  re- 
mainder by  opening  out  a  vista  of  it  from  the  square 
round  which  the  museums,  libraries,  technical  col- 
leges, etc.,  are  grouped.  If  it  be  brought  actually 
into  conjunction  with  the  other  buildings,  the  large 
open  "campus"  such  as  will  then  be  necessitated  will 
add  greatly  to  the  breadth  and  dignity  of  the  whole 
and  form  a  noble  setting.  The  necessary  residences 
might  be  linked  together  and  form  interesting  features 
in  the  scheme.  A  quiet  and  dignified  effect  should 
be  striven  for,  and  an  artistic  lay-out,  well-designed 
buildings,  and  good  sculpture,  happily  combined, 
will  have  an  educational  value  in  themselves. 

3.  Recreative  Centre. — This  centre,  the  centre 
especially  of  sports  and  pastimes,  offers  endless  op- 
portunities. Stadia,  playing  fields,  swimming  ponds, 
and  playgrounds  can  be  arranged  to  form  a  mag- 
nificent composition  of  architecture  and  formal  gar- 
dening on  a  large  scale.  Physical  exercise,  occupy- 
ing as  it  does  so  much  of  our  modern  life,  might  be 
provided  for  more  on  such  lines  as  those  of  ancient 
Rome,  the  baths  of  Titus,  with  their  surroundings, 
forming  a  better  model  than  the  present-day  park 
playgrounds,  playing  fields,  and  scattered  baths. 
This  centre  will  probably  form  part  of  the  park  sys- 
tem, the  most  healthy  spot  being  naturally  chosen, 
and  an  effort  should  be  made  to  form  such  an  archi- 
tectural whole  of  buildings,  grounds,  and  surround- 
ings, that,  whilst  the  body  is  being  exercised,  the 
educational  influences  of  an  artistic  environment  may 
be  felt. 

4.  Shopping  Centre. — Shops  will  naturally  be 
formed  along  the  most  frequented  routes,  but  the 
establishment  of  a  market  in  one  spot  will  lead  to  the 
congregation  of  shops  around,  and  this  might  form 
the  chief  centre.  At  such  spots  as  this,  and  wherever 
any  considerable  number  of  shops  will  be  formed 
together,  an  attempt  to  obtain  orderly  and  artistic 
grouping  should  be  made,  and  whilst  a  sense  of  quiet 
and  enclosure  is  desirable  the  whole  must  have  some 
architectural  expression  and  value  in  the  plan.  Too 
wide  a  spacing  of  the  streets  and  "places"  will  defeat 
the  object  of  the  centre,  but  great  effects  might  be 
obtained  by  the  frequent  use  of  colonnades  and 
covered  vvavs,  such  as  those  of  the  Rue  de  Rivoli, 


CONSTRUCTION 


281 


and  arcades  linking  street  to  street  and  place  to  place 
will  in  themselves  afford  excellent  opportunities  for 
architectural  treatment. 

5.  Commercial  Centres. — The  stress  of  business 
and  the  bulk  of  the  traffic  will  demand  that  here 
everything  be  spacious  and  reticent  in  design.  Sculp- 
ture and  ornament  should  be  reserved  for  less  dis- 
tracting spots.  This  centre,  for  which  Wren's  city 
centre  in  his  scheme  for  rebuilding  London  is  an 
excellent  model,  will  contain  such  a  building  as  an 
exchange,  round  which  other  public  or  semi-public 
buildings,  banks,  and  offices  will  be  arranged.  These 
must  all  be  grouped  in  an  orderly  and  architectural 
manner;  a  centre  square,  with  the  lofty  office  build- 
ings surrounding  it,  offers  great  opportunities  for  a 
dignified  treatment  of  an  essentially  t^\  entieth-century 
problem. 

.  6.  Minor  Centres. — These  can  be  effectively  de- 
vised for  small  towns  and  residential  quarters,  giving 
the  architectural  emphasis  which  may  be  there  re- 
quired. Small  centres,  such  as  of  hospitals  or  the- 
atres, massing  together  buildings  devoted  to  the  same 
purpose,  will  all  help  to  give  variety  to  the  plan  and 
break  up  any  too  large  areas  of  regular  streets  and 
buildings. 

(g)    Parks. 

The  existing  system  of  dotting  about  "natural 
parks"  unrelated  to  one  another  is  bad.  The  park 
system  should  at  all  times  provide  a  sight  of  its 
glories;  all  parks  must  be  so  placed  that  they  may 
help  to  adorn  the  city,  and  that  their  benefits  may 
always  be  felt.  The  tendency  therefo-e  should  be 
to  provide  a  number  of  gardens  and  parks — not 
dotted  about,  but  connected  together  into  one  big 
system  by  wide  boulevards  and  strips  of  park-way 
linking  up  the  open  spaces  and  providing  walks  and 
drives   about   the  town. 

Land  should  be  reserved  for  park-ways  on  the 
outskirts  of  the  city,  thus  spreading  the  value  of  the 
system  further  afield.  Such  strips  of  park-way  car- 
ried out  on  radial  lines  will  give  delightful  effects  by 
the  contrast  of  building  and  cool  green  trees  (Fig. 
4),  and  greatly  enhance  the  appearance  of  the  city 
by  creating  interesting  "voids"  in  the  city's  mass  of 
buildings,  giving  a  more  open  and  dignified  appear- 
ance and  affording  a  pleasant  setting  to  any  building 
or  buildings  which  may  be  placed  in  coniunction  with 
them.  Under  such  conditions  they  should  be  so 
planned  that  their  value  may  be  felt  over  as  large 
an  area  as  possible. 

City  parks  will,  perhaps,  be  placed  to  separate 
the  commercial  areas  from  the  residential,  or  the 
resident  from  the  industrial.  The  nearer  to  the  heart 
of  the  city  the  park  is,  the  more  fomnal  must  be  its 
character,  though  the  principle  to  be  observed  in  the 
lay-out  of  a  park  will,  of  course,  depend  upon  its 
use.  It  may  be  primarily  for  children,  or  perhaps  a 
means  of  education,  containing  a  vivarium,  aquarium, 
botanical  or  zoological  gardens.  It  may,  again,  be 
used  as  a  recreation  ground  with  tennis,  football,  and 


other  fields,  when  it  will  form  part  of  the  recreation 
centre;  or  perhaps  it  may  be  used  for  music  or  a 
parade,  as  the  Bois  de  la  Cambre  or  Hyde  Park  are 
used,  though  for  such  purposes  as  drives  a  wide  ring 
avenue  or  boulevard  would  be  much  more  effective. 
Parks,  in  addition  to  those  suggested  within  the  town 
and  of  a  different  type,  may  be  reouired  in  large 
manufacturing  districts  when  the  country  is  far  away 
and  inaccessible  to  the  poorer  classes.  These  parks, 
large  in  size,  should  naturally  contain  as  many  beau- 
tiful features  as  possible,  running  streams,  hills  and 
dales,  and  have  in  addition  good  views  of  the  sur- 
rounding country.  No  attempt  must  be  made  to 
make  unpromising  sites  look  naturally  romantic,  and, 
when  Nature  is  not  especially  beautiful,  for  man  to 
try  to  "design"  her  is  false  and  impossible  of  attain- 
ment. 

In  designing  the  parks  a  sense  of  spaciousness  and 
scale  should  be  observed  throughout,  the  general 
plan  being  laid  out  on  simple  broad  lines,  with  quiet 
masses  of  foliage  and  unbroken  stretches  of  grass. 
On  no  account  must  any  attempt  be  made  to  bring 
little  scraps  of  country  into  the  town,  and  the  best 
types  to  select  as  models  for  our  parks  would  be  such 
examples  as  Kensington  Gardens,  Hampton  Court 
Gardens,  or  the  Tuilleries  When  there  are  no  domi- 
nating architectural  lines  a  sense  of  formality  and  an 
easily  grasped  geometrical  lay-out  become  all  the 
more  necessary. 

These  parks  will  afford  excellent  situations  for 
monuments  and  sculpture,  to  which  foliage,  perhaps 
planted  in  great  hemicycles,  will  form  a  delightful 
background. 

Road  frontages  to  parks  are  often  desirable, 
spreading  their  influence  over  a  large  area.  The 
problem  of  the  transition  from  the  buildings  and 
streets  of  the  town  to  the  park  is  an  important  one. 
A  park  laid  out  on  simple  formal  lines  will  usually 
easily  fall  into  place,  but  if  some  great  avenue  run 
directly  up  to  the  park  gates,  a  satisfactory  termin- 
ation to  it  must  be  provided,  and  it  would  be  wise  to 
continue  the  avenue,  in  no  way  cut  up,  for  a  short 
distance  into  the  park,  to  terminate  in  some  feature 
such  as  a  monument,  which  may  also  form  a  focal 
point  to  which  the  park  avenues  may  converge. 
White  stone  terraces  and  balustrades,  etc.,  will  all 
help  to  "carry  through"  the  architecture  of  the  city 
into  the  park. 

Vistas  of  groves,  woods  and  parks  should  be 
planned  for  the  open  places  and  groups  of  public 
buildings,  whereby  both  will  gain  by  the  contrast  of 
Nature  and  Art  and  more  dignified  view-points  will 
be  obtained  for  the  buildings. 

(h)  Streets  in  General. 

The  various  areas  and  centres  of  the  town's  activ- 
ity located,  the  large  avenues  and  boulevards  laid 
down,  and  the  position  of  parks  and  approaches 
determined,  the  development  of  the  city  plan  will  be 
completed  bv  the  lines  of  the  various  streets.  The 
disposition  of  these  will  have  an  important  ultimate 


282 


CONSTRUCTION 


effect  on  the  plan  and  can  do  mucli  to  accentuate  the 
ruling  idea  which  has  so  far  governed  the  design. 
The  setting  out  should  be  simple  and  direct,  and 
every  line  should  have  a  purpose  in,  and  deBnite 
relation  to,  the  whole  scheme. 

Streets,  where  possible,  should  converge  on  to 
points  of  interest  and  show  to  best  advantage  the 
prominent  buildings,  an  effect  which  streets  radiating 
from  some  centre  will  give,  providing  a  splendid 
series  of  vistas.  Again,  some  streets  in  distant  parts 
may  be  laid  out  in  relation  to  the  chief  city  centre 
itself,  so  giving  greater  unity  to  the  plan.  A  "grid- 
iron" treatment  of  the  whole  city  must  be  avoided, 
but  efforts  must  be  made  in  laying  down  the  lines  of 
the  streets  to  form  good  building  plots  and  to  avoid 
sites  difficult  to  deal  with. 

The  gradient  of  the  street  will  materially  affect  its 
appearance — a  long  street  will  appear  less  monoton- 
ous if  on  an  incline  than  if  perfectly  level.  Changes 
in  section,  longitudinally,  of  the  roads  must  be  care- 
fully considered,  they  may  cut  off  the  view  of  the 
terminal  vista  and  have  a  disagreeable  effect;  the 
levels  of  the  roads  also  must  be  taken  into  account  in 
the  design  of  the  buildings  lining  it  to  obtain  a  pleas- 
ant treatment  of  the  sky-lines.  The  streets  should 
always  be  of  a  width  and  character  suitable  to  the 
district  they  serve.  In  the  mam  traffic  lines  the 
amount  of  traffic  will  determine  their  size,  but  some 
definite  proportion  should  be  given  to  the  minor 
streets,  both  as  regards  length  to  width,  or  width  to 
the  height  of  buildings.  The  former  cannot  be  easily 
regulated,  and  for  the  latter  no  hard-and-fast  rules 
can  be  laid  down,  but,  generally  speaking,  it  will  be 
found  that  they  should  either  be  definitely  wide — 
the  width  being  not  much  less  than  twice  the  height 
of  building — or,  when  necessary,  definitely  narrow, 
high  buildings  being  less  suited  to  broad  streets  than 
to  those  of  restricted  width.  When  no  vista  is  pro- 
vided it  becomes  all  the  more  important  that  the 
street  be  well  proportioned  and  of  interest  in  itself. 

Long  straight  streets  may  become  monotonous, 
however  imposing  the  vista;  in  such  cases  their  too 
extended  appearance  may  be  broken  by  fountains  or 
monuments,  not  so  large  as  to  spoil  the  value  of  the 
terminal  vista,  and  placed  to  accentuate  the  inter- 
section of  another  street,  which  intersection  may 
also  be  widened  out  to  increase  the  value  of  the 
break.  The  widening  out  of  the  minor  streets  at 
their  junction  with  the  main  avenues  will,  by  displac- 
ing a  certain  part  of  the  perspective,  create  interesting; 
breaks,  an  effect  which  may  be  also  obtained  by  sets- 
back  in  the  building  lines,  giving  sites  for  more  im- 
portant buildings,  and  an  opportunity  for  the  intro- 
duction of  foliage. 

Whilst  straight  streets  offer  the  most  dignified 
approaches  to  architectural  monuments,  opportuni- 
ties should  be  taken  to  plan  great  formal  curves,  and 
crescents  and  quadrants  may  be  with  advantage  used. 
Such  arcs  of  circles  will  give  right-angled  junction- 
with  streets  planned  on  a  radial  system,  an  e.fect 
wh::I"   may  be  also  obtained  by  bending  the   two 


ends  of  the  street  to  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  centre. 
This  type  of  street  and  the  curves  will,  well  treated, 
afford  excellent  "closed  street  pictures,"  effects  which 
will  be  all  the  more  valuable  as  a  contrast  to  the 
wide,  open  avenues.  When  two  points  have  to  be 
joined  together,  if  the  line  connecting  them  forms 
awkward  angles  with  the  places  around  these  points, 
the  ends  may  be  curved  with  good  effect,  and  thus 
afford  regular  junctions. 

The  junctions  of  streets  require  careful  manage- 
ment; merely  canting  the  angles  of  the  buildings  does 
not  give  a  sufficiently  dignified  treatment.  It  would 
be  better  that  they  should  be  widened  out,  to  form 
circuses  or  other  shapes,  and  thus  give  better  sites 
for  buildings  and  opportunities  for  their  successful 
treatment.  Streets  intersecting  at  various  angles 
should  be  avoided,  since  they  form  sites  difficult  to 
treat  satisfactorily,  and  careful  proportioning  be- 
tween the  width  of  streets  and  the  buildings  between 
them  is  always  necessary.  An  attempt  should  be 
made  to  provide  a  satisfactory  vista  to  each  incoming 
street. 

Care  must  be  taken  to  avoid  spoiling  any  feeling 
of  breadth  and  continuity  by  bringing  too  many 
cross  streets  into  another  street,  and  when  brought 
in  thev  should  be  reasonably  spaced  apart  to  leave 
good  building  blocks  between. 

Footpaths  should  be  broad  and  carefully  propor- 
tioned to  the  width  of  road.  They  need  not  be 
paved  for  their  full  width ;  when  trees  are  planted 
strips  of  grass  or  of  gravel  may  be  laid  down,  and 
in  the  former  the  tram-lines  could  be  made  to  run. 

In  the  heart  of  the  city  important  centres  with 
their  public  buildings  may  be  linked  together  by  wide 
streets  giving  a  continuous  impression  of  spaciousness 
and  increising  greatly  the  value  of  each  individual 
centre.  Such  streets  might  be  primarily  "show" 
streets,  and  be  of  great  width,  with  gardens  and 
statuarv  in  their  centre  and  amply  planted  with  trees. 

In  the  residential  areas  difficulties  will  arise  in 
laving  down  the  lines  of  streets,  for  these  districts 
will  usuallv  be  on  hilly  ground  giving  new  problems 
in  street  plotting.  Here  lines  that  may  appear  to  be 
formal  on  paper  will  not  necessarily  be  so  in  rejlity. 
Long  lines  of  buildings  should  not  attempt  to  "climb 
the  hill,"  but  should  be  made  to  run  on  one  leveb 
and  the  effect  of  the  sky-line  considered.  Broad 
terracing  would  here  be  an  effective  solution. 

In  the  width  of  streets  in  residential  parts  a  greater 
latitude  will  be  allowable.  Streets  which  are  not 
thoroughfares,  but  serve  only  groups  of  houses,  need 
not  be  wider  than  will  allow  two  vehicles  to  pass, 
though  the  distance  apart  of  the  houses  will  be  much 
greater.  Gardens  to  houses  which  face  important 
roads  must  be  treated  by  the  town-planner  in  a  con- 
tinuous and  broad  and  simple  manner,  making  the 
strips  of  garden  form  oart  of  the  roadway  in  effect, 
the  onlv  sub-division  being  a  stone  curb,  low  wall 
or   hedge. 

(i)  Open  Spaces. 

Open   spaces   are   desiderata   in   every  plan,    and 


CONSTRUCTION 


283 


may  vary  in  size  from  the  vast  round  point  or  square 
in  the  heart  of  the  town  to  the  small  enclosed  place 
recessed  from  the  busy  street.  There  are  tvv'o  ideals 
m  the  designing  of  open  spaces,  each  havmg  its  pro- 
per place.  The  object  of  one  is  to  cast  its  radiance 
on  the  adjacent  streets,  while  that  of  the  other  is  to 
form  a  sense  of  enclosure,  becoming  in  its  nature 
something  of  an  open-air  room.  A  combination  of 
both  these  ideals  may  at  times  be  made,  and  it  should 
be  remembered  that  open  spaces,  linked  together  by 
broad  avenues  and  well  planted  with  trees,  will  form 
valuable  and  effective  park  systems.  Open  spaces 
which  are  complete  in  themselves  and  not  connected 
up  with  strips  of  park-way  can,  both  "open"  and 
"enclosed,"  be  of  various  shapes.  Squares,  oblongs, 
ovals,  circles  and  ellipses,  hexagons  and  octagons, 
may  all  be  effectively  used,  many  of  these  shapes 
giving  excellent  effects  of  light  and  shade  on  the 
buildings  which  surround  them. 

Good  proportion  and  complete  harmony  between 
the  open  spaces  and  the  buildings  around  them  are 
essential.  One  of  the  objects  of  the  open  space  being 
to  show  to  advantage  the  buildings  in  relation  to 
which  it  is  planned,  great  care  must  be  taken  that  it 
be  not  so  large  as  to  dwarf  them,  nor  so  small  as  to 
prevent  them  being  properly  seen.  Though  no 
definite  rules  can  be  laid  down,  it  will  be  generally 
found  that  a  long  building  will  require  a  space 
longer  than  deep,  whilst  the  narrow  lofty  building 
will  require  the  reverse.  Care  should  also  be  taken 
in  the  method  of  running  streets  into  the  "place"  to 
preserve  the  regular  lines  of  the  buildings  surrounding 
it,  and  important  buildings  should  be  so  placed  as  to 
form  interesting  vistas  to  such  streets.  Uniformity  in 
the  skyline  is  desirable,  and  in  places  of  circular  or 
elliptical  form,  attempts  should  be  made  to  preserve 
the  great  sweeps  of  cornice  and  roof. 

Large  open  spaces  will  be  much  used  as  traffic 
centres,  and  as  such  should  not  be  placed  in  direct 
relation  to  any  public  buildings.  They  must  be  big 
enough  to  receive  effectively  the  great  avenues,  and 
to  preserve  regularly  the  line  of  buildings  round.  The 
large  round  point  will,  when  used  as  a  "place"  with 
traffic  circulating  round,  and  not  crossing  the  open 
space,  afford  an  excellent  opportunity  for  some  large 
central  monument,  which,  with  avenues  entering 
obliquely,  must  be  of  such  a  form  as  to  present  a 
regular  face  to  all  points. 

When  open  spaces  have  buildings  occupying  the 
sides  only,  some  architectural  frame  to  the  angles, 
formed  by  trees  or  by  columns,  will  be  necessary  to 
prevent  any  feeling  of  weakness  at  such  points. 
Sometimes  it  may  be  necessary  to  group  several  open 
spaces  round  a  building  when  owing  to  its  location 
plenty  of  open  ground  is  required,  which  must  not, 
however,  dwarf  the  building;  then  by  some  subdi- 
vision a  proper  setting  to  it  on  all  sides  may  be  ob- 
tained. 

The  value  of  the  enclosed  space  should  not  be 
overlooked.  The  sense  of  enclosure  may  be  obtained 
by  a  judicious  arrangement  of  the  incoming  streets. 


by  effectnely  closing  the  vistas  of  all  openings  out  of 
it,  by  linking  up  the  buildings  with  colonnades,  trees, 
or  arches,  or  the  lines  of  the  buildings  themselves  may 
be  strong  enough  to  carry  the  eye  across  an  interven- 
ing street.  Some  methods  of  enclosing  the  space 
may  be  architecturally  of  great  value,  as,  for  in- 
stance, the  use  of  hemicycles  as  at  Nancy,  and  the 
Roman  Fora  with  their  magnificent  colonnades  are 
excellent  examples  of  the  happy  treatment  of  similar 
problems. 

When  the  centre  of  the  place  is  laid  out  as  a 
garden,  well-designed  piers  and  railings,  preferably 
of  stone,  should  be  used.  Thin  cast  or  wrought  iron 
fencing  is  ineffective  in  scale. 

(k)    Bridges. 

In  the  well-laid-out  town  railway  bridges  within 
the  city  will  be  avoided,  and  the  only  bridges  required 
will  be  those  crossing  some  river  or  deep  ravine,  or, 
with  streets  at  different  levels,  viaducts  offering  inter- 
esting problems  in  design.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind 
that  the  bridge  must  be  satisfactory  not  only  as  seen 
from  the  top,  when  its  proportion  and  vistas  will  be 
of  great  account,  but  as  seen  from  beneath,  when  the 
proportion  of  its  arches,  its  general  design  and  con- 
nection with  the  embankment  are  the  chief  consider- 
ations. Naturally  many  lines  of  traffic  will  converge 
on  to  the  approaches;  these,  then,  may  be  made  of 
great  size,  and  possibly  would  be  best  in  the  form  of 
large  circuses,  giving  greater  dignity  to  the  bridge. 
The  scale  of  the  structure  and  its  approaches  must 
be  very  carefully  considered  in  relation  to  the  sur- 
rounding buildings — in  all  cases  they  will  necessarily 
be  so  diverse  that  it  will  be  advisable  completely  to 
disconnect   them. 

The  ramps  to  bridges  should  make  agreeable 
composition  of  line  both  with  the  bridge  and  em- 
bankment. The  architectural  forms  which  may  be 
used  to  decorate  the  open  place  in  front  of  the  bridge 
should  also  have  some  definite  connection  with  the 
embankment,  welding  by  firm  lines  the  river-side  and 
open  space  together.  Flights  of  steps,  triumphal 
arches,  colonnades,  and  trees  may  be  used  for  the 
purpose,  connecting  the  embankment  with  the  bridge 
and  giving  greater  importance  to  the  approach. 

Monumental  bridges  may  be  adorned  with  colon- 
nades, whilst  the  piers  will  afford  excellent  oppor- 
tunities for  the  introduction  of  sculptural  decoration, 
and  their  approaches  may  be  enhanced  by  triumphal 
arches,  pylons,  and  great  curved  colonnades. 

Long  bridges  with  strongly  marked  architectural 
lines  and  broad  formal  surroundings  should  have  no 
camber  if  it  can  be  avoided. 

When  iron  bridges  are  necessary  the  iron  should 
be  used  in  the  simple  straightforward  manner  expres- 
sive of  construction  in  that  material,  and  to  bring  the 
bridge  into  harmony  with  its  surroundings  stone  abut- 
ments, pylons,  and  balustrades  to  the  approach  should 
be  used,  as  so  well  exemplified  in  the  Pont  Alexandre 
III.  at  Pans. 


_'S4 


CONSTRUCTION 


(1)  Grouping  of  Buildings. 

The  grouping  of  buildings  is  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance in  giving  greater  emphasis  to  the  chief  points 
in  the  plan,  and,  more  effectively  than  can  be  done 
by  a  single  building,  however  large,  in  making  an 
impression  upon  the  spectator  (as  it  should  be  the 
designer's  constant  effort  to  do)  of  the  bigness  of 
scale  of  the  city  and  the  greatness  of  the  civic  life 
which  the  buildings  express. 

Public  buildings  must  always  be  placed  where 
they  will  be  seen  to  best  advantage  and  confer  the 
greatest  dignity  upon  the  whole  design.  They  may 
be  grouped  in  a  wide  street,  when  their  projections 
and  general  treatment  should  be  modified  to  suit  the 
points  of  view  obtainable.  They  may  be  placed  at 
the  end  of  a  long  avenue,  when  care  must  be  taken 
to  proportion  effectively  to  the  latter  the  forecourts 
and  open  space  in  front,  and  the  design  itself  must 
be  composed  to  tell  at  a  distance  (Fig.  5).  They 
may  be  built  on  an  eminence,  when  a  crypto  porticus, 
great  embankment  walls,  terraces,  carriage-ways, 
flights  of  steps  and  buildings  placed  at  a  lower  level 
to  throw  back  the  central  mass,  will  all  be  conducive 
to  a  great  monumental  effect.  They  may  be  placed 
in  conjunction  with  an  open  space  or  spaces,  and 
then  must  be  so  grouped  as  to  be  well  seen  from 
the  various  avenues  which  may  be  connected  with 
them;  or  again,  they  may  rise  from  the  water's  edge, 
when  the  treatment  of  water  and  architecture  offers 
endless  opportunities  (Fig.  8).  A  continuity  of 
effect  may  be  obtained  by  linking  up  the  several 
groups  of  public  buildings  by  wide  avenues  or  strips 
of  park-way. 

The  scale  of  the  buildings  must  always  be  adjust- 
ed to  the  distance  from  which  they  will  be  usually 
seen,  and  should  be  suited  to  the  size  of  the  town 
which  they  adorn. 

Buildings  placed  in  architectural  relation  to  one 
another  may  be  all  in  line,  some  may  be  recessed  or 
advanced  from  the  general  front  or  placed  at  right 
angles,  or  they  may  be  grouped  round  a  forecourt, 
or  all  these  methods  may  be  combined.  When  it  is 
desired  to  preserve  a  vista  of  a  building  some  distance 
away  the  grouping  may  take  the  form  so  effectively 
devised  by  Wren  at  Greenwich,  a  treatment  which 
might  also  be  adopted  when  an  opportunity  occurred 
in  the  streets  of  the  town.  When  one  building  is 
placed  behind  another,  it  should  be  simple  and 
severe  in  its  lines  as  a  foil  to  the  more  richly  treated 
building  in  front. 

In  grouping,  some  principal  units  should  be  re- 
peated through  all  the  designs,  thus  obtaining  unity 
of  effect;  and  small  subsidiary  buildings  must  be  so 
treated  and  placed  that  they  may  not  be  hindrances 
to  the  preservation  of  the  general  scale,  a  matter  of 
some  importance.  A  concentration  of  interest  is 
desirable,  and  this,  when  produced  by  larger  masses 
and  deep  shadows,  will  materially  increase  the  value 
of  the  vista  (Fig.  7). 

The  buildings  may  be  linked  together  by  arcades, 
colonnades  (not  timidly  used,  but  used  as  Bramante 


would  have  done  at  the  Vatican!),  trees,  terrace 
walls,  and  steps,  whilst  police  boxes,  monuments, 
statuary,  and  flights  of  steps  well  placed  will  help 
to  link  up  the  buildings  with  their  surroundings  and 
to  create  a  greater  total  impression.  All  lines  of 
grass,  steps,  terrace  walls,  and  trees  or  shrubs  should 
be  so  laid  down  as  to  give  good  composition  of  line 
with  the  buildings  and  their  details. 

An  endeavor  should  be  made  to  raise  the  build- 
ings, when  on  the  flat,  above  the  general  level.  When 
the  approaching  street  rises  it  should  be  made  of 
great  width,  and  the  centre  part  may  be  sunk  to 
form  a  series  of  flat  terraces,  connected  by  steps,  the 
broad  lines  of  which  will  greatly  help  in  the  attain- 
ment of  a  monumental  effect. 

(m)    Buildings  in  General. 

Modern  conditions  of  city  life  and  methods  of 
transit  condemn  the  irregular  streets  and  junctions; 
on  all  hands  formality  is  required,  and  this  formality 
must  be  carried  through  to  the  buildings,  long  level 
lines  of  cornice  and  string  best  suiting  the  straight 
street  and  formal  curve. 

The  planner  of  the  town,  unhappily,  will  not 
supervise  its  execution.  He  must  not  calculate, 
therefore,  in  his  disposition  of  the  several  parts,  that 
one  building  by  a  greater  projection  or  a  greater 
height,  or  by  the  addition  of  a  tower,  porch,  or  gable 
required  to  form  a  pleasing  termination  to  some  vista, 
will  be  erected  when  the  time  comes  for  his  plan  to 
be  completely  carried  out.  Such  is  impossible.  All 
points  of  emphasis  therefore  desired  in  the  buildings 
must  be  located  at  the  centre  or  angle  of  a  facade, 
or  any  other  point  which  would  naturally  receive 
attention  at  the  hands  of  its  future  designer. 

Some  system  of  massing  buildings  together  should 
be  adopted,  avoiding  a  multitude  of  little  straggling 
units,  especially  in  the  residential  quarters,  where  it 
i'ould  be  better  to  group  several  houses  together  and 
throw  the  little  bits  of  garden  into  one  large  open 
space.  Similarly  six  or  seven  storied  flats  and  hotels 
could  be  grouped  together  round  some  open  space, 
well  laid  out,  the  sum  of  all  the  unbuilt-on  areas  be- 
longing to  each. 

Scale  should  be  maintained  in  the  buildings  of 
each  quarter,  and  their  heights  might  be  regulated  in 
different  well-marked  zones.  An  attempt  also  should 
be  made  to  obtain  a  certain  uniformity  of  color  and 
bulk  in  buildings  on  a  given  area.  Absolute  sym- 
metry IS  not  so  essential  as  a  balance  of  skyline,  and 
It  should  be  remembered  how  roof-lines  affect  the 
appearance  of  the  city  as  seen  from  without.  Long, 
level  lines  will  generally  be  found  to  suit  a  hilly  site, 
whilst  vertical  lines  will  be  more  effective  on  the 
plain. 

The  character  of  buildings  should  be  e.xpressed  in 
their  elevations,  certain  areas  expressing  their  purpose 
in  the  design  of  the  edifices — a  solidity  and  plainness 
will  characterize  those  of  the  industrial  quarter; 
quiet,  restful  lines  and  a  homely  effect  those  of  the 
residential;  whilst  a  greater  richness  and  wealth  of 


CONSTRUCTION 


285 


ornament,  together  with  an  appearance  of  greater 
dignity,  will  be  the  note  for  the  buildings  of  the  civic 
centre. 

Buildings  should  be  designed  to  suit  the  positions 
from  \vhich  they  are  likely  to  be  most  seen — breaks 
and  projections  being  avoided  when  it  is  impossible 
for  the  spectator  to  get  far  enough  back  to  appreci- 
ate them  properly,  and  the  effect  of  the  sun  on  the 
buildings  according  to  their  position  should  be  care- 
fully considered. 

In  the  long  city  thoroughfare  a  judicious  break 
might  be  formed  by  a  set-back  in  the  building  line 
which  may  extend  to  the  ground  and  be  filled  with 
trees,  or  to  the  first  floor  only,  leaving  a  roof  garden, 
a  pleasant  spot  of  color  in  the  street.  Similarly  in 
the  residential  area  long  rows  of  buildings  exactly 
alike  should  be  avoided,  and  houses  occasionally  set 
back  or  brought  forward  from  the  general  building 
line  or  gathered  together  into  groups  of  definite  form 
will  give  a  welcome  variety. 

An  effort  should  be  made  (in  spite  of  our  lack  of 
tradition)  to  give  some  architectural  character  to  the 
city,  a  character  such  as  the  dome  gives  to  Byzan- 
tium, column  and  pediment  to  a  Greek  city,  or  the 
spire  and  gable  to  a  medieval  town.  Even  under 
present  conditions  the  establishment  of  a  Minister  of 
Fine  Art  might  do  much  to  preserve  a  more  uniform 
and  higher  standard  of  design  in  the  buildings  of 
our  towns. 

//.     The    To}vn's  Onmmenlaiion. 

(a)   Trees,  Shrubs,  and  Gardens. 

Of  all  methods  of  adorning  our  towns  the  use 
of  greenery  is  naturally  one  of  the  most  attractive, 
and  every  town  plan  must  provide  amply  for  trees, 
shrubs  and  gardens.  These  must  not  be  thought- 
lessly dotted  about,  but  subordinated  to  the  archi- 
tecture and  used  to  assist  in  the  general  city  design. 
No  attempt  must  be  made  to  make  the  work  of  man 
imitate  that  of  nature,  and  trees  and  gardens  used 
in  our  cities  must  partake  of  some  of  the  city's  order 
and  formality.  The  introduction  of  trees,  shrubs, 
and  grass  may  be  considered  under  the  following 
heads:  (1)  Trees  in  Avenues  and  Open  Places; 
(2)  Shrubs,  Flowers,  and  Gardens;  (3)  Plots  of 
Grass;  (4)  Treillage. 

I .  Trees  in  Avenues  and  Open  Places. — Trees, 
as  spots  of  color  contrasting  with  the  buildings  of 
the  city,  add  much  to  its  beauty.  They  must  not  be 
scattered  about,  but  will  be  used  to  best  advantage 
when  planted  in  some  open  space  or  forecourt  or  in 
the  long  lines  of  the  street.  A  building  of  strong 
classic  lines  may  gain  in  appearance  by  the  contrast 
of  a  free  and  informal  treatment  of  greenery  in  front, 
and  so  with  squares  which  are  surrounded  by  build- 
ings simple  in  outline,  as  may  be  seen  in  many  Lon- 
don examples;  but  care  must  then  be  exercised  in 
the  disposition  of  the  larger  trees  that  they  do  not  by 
their  bulk  dwarf  the  buildings  and  prevent  the  scjuare 
being  seen  as  one  complete  and  architectural  scheme. 


In  avenues  less  than  seventy  feet  wide  trees  should 
not  be  planted  in  the  centre  of  the  roadway,  but  only 
at  the  sides  and  openly  spaced.  In  wider  avenues 
the  trees  may  be  planted  in  the  centre  in  one  or  two 
lines,  and  may  be  paired  or  used  in  rows  of  four, 
giving  delightful  shaded  walks  beneath.  They  must 
always  be  proportioned  in  their  height  and  bulk  to 
the  buildings  on  either  side.  Variety  can  be  ob- 
tained by  using  different  kinds  in  the  various  squares, 
but  care  must  then  be  taken  to  avoid  anything  in  the 
nature  of  specimen  planting.  Trees  may  often  be 
planted  to  frame-in  some  distant  view;  and  long 
avenues  of  trees  with  some  interesting  ierminal  vista, 
such  as  in  the  Luxembourg  Gardens,  should  find  a 
place  in  every  city  plan  (Fig.  2).  Trees  may  be 
effectively  used  to  link  building  to  building  and 
complete  some  great  architectural  scheme. 

2.  Shrubs,  Flowers,  and  Gardens  in  Open  Places. 
— Shrubs,  since  smaller  in  size,  may  be  planted  in 
greater  freedom.  In  open  spaces  they  may  be  used 
with  advantage  to  accentuate  the  angles  of  the 
gardens  there  laid  out,  or,  again,  clipped,  used  as 
a  border  and  in  connection  with  statuary  to  which 
they  form  an  excellent  background.  Shrubs  in 
boxes  should  be  freely  used  in  conjunction  with 
buildings  and  monuments,  and  flanking  the  steps  of 
the  former  they  will  give  an  added  dignity.  If  they 
are  to  be  disposed  regularly  as  a  border  to  open 
spaces,  and  to  accentuate  angles  or  cross-paths,  ex- 
cellent models  will  be  found  in  the  Tuileries  and 
Luxembourg  Gardens.  When  put  on  parts  which 
are  paved  and  too  small  to  permit  of  earth  beds, 
they  are  of  great  value  in  "carrying  through  the 
green."  Large  shrubs  in  boxes,  lining  an  avenue  to 
a  building,  will,  by  the  contrast  of  their  mass  and 
shape,  give  something  of  the  effect  of  an  avenue  of 
obelisks  before  an  Egyptian  temple. 

Parterres  may  be  laid  out  in  the  open  spaces, 
where  masses  of  one  kind  of  flower  only  should  gen- 
erally be  used  and  not  divided  patches  of  different 
colors;  for  the  shape  of  their  beds,  simple  and  inter- 
esting geometrical  figures  will  always  be  best.  In 
their  general  lines  they  must  contribute  to  the  total 
effect  of  the  surroundings,  and  a  fussy  and  restless 
appearance  be  avoided. 

3.  Plots  of  Grass. — Plots  of  grass  will  naturally 
be  chiefly  placed  in  the  open  squares  and  forecourts 
of  public  buildings,  long  wide  stretches  of  grass  un- 
broken by  shrubs  or  flowers  giving  a  splendid  sense 
of  breadth  and  repose.  Intersecting  paths  should 
form  good  shapes  to  the  plots,  and  an  edging  of 
flowers  or  shrubs  will  help  more  clearly  to  demarcate 
their  shapes.  Proportion  between  the  paths  and 
grass  must  carefully  be  obsei-ved,  the  bulk  of  grass 
(unless  merely  surrounding  a  statue)  must  predomi- 
nate: the  Schloss  Garten,  Vienna,  is  an  example  of 
the  ill  effects  resulting  from  a  neglect  of  this  rule. 
Grass  will  be  most  effective  in  avenues  when  it  is 
flanked  on  each  side  by  shrubs  or  trees,  and  will  help 
to  take  away  from  the  hard  dusty  look  of  too  broad 
an  expanse  of  paving  and  roadway. 


286 


CONSTRUCTION 


4.  Treillage. — As  a  general  rule  the  light  ap- 
pearance of  treillage  will  exclude  it  from  any  position 
near  to  the  large  public  buildings,  and  it  will  be 
best  reserved  for  parks  and  open  spaces,  where  it 
may  be  used  with  great  advantage  in  connection 
with  such  utilitarian  structures  as  conveniences, 
shelters,  etc.  As  a  background  to  a  garden,  in  its 
general  lines  treillage  should  take  some  architectural 
form,  and  with  it  many  interesting  little  alcoves  and 
recesses  may  be  formed. 

(b)    Water. 

In  addition  to  the  river,  lake,  or  stream,  which 
the  site  may  possess,  the  possibilities  of  sheets  of 
artificial  water  or  of  playing-fountains  should  not 
be  overlooked.  These  may  be  introduced  into  all 
parts  of  the  city,  the  calm  and  repose  suggested  by 
water  being  intensified  when  contrasted  with  the 
roar  of  traffic. 

Small  streams  or  rivers  passing  through  the  city 
site,  and  of  themselves  too  small  to  be  in  scale  with 
their  surroundings,  might  well  be  converted  into 
water  canals  broad  and  formal  in  treatment,  their 
banks  affording  excellent  opportunities  for  the  laying 
out  of  strips  of  pleasure  gardens.  When  such 
streams  or  brooks  are  tributaries  of  rivers  and  their 
banks  likely  to  be  used  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
Wren's  scheme  for  the  Fleet  Ditch  should  be  borne 
in  mind. 

Water  as  used  to  decorate  cities  may  be  consid- 
ered under  four  heads:  (1)  Large  Sheets  and 
Canals,  (2)  Ponds  of  Medium  Size,  (3)  Small 
Ponds,  and  (4)  Fountains. 

1 .  Large  Sheets  and  Canals. — Big  sneets  of 
water  are  well  adapted  to  the  plain,  and  when  large 
canals  or  lakes  are  planned  they  should  definitely 
become  the  dominating  element  in  the  scheme,  any 
grass  plots  in  size  and  number  being  subordinate. 
With  the  great  formal  shapes  such  as  these  sheets  of 
water  would  take,  it  would  be  best  to  avoid  a  too 
formal  cutting  of  the  surrounding  trees;  the  Chateau 
de  Chantilly  and  Versailles  with  their  broad  masses 
of  foliage  are  good  examples  of  the  most  effective 
treatment.  Vast  expanses  of  water  such  as  these, 
with  their  feeling  of  great  breadth,  are  eminently 
suitable  for  the  forecourts  to  palaces  or  large  public 
buildings.  As  sculpture  in  the  water  would  be  out 
of  scale  and  detract  from  their  broad  effect,  small 
jets  of  water  only  should  break  the  line;  and  any 
sculpture  should  be  placed  at  the  ends,  where,  with 
architectural  details,  it  may  become  an  integral  part 
of  the  scheme.  The  edges  of  the  lakes  should  be 
kept  low  and  parapets  be  avoided;  a  wide  stone  curb 
and  an  edging  of  grass  will  appear  more  effective 
and  less  disturbing  to  the  general  sense  of  breadth. 

2.  Ponds  of  Medium  Size. — As  with  plots  of 
flowers  or  grass,  the  first  essential  is  that  ponds  shall 
be  of  interesting  shapes,  and  so  disposed  as  to  har- 
monize with  their  surroundings.  In  a  scheme  in 
which  both  grass  plots  and  water  ponds  are  used, 
the  water  ponds  \vill  naturally  be  placed  where  any 


special  point  of  emphasis  is  required,  as  in  the 
gardens  of  the  Tuileries  or  the  Luxembourg  (Fig. 
2).  Variety  can  be  obtained  by  sinking  the  ponds 
below  the  general  level.  Much  scope  will  then  be 
afforded  in  the  treatment  of  the  sides  with  architec- 
tural details  and  formal  planting,  and,  here  as  else- 
where, terminal  figures  might  be  placed  in  such 
positions  as  to  give  interesting  reflections  from  prom- 
inent view-points.  Delightful  effects  may  be  ob- 
tained by  planning  long  narrow  strips  of  water,  the 
sides  closed  in  by  tall  trees  and  the  ends  terminating 
in  a  building  or  piece  of  sculpture. 

When  sheets  of  water  are  planned  in  relation  to 
buildings  they  should  be  so  placed,  both  as  regards 
levels  and  position,  as  to  obtain  from  suitable  points 
some  interesting  reflection.  The  great  possibilities  of 
water  in  conjunction  with  architecture  should  not  be 
overlooked:  water  emerging  from  the  deep  shadowy 
recesses  of  the  sub-structure  of  a  building  or  terrace, 
or  the  walls  rising  sheer  out  of  some  lake  or  stream, 
such  as  Du  Cerceau  pictured  in  his  ideal  Chateaux, 
give  effects  worth  striving  to  obtain. 

3.  Small  Ponds. — Small  j3onds  of  water  are  of 
value  in  giving  emphasis  to  certain  points  in  a  park 
or  open  place,  or  at  the  intersection  of  avenues  having 
in  their  centres  strips  of  grass.  Such  water  ponds, 
when  occupying  important  positions,  may  often  be 
most  effectively  combined  with  architectural  features, 
such  as  bridges,  balustrades,  and  fountains,  as  in  the 
Villa  Lanti,  Bagnaia.  The  small  ponds  will  also 
afford  excellent  opportunities  for  the  exercise  of  the 
sculptor's  art  and  for  the  combination  of  architectural 
details  with  water.  Interesting  geometrical  shapes 
will  be  the  most  effective,  and  proportion  between 
the  surface  of  grass  and  of  water  must  always  be 
carefully  considered;  one  or  the  other  must  pre- 
dominate. 

4.  Fountains. — Fountains  should  not  be  indis- 
criminately placed  about  the  town,  but  rather  re- 
served to  accentuate  spots  of  interest,  and  should  be 
placed  either  in  connection  with  some  building  to 
which  their  suggestion  of  life  and  movement  will 
form  a  striking  contrast,  or  in  some  relation  to  a 
formal  lay-out  in  the  avenue,  open  space,  or  park. 
A  small  and  interestingly  shaped  basin  fed  from  a 
fountain  in  some  dark  recess  round  which  rise  the 
approaching  steps  to  the  entrance  of  a  building,  as 
may  be  seen  in  such  examples  as  the  Villa  Sacchetti 
(Fig.  I  )  or  the  Capitol,  Rome,  would  greatly  in- 
crease the  importance  of  the  entrance  when  the  prin- 
cipal floor  is  much  above  the  level  of  the  ground. 

In  the  bringing  of  the  water  service  to  a  town, 
particularly  if  it  be  closely  surrounded  by  hills,  a 
water  chateau  could  be  most  effective,  even  if  on 
such  a  small  scale  as  may  be  seen  at  Bourges. 

(c)    Utilitarian  Accessories. 

Such  features  as  car  shelters  and  cab  ranks  have, 
in  this  country  at  least,  proved  themselves  objection- 
able, not  only  on  account  of  their  bad  resigns,  but 
chiefly    because  of    their    lack    of    proper    positions. 


CONSTRUCTION 


2H7 


Structures  of  this  nature  should  never  be  placed  at 
the  sides  of  streets;  from  the  very  first  in  a  ^^•ell- 
ordered  design  they  should  have  a  proper  place 
assigned  to  them  where  they  will  not  detract  from, 
but  rather  add  to,  the  effect  of  the  avenue  and  open 
place.  Given  a  proper  position,  they  might  be  built 
of  a  more  permanent  material ;  wooden  erections  can 
hardly  be  in  keeping  with  the  dignity  of  the  sur- 
roundings. 

Lamp  standards  might  more  frequently  be  of  stone 
when  in  conjunction  with  buildings.  If  of  metal, 
both  wrought  and  cast-iron,  properly  treated,  will 
give  satisfactory  results:  better  designs  might  also  be 
attempted  for  the  standards  of  the  electric-car  sys- 
tems— designs  more  expressive  of  the  material  of 
which  they  are  made.  Lamp  standards  should  be 
placed  to  serve  some  definite  purpose  in  the  street 
or  square  or  on  the  buildings  they  illuminate,  when, 
by  day  and  night,  they  might  enhance  the  effect  of 
the  architecture  or  the  lines  of  the  open  place;  the 
brilliant  effect  obtained  by  a  judicious  arrangement 
of  lights,  following  the  lines  of  the  plan,  may  be  seen 
in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde. 

Street  name-plates  should  be  uniform  in  size,  of 
good  lettering,  and  placed  at  uniform  levels.  They 
would  be  better  on  lamp  standards  than  on  build- 
ings, the  varied  features  of  which  will  naturally  pre- 
venl  uniformity  of  height  always  being  obtained. 
These  and  many  other  utilitarian  objects  necessary 
to  the  city,  if  provided  for  in  the  first  place,  even 
\s-hen  not  objects  of  beauty,  will  at  least  not  assert 
themsehes  to  the  detriment  of  the  general  effect. 

(d)  CiMC  Ornaments. 

Civic  ornament  must  be  in  scale  and  harmony 
with  its  surroundings.  Having  a  definite  part  in  the 
conception  of  the  whole  scheme,  it  should  be  used, 
like  ornament  on  a  building,  to  concentrate  upon 
points  of  interest,  and  as  in  architecture  the  structural 
parts  are  left  severely  plain,  so  also  civic  ornament 
would  be  better  reserved  for  less  distracting  spots 
than  the  tusier  thoroughfares  and  traffic  places. 

Civic  ornament  may  be  divided  into  four  classes: 
(1)  Triumphal  Arches;  (2)  Monuments:  (3) 
Statuary:    (4)    Architectural  Details. 

1.  Triumphal  Arches. — These  should  be  spar- 
ingly used  and  only  in  connection  with  some  great 
wide  avenue  or  bridge;  in  the  first  case,  either  to 
mark  in  an  imposing  manner  the  beginning  of  some 
such  avenue,  or  used  at  its  termination  in  some  open 
space.  Arches  may  be  used  in  connection  with 
bridges  either  in  the  centre  or  at  the  ends.  TTiey 
may.  especially  when  used  with  a  small  bridge,  be 
of  great  size,  completely  dominating  the  whole  and 
forming  a  magrificent  entrance  to  a  city,  or,  with 
larger  bridges,  thev  may  be  smaller  in  relation  and 
linked  by  colonnades  and  other  details  to  the  bridge 
and  open  .space  in  front.  Triumohal  arches  should 
be  unattached  to  any  building  which,  of  its  nature, 
must  be  different  in  scale,  and  skill  is  required  when 
using  them  in  juxtaposition  to  prevent  the  scale  of 


the  latter  being  destroyed.  The  arches  themselves 
must  be  so  designed  and  of  such  dimensions  as  to 
prevent  their  looking  insignificant  in  comparison  with 
neighboring  buildings  or  forming  an  ineffective 
terminal  to  a  vista.  They  must  be  placed  with  dis- 
cretion ;  the  Marble  Arch  can  hardly  be  regarded 
as  an  example  happy  in  its  position,  serving  as  it  does 
no  definite  purpose:  and  they  should  never  be  placed 
to  form,  seen  obliquely,  a  terminal  \ista  to  any  im- 
portant avenue  or  street. 

2.  Monuments. — Every  city  will  have  in  the 
course  of  time  some  citizen  or  incident  the  people 
may  \vish  to  honor  or  perpetuate  the  memory  of  by 
some  large  monument.  Such  may  be  largely  archi- 
tectural with  sculpture  of  secondary  importance, 
such  as  Wren's  monument  to  the  Fire  or  the  monu- 
ments to  the  cities  of  France  in  the  Place  de  la  Con- 
corde: then,  as  with  all  other  civic  details,  situation 
IS  of  primary  importance.  They  may  be  set  in  the 
centre  of  some  large  open  place,  such  as  Napoleon's 
column  in  the  Place  Vendome;  and  when  in  direct 
relation  to  a  building  or  group  of  buildings  they  must 
accord  in  bulk,  shape,  and  detail  with  their  architec- 
tural surroundings.  They  may  be  placed  to  form 
terminal  vistas  to  the  a\enues  or  within  the  parks, 
'n  both  of  which  cases  the  immediate  surroundings 
should  be  formal  and  architectural  in  treatment,  a 
Imk  between  the  monument  and  the  trees  and  gardens 
around.  The  importance  of  the  monument  may  be 
Increased  by  the  addition  of  colonnades,  large  flights 
of  steps,  water  basins  or  statuary,  when  it  may  be- 
come the  raisou  d'etre  of  a  surrounding  open  snuare. 

3.  Statuary. — The  use  of  sculptural  detail  should 
not  be  to  mark  the  absence  of  a^v  architectural  idea, 
but  r?ther  to  accentuate  one  and  if  sculpture  be  used 
w'fh  buildings  as  it  should,  then  to  have  its  full 
vlue  in  any  scheme  it  must  be  thought  out  from  the 
very  first  in  relation  to  the  architecture  it  is  to  adorn. 
Statuary  may  be  used  most  efectivelv  in  coniunc- 
t'on  with  buildings  in  such  positions  as  flankino  flights 
of  steps,  when  its  light  and  more  fanciful  touches 
will  contrast  well  with  the  more  fo>mal  building. 
Detached  groups  of  sculpture  completing  the  .''-heme 
f^f  the  building  itself  will  have  the  value  of  linking 
'he  arch'tpcture  with  the  open  spaces  and  streets  in 
f'ont.  The  details  of  iso'ated  groups  of  sculpture 
shf^nld  always  be  de'sio'ned  to  Mend  with  the  archi- 
tprtui-i|  character  of  the  neighborhood,  and  when 
placp-t  in  coniunction  w'th  some  bu'lding,  the  deta'h 
'honld  be  --onsidered  w'th  those  of  the  building  itself. 
"Realistic"  statuary  wou'd  be  best  reserved  for 
parks  and  gardens  away  from  the  buildings,  while 
"^Tonuments  ^vith  mucl^  mo\ement  and  grouping  of 
figures  may  be  "steadied"  by  an  architectural  c^r>- 
"o^'.  The  beauty  of  statuary  in  combination  with 
•^oliaee  must  not  be  forgotten,  but  figures  should  not 
alternate  with  vases — such  a  plan  only  results  i^  the 
sr^le  of  °^rh  being  de^t'o'^ed.  The  subie'-t  of  the 
sculptural  decoration  of  bin'Idi'^g;  mi7ht  well  be  the 
history  and  industries  of  the  town,  and  so  help  to 
portray  its  individuality. 


238 


CONSTRUCTION 


4.  Architectural  Details. — These  include  such 
objects  as  seats,  steps,  vases,  and  other  civic  furnish- 
ings, all  of  which  must  take  their  place  as  units  in  the 
whole  scheme,  not  asserting  themselves,  but  helping 
to  attain  the  general  effect.  Decorative  paintings, 
iron,  bronze,  marble,  and  many  other  materials  and 
crafts  might  be  used  to  adorn  the  city  and  give  color 
to  a  usually  too  sombre  appearance.  Finally,  every 
little  detail  requires  careful  consideration,  for  interest 
in  the  town's  design  must  be  maintained  to  the  least 
accessory.  A  baluster  ugly  in  contour  may  mar  the 
effect  of  a  whole  terrace.  As  Sir  William  Chambers 
said,  speaking  of  mouldings,  the  whole  can  be  spoilt 
by  bad  details,  just  as  a  fine  musical  composition 
may  be  murdered  by  a  group  of  village  fiddlers. 

In  the  realization  of  a  fine  conception,  by  a  stead- 
fast adherence  to  a  great  ideal  and  a  rejection  of  all 
that  is  unessential  the  city  should  have,  as  Wren  said 
of  buildings,  at  least  "the  attribute  of  eternal." 


THE  OLYMPIC  STADIUM,  erected  for  the 
athletic  meet  in  1916  in  Berlin,  Germany,  was  dedi- 
cated June  8th.  The  stadium  is  built  of  stone  and 
concrete  in  the  form  of  a  huge  oval  within  the  new 
Grunewald  race  course  on  the  western  outskirts  of 
Berlin.  It  contains  30,000  seats,  each  one  of  which, 
the  management  boasts,  commands  an  unobstructed 
view.  The  stadium  contains  ample  space  for  foot- 
ball, track,  cycling,  and  aquatic  events,  and  repre- 
sents an  expenditure  of  $500,000.  The  funds  were 
provided  by  the  Jockey  Club,  which  owns  the  Grune- 
wald race  course,  and  the  Government.  The  Ger- 
man Olympic  Committee  believes  that  the  athletes 
of  the  world  who  will  meet  there  m  1916  will  find 
the  Berlin  stadium  the  finest  vet  constructed. 


THE  SWIMMING  POOL  room  and  plunge 
in  the  Montreal  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
budding,  illustrated  in  this  issue,  is  one  of  the  most 
attractive  features  of  the  building.  The  treatment 
consists  of  a  hard  vitrified  tile  which  forms  the  bot- 
tom, sides  and  overflow  gutter,  also  walk,  walls  and 
facia  of  gallery  around  swimming  pool  room.  The 
work  represents  the  highest  standing  in  swimming 
pool  construction,  every  detail  being  most  studiously 
worked  out,  and  for  cleanliness  and  sanitation  the 
materials  used  are  the  best  the  market  produces  for 
such  a  purpose.  The  introduction  of  color  in  the 
underwater  guide  lines,  the  distance  marks  on  the 
side  walls  of  pools,  the  depth  marks,  the  decorative 
treatment  of  the  pool  room,  are  all  of  colored  tile. 
The  ceramic  treatment  prepared  was  also  installed 
throughout  the  floors  of  the  entrance  lobby,  etc.,  and 
m  a  simplified  manner  on  the  walls  and  floors  of 
toilets.  The  work  was  contracted  for  and  installed 
by  the  Wm.  H.  Jackson  Company  of  Canada,  Ltd., 
who  has  furnished  tile  for  manv  of  the  most  promin- 
ent hotels  and  Y.M.C.A.  buildings  throughout  the 
Dominion. 


ANEW  COLOR-CHART  has  just  been  issued 
by  Samuel  Cabot,  Inc.,  of  Boston,  which  will  be  of 
considerable  help  in  selecting  a  color  scheme  for  the 
house  of  any  style  or  shape.  The  chart  reproduces 
the  coloring  effects  of  Cabot's  creosote  shingle  stains 
by  a  lithographic  process.  It  shows  the  artistic  quali- 
ties of  the  stains  and  how  the  various  colors  blend 
when  used  together.  Sixty-four  different  combina- 
tions can  be  made  by  means  of  this  ingenious  method 
of  showing  the  harmonizing  effects  of  the  Cabot's 
:;tains. 


WHAT  IS  DECLARED  by  prominent  au- 
thorities on  higher  mathematics  to  be  the  greatest 
invention  of  its  kind  is  being  demonstrated  by  its 
inventor,  Sydney  A.  Gross,  a  16-year-old  student  of 
Philadelphia.  The  device  is  an  angle  sector,  which 
mathematicians  who  have  examined  the  instrument 
say  is  capable  of  dividing  an  agle  not  a  right  angle 
and  which  they  say  has  proved  erroneous  the  pre- 
vailing theory  since  Euclid's  time  that  there  was  no 
practical  method  of  trisecting  such  angles.  Gross'  de- 
vice IS  made  of  cardboard  shaped  like  an  eight- 
pointed  star  and  divided  into  four  large  compart- 
ments along  two  axes,  each  of  which  is  divided  inlo 
e  ght  subdivisions  and  the  points  joined  together  so 
that  a  complete  series  of  rectangles  are  formed  and 
which  may  be  moved  about  by  means  of  flexible 
hinges.  To  divide  an  angle  the  device  is  placed 
over  the  angle  and  its  hinges  worked  so  that  it  forms 
the  required  section.  It  will  make  three  groups  of 
twin  triangles  which  are  equal  and  every  group  of 
two  angles  is  one-third  of  the  entire  angle.  Since 
180  B.C.  the  only  known  method  of  trisecting  an 
angle  has  been  by  higher  curves.  But  this  makes 
practical  the  trisection  of  an  angle.  It  will  be  of 
inestimable  value  to  architects  and  mechanical 
draftsmen  and  in  the  mechanical  arts,  where  it  is 
often  necessary  to  make  such  divisions  for  the  con- 
s'ruct'on  of  polygon  fi(?ufes. 


MANUFACTURING  HEADQUARTERS 

FOR 

Mathematical,    Surveying    and    Scientific 

Instruments,    Drawing    Materials, 

Draughting  and  Blue  Printing 

Equipment. 

Blue  Prints  made  from  Tracings 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO..    LTD. 
116  Adelaide  St.   West,   Toronto. 

Manufactories: 
European:  American:  Canadian. 

Nuremberg.  Chicago.  Toronto. 


CDNSTEUCnON 


CONTENTS    FOR    AUGUST,    1913 

291 

skyscraper  in  AmeiKa  .iii.i   i--uioye  s  tuwer   of  the   Victoria 

in    Province   of   Quebec Inipenfiing    collapse   of    the    stnne    io«e 

Memorial  Mus-euni. 

293 

C  P  R.    BUILDING.    TORONTO     

301 

THE    ENTRANCE    TO    AN    ESTATE    

313 

Xew  Hotel  for  ^^^f^' ^^f ""^.f^-^^^.^^^f^,,'!^  to   purchase   exhibition 

Egypt  by  British  Scliool  of  Archaeology. 

PLEASING    DESIGN    IN    REI NFORCED  CONCRETE    

326 

TRADE      NOTES      

Full  Pa^e  Illustrations 

Frontispiece 

C.P.R.    BUILDING.    TORONTO     

HOUSEHOLD    SCIENCE      BUILDING,     TORONTO      

318 

SENECA     BUILDING.     BUFFALO     

319 
GENERAL     ELECTRIC     CO.     BUILDING.     BUFFALO     

320 
MUNICIPAL     BUILDING.     NEW     YORK     


H.    GAGNIER,    Limited,    Publishers 

GRAPHIC  ARTS  BUILDING,  TORONTO,  CANADA 

BRANCH    OFFICES  : 


MONTREAL 


WINNIPEG 


CHICAGO 


NEW  YORK 


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C.P.R.   BUILDING,   TORONTO. 

HAKI.INO    &    PEARSON,    ARCHITECTS. 


fl 


Competition  for  the  new  capital  buildings  at 
Canberra,  Australia — Mistake  in  abandoning 
the  premiated  design  of  the  general  lay-out. 


CANADIAN  ARCHITECTS  are  invited  to 
compete  in  the  designing  of  the  principal  public  build- 
ings for  Canberra,  the  capital  city  of  Australia.  We 
feel  the  honor  bestowed  upon  the  profession  and  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  the  various  provinces  will  be  well  re- 
presented in  the  final  results.  If  so,  we  trust  a  better 
fate  awaits  them  than  fell  to  the  young  architect  who 
entered  the  premiated  design  for  the  new  capital's 
lay-out.  After  a  careful  analysis  of  his  scheme, 
together  with  the  others  submitted,  a  local  depart- 
mental board  came  to  the  conclusion  they  could  not 
favor  the  accepted  plan.  Thereupon  they  made  one 
of  their  own  and  resolved — using  their  own  words — 
"to  approve  of  the  plan  for  the  lay-out  of  the  city  as 
prepared  by  itself."  They  frankly  admit  plagiariz- 
ing the  best  ideas  in  each  scheme.  It  is  hardly  credit- 
able to  think  that  any  enlightened  Government  would 
permit  of  such  a  course  and  if  so  that  the  profession 
at  large  would  condone  such  action.  If  we  do  not 
assert  ourselves,  fight  for  each  other's  interests,  then 
we  cannot  hope  to  have  justice  done  by  us.  While 
lamenting  this  procedure,  which  deserves  nothing  less 
than  the  most  severe  censure,  there  is  still  an  oppor- 
tunity for  the  architectural  merits  of  the  structures 
themselves  to  be  of  a  redeeming  quality.  The  ne\\- 
plan,  while  it  does  not  permit  of  praise  when  com- 
pared with  the  accepted  design,  may  still  lend  itself 
to  an  acceptable  solution  if  the  proper  men  succeed 
in  this  competition  and  are  allowed  to  proceed  with- 
out the  constant  interference  of  an  assuming  board. 
One  phase  of  the  committee's  work  is  commendable. 
It  is  desired  to  have  all  buildings  architecturally  har- 
monious. Plans  are  to  be  submitted  which  embody 
the  whole  official  block — Parliament  house,  Capitol, 
administrative  offices,  public  library,  etc.  In  this 
way  the  same  style  will  pervade  the  tout  ensemble 
and  prevent  the  usual  hodge-podge  which  accom- 
panies a  series  of  buildings,  expressing  the  ideas  of 
several  individuals  who  refuse  to  co-operate  in  one 
consistent  effort  to  create  a  perfect  harmony  through- 
out. 


n 


The  skyscraper — How  treated  in  America  and 
Europe — The  need  of  a  definite  and  lasting 
rulmg  m  Canadian  cities. 


IN  THIS  ISSUE  IS  illustrated  the  tallest  sky- 
scraper in  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  It  denotes  the 
natural  trend  of  our  present-day  existence.  Imbued 
with  a  spirit  of  progressiveness,  we  are  writing  the 
history  of  our  inmost  thoughts  in  the  buildings  which 
crowd  our  busy  centres.  Where  shall  the  limit  be? 
This  question  has  been  and  is  agitating  all  the  deep 
students  of  humanity.  Toronto  as  well  as  the  other 
Canadian  cities  must  decide  quickly  on  the  merits  of 
this  class  of  building  before  it  is  too  late  to  adjust  the 
matter  satisfactorily.  With  such  a  vacillating  council 
there  can  be  little  hope  for  a  proper  solution.  One 
day  It  countenances  a  250  foot  building,  again  it 
passes  a  by-law  limiting  the  height  to  1  30  feet,  and 
then  turns  around,  granting  a  special  permit  for  one 
approximating  300  feet. 

The  report  of  the  officers  of  the  Fifth  Avenue 
Association,  who  have  been  making  a  careful  study 
of  building  conditions  as  affecting  the  height  in  other 
cities,  cites  the  various  American  municipalities  where 
buildings  and  streets  conform  to  the  highest  standards 
of  usefulness,  beauty,  safety  and  healthfulness. 
Boston,  for  example,  regulates  the  height  of  its  build- 
ings under  what  is  known  as  an  "A  and  B  law." 
Under  this  Act  the  city  is  divided  into  two  districts. 
District  "A,"  or  the  business  section,  having  a  height 
limit  of  125  feet,  and  District  "B,"  the  residential 
part,  being  limited  to  buildings  of  80  feet.  Excep- 
tions, of  course,  are  made  in  the  case  of  grain  and 
coal  elevators,  sugar  refineries,  church  steeples,  tow- 
ers, etc.  Boston  has  been  restricting  building  heights 
for  nine  years,  and  so  has  Baltimore.  In  the  latter 
city  no  structure  is  allowed  to  be  built  more  than 
1 75  feet  high,  except  towers,  spires,  belfries,  and 
special  fireproof  buildings.  Denver  limits  all  build- 
ings or  parts  of  buildings  to  twelve  stories,  except 
campaniles,  spires,  domes,  water  towers,  and  smoke- 
stacks. Los  Angeles  places  its  building  height 
maximum  at  150  feet  for  all  except  public  buildings, 
;nonuments,  and  such  other  structures  as  may  be  ex- 
empted  by   a   two-thirds  vote   in   the  City  Council. 


2Q1 


CONSTRUCTION 


Portland,  Ore.,  limits  the  best  type  of  buildings, 
those  absolutely  fireproof,  to  twelve  stories,  or  1 60 
feet  in  height.  Rochester  provides  that  the  height 
of  a  building  shall  not  be  more  than  four  times  the 
average  of  its  horizontal  dimensions,  while  in  San 
Francisco  and  Providence  the  limitation  of  height  is 
based  upon  the  character  of  a  building's  construction. 

European  cities,  while  not  comparable  to  America, 
the  home  of  the  skyscrapers,  have  their  regulations 
governing  the  height  of  various  structures.  London's 
Building  Act  of  1894  in  a  street  under  fifty  feet  wide 
limits  all  heights  to  the  width  of  the  street.  In 
thoroughfares  more  than  fifty  feet  wide  no  building 
can  be  erected  higher  than  eighty  feet.  In  Birming- 
ham the  height  is  regulated  in  accordance  with  a  pro- 
viso that  a  line  drawn  upward  at  an  angle  of  45 
degrees  from  the  edge  of  the  premises  will  meet  no 
resistance.  Berlin  permits  a  maximum  height  of  72 
feet,  but  no  building  can  rise  higher  than  the  width 
of  the  street.  The  maximum  height  allowable  in 
Cologne  and  in  Dusseldorf,  known  as  the  Park  City 
of  Europe,  IS  65  feet  6  inches.  Munich  draws  the 
line  at  a  building  having  a  ground  floor  and  four 
stories,  not  counting  a  mansard.  Frankfort,  Ger- 
many, IS  divided  into  zones,  the  maximum  height  for 
buildings  varying  from  58  feet  I  1  '/^  inches  to  65 
feet  6  inches  in  the  inner  city.  In  Zurich  a  maximum 
height  has  been  fixed  at  43  feet.  Pans  does  not 
permit  a  facade  higher  than  65'/ 2  f^et,  while  in 
Rome  the  height  limit  is  set  at  78J/2  feet,  with  a 
minimum  height  required  of  45%  feet. 

In  a  recent  issue  of  the  New  York  "Times"  Dr. 
Werner  Hegemann,  one  of  the  world's  greatest  au- 
thorities on  city  planning,  states  that  America  is 
building  a  New  York  which  they  cannot  endure. 
He  believes  that  in  ten  years  downtown  New  ^  ork 
will  be  built  up  and  practically  without  light. 

Mr.  Hegemann  says:  "It  is  not  beyond  the  bounds 
of  possibility  that  you  may  solve  the  problem  of  your 
great  necessity  for  concentration  of  great  business 
space  upon  your  narrow  island  by  the  construction  of 
skyscrapers  vaster  even  than  the  ones  which  you  al- 
ready build  and  plan.  The  business  of  your  lower 
city  may  eventually  be  concentrated  in  a  few  vast 
towers.  But  between  those  towers  will  be  spaces 
more  commensurate  with  their  soaring  height  than 
those  which  now  divide  existing  skyscrapers.  The 
practical  way  of  getting  this  space,  and  with  it  light 
and  air,  is  to  create  as  a  matter  of  health  requirement 
a  standard  of  light  and  air  that  every  office  window 
must  be  provided  with.  Without  complying  with 
this  standard,  no  skyscraper  should  be  built.  If  you 
do  that  a  man  planning  to  build  a  skyscraper  will 
have  to  buy  from  his  neighbors  light  and  air  and 
keep  their  properties  down  by  paying  for  it." 

Since  the  larger  cities  of  the  world  have  already 
set  a  comparatively  reasonable  limit  to  the  height  of 
their  buildings,  it  seems  rather  imperative  that  our 
Canadian  cities  should  consider  th^  question  in  all 
its  phases  and  decide  on  a  fixed  standard  which  our 
commercialistic  spirit  can  in  no  way  undermine. 


^ 


Registration  necessary  for  the  practice  of  archi- 
tecture in  the  Province  of  Quebec — What 
such  action  means  to  the  profession. 


THE  ASSOCIATION  of  Architects  of  the 
Province  of  Quebec  is  a  closed  corporation.  At  least 
this  is  the  decision  just  handed  down  by  Mr.  Justice 
Demers.  The  same  ruling  was  made  several  years 
ago  by  Judge  Champagne  of  the  Circuit  Court,  and 
forced  to  an  issue  in  order  to  ascertain  the  opinion 
of  the  Superior  Court.  During  trial  the  plaintiff, 
the  Association  of  Architects,  alleged  that  the  de- 
fendants were  engaged  locally  in  the  practice  of 
architecture  without  being  enrolled  in  the  association. 
The  defendants  contended  that  it  was  not  a  closed 
corporation  and  that  they  should  be  allowed  to  prac- 
tise as  qualified  architects  on  account  of  their  experi- 
ence and  training  without  going  through  the  formality 
of  registering  as  members  of  this  association.  The 
law  dealing  with  such  registration,  they  maintained, 
applied  only  to  those  who,  in  the  words  of  the  article, 
"held  their  title  in  virtue  of  this  law."  Defendants 
represented  as  they  held  their  title  of  architect  in 
virtue  of  certificates  conferred  by  American  Institutes 
of  Architecture,  they  did  not  fall  under  the  operation 
of  this  law.  The  plaintiff  association,  on  the  other 
hand,  maintained  that  the  architectural  profession,  in 
virtue  of  the  law  referred  to,  was  placed  on  the  same 
footing  as  the  legal  and  medical  professions. 

Justice  Demers,  in  summing  up,  did  not  enter  into 
a  discussion  of  the  question  raised,  but  contented 
himself  with  declaring  that  all  persons  who  were  not 
members  of  the  Association  of  Architects  and  who 
employed  the  style  of  architect  and  engaged  in  prac- 
tice as  such,  were  amenable  to  payment  of  a  penalty 
not  xceeding  $25  for  the  first  offence. 

The  defendants  were  condemned  to  pay  a  penalty 
of  $1  with  costs  of  the  action  as  they  were  never 
before  convicted  of  the  offence  and  the  case  should 
have  been  tried  before  the  Circuit  Court.  Such  a 
decision  will  form  a  permanent  basis  for  action  and 
settle  the  much  disputed  question. 


n 


Impending  collapse  of  the  stone  loTver  of  the 
Victoria  Memorial  Museum  at  Ottawa — Ad- 
visahilit]}  of  rebuilding  the  whole  structure. 


"COLLAPSE  impends  of  Laurier  Tower" — 
Startling  headline  this,  but  not  unexpected.  For 
some  time  workmen  have  been  constantly  patching 
and  bracing  in  the  hope  that  some  miraculous  turn 
of  nature  would  stop  its  falling  career.  But  it  is  no 
longer  possible  to  prevent  the  inevitable.  TTiis  makes 
the  second  tower  to  go,  and  should  be  serious  enough 
to  prevent  another  like  catastrophe.  It  would  be 
well  for  the  Government  to  consider  the  advisability 
of  rebuilding  the  whole  structure.  In  this  way  the 
other  glaring  mistakes  could  be  eliminated  and  the 
artistic  merit  of  the  museum  raised  to  the  standard 
necessary  for  all  public  buildings  belonging  to  our 
Capital  City. 


293 


294 


CONSTRUCTION 


GROUND    FLOOR   PLAN. 


SEVENTH    ELUUR   PLAN. 


DARLING    &    PEARSON.    ARCHITECTS. 


C.  p.  R.    Building,   Toronto 


DARLING  fV  PEARSON.  Arch,. 


THE  rapid  strides  in  commercialism  are  nowhere 
more  clearly  depicted  than  in  the  buildings  of 
to-day.  Hardly  a  city  of  any  appreciable  size 
but  boasts  of  its  skyscrapers.  The  need  for  such 
structures  is  seldom  considered;  the  advertisement 
forms  the  basis  for  undertakings  of  this  nature.  Still 
the  tall  building  receives  the  hearty  support  of  the 
majority,  who  look  upon  it  as  a  necessary  evil.  It 
holds  a  position  creative  of  awe  and  wonderment: 
it  furnishes  a  means  of  giving  vent  to  our  proud 
natures;  it  presents  to  the  \vorld  something  original, 
a  product  as  it  were  of  our  rapid  drift  towards  the 
acme  of  business  un- 
dertakings. 

The  Canadian  Pa- 
cific Railway  Com- 
pany's building  IS  the 
tallest  structure  in  the 
British  Empire.  It 
rises  fifteen  stories 
above  the  street  level, 
reaching  a  height  of 
236  feet,  while  two 
stories  lie  below  the 
ground  floor.  When 
compared  with  Am- 
erican cities  of  the 
same  size  as  Toronto 
this  building  stands 
forth  in  the  most  fav- 
orable comparison;  it 
only  suffers  in  con- 
trast to  the  work 
being  carried  on  in 
the  very  large  busi- 
ness centres  such  as 
New  ^'ork,  Chicago, 
etc.  In  New  York 
city  there  are  1 75 
structures  which  ha\  e 
fifteen  stones  or  over; 
t  h  e  Metropolitan 
Life  Tower  and  the 

Woolworth      each  main  kxikaxcic. 

having    over    fifty. 

Authorities  are  generally  of  the  opinion  that  the  sky- 
scraper in  itself  is  aesthetic  and  practicable,  but  fear 
on  account  of  the  congestive  features.  By  the  proper 
handling  of  this  problem  there  will  be  no  need  of 
foregoing  the  impressive  effects  of  the  tall  building 
and  we  will  witness  still  greater  skill  in  the  erection 
of  what  IS  undoubtedly  the  most  inspiring  product  of 
all  art. 

The  exterior  has  a  pronounced  vertical  feeling  sub- 
dued somewhat  by  the  horizontal  courses  consisting 
of  alternate  plain  and  ornamented  bands.  The  four 
corners  are  solidified  by  means  of  pier  effects  extend- 


ing throughout  the  structure  and  finishing  at  the  top 
with  small  domes.  The  first  two  stories  are  treated 
in  Stanstead  granite  in  a  simple  and  dignified  man- 
ner. As  much  space  is  allowed  for  the  openings  and 
window  treatment  as  is  consistent  with  the  mainten- 
ance of  an  artistic  and  substantial  design.  From  the 
third  floor  up  the  building  consists  of  a  light  colored 
semi-glazed  terra  cotta.  The  third  story  illustrates 
the  decorative  use  of  this  material;  the  panels  be- 
tween the  windows  as  well  as  the  cornice  being  ex- 
tremely rich  in  design,  while  the  effect  is  all  the  more 
striking  by  means  of  the  subdued  detail  work 
throughout. 

Above  the  third 
floor  the  eye  is  lifted 
upward  by  means  of 
the  piers,  which  run 
uninterrupted 
throughout  the  height 
of  the  structure.  The 
various  floors  are  in- 
dicated by  moulded 
panel  bands  between 
the  piers,  which  en- 
rich the  central  fea- 
ture of  the  building 
in  keeping  with  the 
corner  piers.  At  the 
fifteenth  floor  is  the 
arcade  effect  which 
forms  an  ornate  fin- 
ish to  the  whole  edi- 
fice. The  balconies, 
the  figures,  the  slen- 
der columns,  t  h  e 
carving  above  all, 
tend  to  give  the  sky- 
line an  extremely  rich 
character  and  form  a 
pleasing  contrast  to 
the  plain  treatment  of 
the  first  stories. 

The  building  alone 
cost  approximately 
$1,000,000  and  con- 
sumed over  two  thousand  tons  of  steel  in  construction. 
Caissons  were  sunk  to  bed  rock,  some  forty  feet  below 
the  surface.  The  foundation  excavation  was  started 
October,  1 911,  and  the  building  ready  for  tenants 
March,  1913.  Fireproof  throughout,  the  wall  col- 
umns are  bricked  in,  interior  columns  covered  with 
2-inch  terra  cotta  tile,  wall  beams  and  girders  bricked 
in,  and  floors,  roof,  etc.,  of  terra  cotta  arches.  All 
windows  are  of  steel  frames  and  sash. 

The  ground  floor  is  given  over  to  the  main  office 
of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company.  Pass- 
ing through  a  large  vestibuled  entrance  of  marble 


295 


296 


CONSTRUCTION 


EXTERIliK    DKTAII,,    FIFTKEXTH    STURV    AND    ABOVE. 

C.P.R.    BUILDING,   TORONTO. 

iiAK'iixi,  A   I'l:  \Rsiix    ARnniKCTs. 


CONSTRUCTION 


297 


S>ECTIOA4   5-B 


C.P.R.    BtnLDING,   TORONTO. 


CONSTRUCTION 


KING     STREET    ELEVAJIOX  ■••  LESS  ONE  3AY  •--  GRANITE     DETAILS 
C.P.R.    BUILDING,  TORONTO. 


J--  102«  --J^' 


CONSTRUCTION 


299 


MAIN    nia-RE. 

C.P.R.    BUILDING.   TORONTO. 

DAKI.I-VG    S:    PEARSO.V.    ARCHITECTS. 


300 


CONSTRUCTION 


and  iron,  one  is  immediately  impressed  with  the  airi- 
ness within.  Extending  68  by  77  feet  and  reaching 
25  feet  in  height,  well  lighted  by  means  of  the  large 
window  openings  and  skylights;  accessible  by  means 
of  four  entrances;  it  affords  the  proper  facilities  for 
an  institution  of  this  nature.  Ten  large  columns 
covered  with  Escalette  marble  support  the  richly 
panelled  plaster  ceiling.  The  walls  are  treated  in 
various  marbles;  the  dado  being  of  Cippolino,  the 
base  of  verte  antique,  the  ten-inch  belt  of  verte 
Tynos,  the  borders  in  verte  Royal  and  Escalette, 
and  the  large  panels  in  Jaune  Royal.     All  flooring 


For  cleaning  and  humidifying  the  air  entering  the 
building,  a  purifier  with  a  total  capacity  of  18,000 
cubic  feet  per  minute  has  been  installed.  The  appa- 
ratus consists  of  a  five-foot  settling  tank,  spray  cham- 
ber and  eliminator.  Two  curtains  of  water  in  pro- 
portion of  one  pound  of  water  for  each  pound  of  air 
are  operated,  so  that  each  horizontal  line  of  spray 
heads  is  blown  out  three  or  four  times  an  hour  as 
desired.  The  water  circulates  by  means  of  a  centri- 
fugal pump,  the  suction  of  which  is  connected  to  a 
strainer  placed  in  the  settling  tank  of  the  air  washer. 
In  connection   with   the   air  washer  is  an  automatic 


VKSTIP.ri.K    .\.\1)   KI.EVATOR    H.M.I.. 


here  and  elsewhere  is  of  pink  Tennessee  marble  tiles; 
the  counters,  forty-two  inches  high,  of  verte  Tynos. 
The  main  stair  hall  and  elevator  corridor  is  fin- 
ished in  marble  and  bronze;  the  stairs  being  of  white 
Italian  marble.  The  elevator  grilles  maintain  the 
same  dignified  character  of  the  exterior  first  story 
treatment.  All  corridors  have  marble  tile  flooring, 
with  borders  of  verte  antique  and  red  Tennessee 
wainscot  four  feet  six  inches  high  of  Jaune  Royal 
marble.  Lavatories  are  finished  with  tile  flooring, 
marble  stalls,  wainscot  and  basin  fittings.  The  wood- 
work throughoui  the  building  is  mahogany. 


thermostatic  regulator  for  the  purpose  of  humidifica- 
tion.  This  controls  the  temperature  of  the  water 
and  the  incoming  air  so  as  to  furnish  the  desired 
degree  of  humidity  in  all  seasons. 

Ornamental  plate  prism  glass  is  used  for  all  cor- 
ridor doors;  white  pebble  glass  in  office  partitions 
and  roulante  dipped  plate  glass  on  mezzanine  floor. 

The  elevator  installation  consists  of  four  direct 
acting  plunger  elevators,  three  having  a  travel  of  188 
feet  and  the  fourth  199  feet  6  inches. 

In  the  basement  are  located  tvvo  pressure  tanks, 
each  of  5,000  gallons  capacity. 


The  Entrance  to  an  Estate 


F.  R.  MAJOR 


THE  entrance  to  an  estate  should  foretell  the 
true  picture  of  what  lies  within.  It  should 
be  the  key  note  to  the  ensemble — the  home 
and  its  surroundmgs.  It  may  vary  m  design,  due  to 
the  many  styles  of  architecture  and  the  wonderful 
diversity  of  nature,  but  it  should  never  be  a  discord- 
ant note  breaking  the  perfect  harmony  of  the  whole 
arrangement.  For  the  entrance  gives  birth  to  the 
first  impression  as  well  as  affecting  the  final  one. 

The  people  are  slowly  awakening  to  the  need  of 
privacy,    and   should 

be  alive  to  the  artistic  ___^__^ 

possibilities  when 
considering  the  prac- 
tical side.  The  house 
should  have  either  a 
natural  or  an  artificial 
protection  from  the 
curious  public  whe- 
ther it  sets  close  to 
the  main  thorough- 
fare or  is  removed 
some  distance  away. 
Such  a  need  opens 
up  new  opportunities 
for  the  artistic  im- 
provement o  f  our 
highways  and  by- 
ways. 

That  the  entrance 
IS  assuming  its  proper 
relation  is  readily 
seen  in  the  accom 
panying  illustrations, 
which  are  widely 
scattered  throughout 
the  Eastern  States. 
Each  one  has  its  own 
style,  but  planned  as 
a  coherent  part  of  the 
original  layout.  Very 
often  the  mistake  is 
made  in  having  a 
second  party  design 
the  grounds  and  ap- 
proach, who  is  not  i 
able  to  grasp  the  truej 

feeling  of  the  original  scheme.  As  a  result  a  very 
attractive  house  will  often  fail  to  harmonize  with  the 
surroundings,  no  matter  how  beautiful  they  in  them- 
selves may  be.  But  this  idea  is  fast  losing  vogue. 
We  are  planning  as  never  before  to  make  the  en- 
trance, the  drive,  the  walks,  the  garden  and  the  house 
one  harmonious  scheme.  And  this  honest  effort  is 
enriching  every  section  of  our  country  with  artistic 
estates  in  perfect  attune  to  the  nature  about  them. 

What  could  be  more  pleasing  than  the  gateway. 


,55^:*^ 


fig.  I.  The  posts  are  built  of  the  same  rough  stone 
as  that  used  for  the  house,  while  the  timber  roof  is 
wild  with  the  overhanging  Wistaria  Sinensis.  What 
a  picturesque  and  Oriental  effect  this  vine  gives  when 
left  alone,  which  is  undoubtedly  the  best  way  to 
train  a  Japanese  species.  This  example  shows  how 
a  little  skill  in  the  treatment  of  the  same  materials  can 
produce  a  harmonious  effect  without  appearing 
monotonous. 

Compare  with  this  the  other  roofed  entrance,  fig. 
II.    Although  treated 

^ differently,  it  creates 

a  like  impression  in 
that  it  belongs  to  its 
own  individual  set- 
ting, and  nowhere 
else.  The  design  of 
the  one  is  upright, 
possessing  a  dignity 
in  keeping  with  the 
house,  while  that  of 
the  other  is  low  and 
rustic,  conforming  to 
the  nature  of  the  bun- 
galow. In  the  latter 
a  wild  charm  is  ef- 
fected by  the  use  of 
the  rough  wood  tak- 
en from  the  depths  of 
t  h  e  forest,  which 
makes  it  simple  in 
construction  and  in- 
expensive. 

An  unusual  effect 
and  one  that  lends 
dignity  to  its  lines 
and  a  rustic  nature  to 
the  whole,  is  found 
in  fig.  III.  One  en- 
ters between  brick 
piers,  passes  a  series 
of  low  posts  chained 
together,  and  rests  be- 
neath a  charming 
pergola.  On  one  side 
I-  IS  growing  the  hardy 

Dutchman's  Pipe 
with  its  deep  green  foliage  soon  to  shield  the  resting- 
nook  from  the  sun.  On  the  other  side  is  the  Japa- 
nese Morning  Glory,  wending  its  way  up  the  rough 
tree  posts  and  around  the  branches  still  clothed  with 
the  bark  of  their  original  haunts.  Between  the  poles 
and  vines  the  sunlight  wanders,  filling  one  with  awe 
at  the  thought  of  what  must  await  them  as  they 
emerge  from  these  mysterious  patches  of  light  and 
shade.  And  there  is  no  disappointment,  for  the  per- 
gola  brings   into   uniformity   the  piers   and  massive 


301 


302 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCT/ON 


303 


Fii'.s.  i[.   Axn  in. 
ENTRANCES   TO   ESTATES. 


304 


CONSTRUCTION 


chains  with  the  wonderful  panorama  of  flowers  and 
gardens  within.     It  exemphfies  the  close  relationship 


--;^T-k 


existing  between  nature's  materials,  no  matter  how 
we  may  see  fit  to  form  and  shape  them. 

The  two  entrances,  figs.  IV.  and  V.,  belonging 
to  the  same  estate,  demonstrate  the  use  of  field  and 
rubble  stone.  The  one  consists  of  two  square  piers 
from  which  spring  a  wrought  iron  arch,  the  filigree 
work  of  which  would  ordinarily  be  adornment 
enough.  But  the  vista  through  the  trees  together 
with  the  heavy  foliage  near  by  demand  the  climbing 
Wistaria  to  embolden  its  somewhat  delicate  charac- 
ter. The  other  entrance  affords  a  charming  contrast. 
The  opening  is  through  a  heavy  mass  of  stone.  In 
trying  to  penetrate  the  depth  of  the  forest  what  could 
more  adequately  express  the  deep  mysterious  impres- 
sions of  a  dense  wood  than  this  structure  made  from 
the  rough  stone  of  the  neighboring  fields? 

A  drive  leading  into  private  grounds  should  have 
an  entrance  with  sufficient  character  in  itself  to  dis- 
tinguish it  readily  from  the  rest  of  the  enclosure. 
Too  often  the  opening  is  an  abrupt  ending  of  a  hedge 
or  fence,  a  source  of  considerable  annoyance  especi- 
ally if  the  estate  is  very  large.  To  offset  this  the 
posts  or  abutments  that  form  the  entrance  should  be 
of  a  different  material  than  that  of  the  fence  or  have 
some  individual  motive. 

The  piers  in  fig.  VI.,  which  mark  the  road  leading 
to  the  half  timber  house  are  very  humble,  with  no 
attempt  at  proportion  or  style.  TTie  Virginia  Creeper 
helps  to  relieve  the  crudeness  and  draw  them  into 
closer    harmony    with    the    other    trimmings.     The 


CONSTRUCTION 


305 


entry,  fig.  VII.,  is  also  built  of  stone  gleaned  from 
the  fields,  but  somewhat  more  pretentious  in  design. 
A  touch  of  dignity  is  added  to  the  view  by  the  stone 
seats  which  tend  to  form  a  second  and  more  formal 
entry. 

Wrought  iron  lends  itself  to  the  artist's  skill  in 
ornamenting  the  approach  to  vast  estates  and  palatial 
residences.  Nothing  is  more  effective  or  practical. 
Figures  V'lII.  and  IX.  represent  two  antique  Span- 
ish wrought  iron  gates  adorning  the  gardens  of  elab- 
orate setting.  Figure  X.  exemplifies  the  ornate  de- 
sign breaking  the  heavy  feeling  of  a  solid  wall.  The 
same  is  made  quite  inviting  through  the  open  appear- 
ance of  the  grill  and  the  verdant  growth  on  either 
side.  Figures  X.  and  XI.  convey  immediately  the 
thought  of  seclusion.  While  arousing  one's  desire  to 
enter  and  see  the  charm  within,  still  they  impress  the 
idea  of  trespassing. 

One  would  seldom  think  of  using  the  stumps  which 
rarely  escape  the  clearings  for  an  artistic  setting,  "^'et 
these  horny  monsters,  fig.  XII.,  have  been  partially 
clothed  in  ferns  and  vines  as  a  guide  to  the  sombre 
recesses  of  a  heavy  growth  of  timber.  The  mystery 
of  the  house  beyond  the  trees  could  find  no  stronger 
impetus  than  this  wild  and  rugged  effect. 

While  fences,  hedges,  gateways  and  trees  all 
serve  as  introductory  motives,  they  should  never  de- 
tract from  each  other,  but  should  be  so  correlated 
that  the  general  plan  will  be  harmonious  throughout. 
Too  many  translations  of  the  same  idea  in  a  small 


area  will  weaken  th 
the  illustration  of  fig 


'  design.     This  may  be 
XIII.     After  entering 


seen  in 
through 


306 


CONSTRUCTION 


tZ!,  ^" 


'^^* 


I'll.-,     ■■.   I      ■  ^  -    ■.     \  I 

ENTRANCES  TO   ESTATES. 


CONSTRUCTION 


307 


I'li.s.  xvi..  xvTi..  Win..  .\i\. 
ENTRANCES   TO   ESTATES. 


308 


CONSTRUCTION 


ihe  gate  of  roughly  hewn  saphngs  one  Is  confronted 
with  many  kinds  of  openings,  such  as  the  majestic 
poplars,  the  simple  hedge,  the  archway  and  various 
timber  effects.  Any  one  of  these  would  have  an- 
swered for  an  appropriate  entry  to  the  grounds 
within. 

One  commendable  feature  of  the  natural  entrance 
IS  its  kinship  to  the  trees  that  shelter  it  and  the  grass 
and  shrubs  that  surround  it.  It  bids  welcome  to  the 
farm-house,  the  cottage,  the  bungalow  and  the  man- 
sion. It  adapts  itself  to  the  quiet  and  repose  of  the 
forest  home  as  well  as  to  the  grandeur  of  the  wealthy 
estate.      The  artificial  entrance,  on  the  other  hand. 


with  its  air  of  dignity  and  stateliness  admits  only  to  a 
carefully  groomed  house  and  garden.  A  type  of  the 
artificial  opening  which  conveys  readily  the  more 
formal  nature  of  the  grounds  is  found  in  fig.  XIV'. 
The  posts  and  enclosure  are  of  concrete  with  a  de- 
corative frieze  of  ordinary  iron  pipes  painted  a  deep 
red.  The  view  within  reveals  a  winding  road  lead- 
ing to  the  house,  which  is  also  concrete. 

The  landscape  should  never  be  sacrificed  to  the 
driveway.  On  the  other  hand,  the  driveway  and 
entrance  should  adapt  themselves  to  the  contour  of 
the  land  and  its  natural  growth.  A  heavily  wooded 
section  of  short  extent  should  have  a  straight  drive 


CONSTRUCTION 


309 


with  an  angular  opening,  while  a  long  stretch  of 
woods  or  open  lawn  bespeaks  a  more  easy  approach. 
The  low  stone  entrance,  fig.  XV.,  conforms  to  the 
graceful  sweep  of  the  drive.  The  design  is  thorough- 
ly in  keeping  with  the  soft  open  lawn  and  whatever 
boldness  might  have  resulted  from  the  use  of  stone 
has  been  relieved  by   the  vines. 

Another  entrance  similar  in  dimension  to  the  one 
mentioned  last  is  fig.  XVI.  Here  also  the  lines  are 
consistent  to  the  general  effect  of  the  setting,  while  a 
proper  amount  of  life  and  color  has  been  introduced 
b\-  the  use  of  brick  with  suitable  capping  and  orna- 


In  using  artificial  materials  many  conditions  have 
to  be  considered,  such  as  the  style  and  pretentious- 
ness of  the  house,  the  extent  and  lay  of  the  grounds, 
together  with  the  character  of  same,  and  the  location 
of  the  entrance  in  respect  to  the  house  and  grounds. 
A  vast  estate  should  command  an  imposing  entrance. 
The  large  marble  and  iron  gateway,  fig.  XX.,  con- 
veys immediately  the  large  scope  of  the  plan  within. 
Here  is  an  artistic  expression  possessing  a  statehness 
and  character  all  its  own  and  yet  preserving  the  style 
and  harmony  of  the  whole  arrangement.  The  same 
may    be    said    of    the    elaborate    entry,    fig.    XXI. 


mental  iron-work.  The  entrance,  the  drive,  the  trees 
and  the  house  at  the  end  of  the  charming  vista  are  all 
harmonious  parts  of  the  composition. 

Two  examples  of  decorative  piers  somewhat  simi- 
lar in  design  are  shown  in  figs.  XVII.  and  XVIII. 
One  has  a  finish  of  rough  plaster  with  ornamental 
lamp  brackets,  the  other  of  brick  with  shell  fountains 
and  panels.  The  character  of  the  entrances  are  espe- 
cially well  suited  to  the  surroundings,  and  to  have  an 
idea  of  how  much  out  of  place  each  one  could  be. 
picture  them  with  their  settings  reversed.  Figure 
XIX.  represents  quite  a  different  type  from  the 
others.  Here  the  iron-work  runs  from  one  building 
to  the  other  and  creates  a  feeling  of  wide,  extensive 
tracts  beyond. 


Marble,  terra  cotta,  brick  and  iron  enter  into  the 
composition  of  this  design.  The  general  tone  of  the 
terra  cotta  and  brick  is  a  very  delicate  cream  which 
reflects  the  texture  and  color  of  the  house  within  the 
grounds. 

The  approach  to  the  house  in  fig.  XXII.  is  straight 
and  dignified.  It  requires  a  somewhat  stately  en- 
trance, simplified  somewhat  to  be  in  perfect  harmony 
with  the  general  character  of  the  home  itself.  In 
contrast  to  this  is  the  entrance,  fig.  XXIII.  With 
a  sharp  curve  of  the  road,  the  rough  growth  of  shrub- 
bery, etc.,  the  necessity  of  a  retaining  wall — all  de- 
mand an  opening  marked  with  an  individual  feeling. 
It  IS  of  ornate  design,  full  of  character  and  yet  does 
not  produce  or  need  the  upright  stately  effect  of  the 


310 


CONSTRifCTlON 


one  in  fig.  XXII.,  where  one  feels  no  interruption. 
What  wonderful  possibilities  lay  in  the  perfecting 
df  the  many  parts  and  mastering  each  feature  so  that 
it  becomes  a  truthful  expression  of  the  others.  The 
first  impression  is  often  the  most  telling.  How  neces- 
sary, then,  for  the  owner  as  well  as  the  architect  to 
realize  the  need  of  an  appropriate  design  for  the 
entrance.  It  should  be  one  of  the  most  consistent 
features,  interpreting  the  individuality  of  all  the  parts 
to  which  it  gives  access.  The  plan  may  consist  of 
an  inviting  cottage  growing  up  in  a  regular  labyrinth 
of  flowers,  or  an  attractive  bungalow  surrounded  by 
nature's  choicest  trees  and  shrubs,  or  a  stately  man- 
sion with  its  formal  gardens;  yet  if  the  entrance  does 
not  harmonize  perfectly  with  the  home  and  its  sur- 
roundings it  fails  in  the  chief  essential — to  become 
the  keynote  of  the  ensemble.  It  should  be  the  motive 
that  vibrates  in  unison  to  the  harmony  of  the  whole 
and  leads  one  into  the  delight  of  a  perfect  symmetry 
between  the  work  of  man  and  that  of  nature. 


'T'HE  distance  from  the  line  of  roadway  to  the 
■■■  entrance  gate  is  dependent  on  many  things.  If 
the  drive  runs  at  right  angles  to  the  road,  it  is  advis- 
able to  place  the  gates  far  back  to  allow  a  turn  of 
large  radius  for  carriages.     If  the  public  road  be  nar- 


row in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  traffic  upon  it,  it 
becomes  all  the  more  necessary  to  have  some  form  of 
well  recessed  wing  walls. 

For  entrances  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  road, 
the  cup-shaped  plan  is  generally  most  effective,  as  it 
allows  a  good  outside  green,  which  may  be  protected 
by  posts  and  chain.  The  most  difficult  entrances  to 
set  out  with  satisfactory  lines  are  those  which  are  of 
irregular  shape,  i.e.,  with  unequal  wing  walls.  No- 
thing could  be  more  deceptive  than  the  effect  of 
curves.  Somehow,  even  when  they  have  had  much 
careful  planning,  they  lose  that  easy  flow  of  line 
which  on  paper  looks  so  pleasing,  for  there  is  all  the 
difference  between  a  flat  scale  drawing  and  the  lines 
as  laid  down  and  viewed  m  perspective. 

The  carriage  entrance,  if  sufficiently  important, 
should  be  provided  with  side  gates  for  pedestrians  on 
one  or  both  sides;  these  may  be  any  width  from  three 
to  five  feet,  and  the  parapet  or  sidewalks  where  these 
exist,  with  proper  kerb  and  channel  terminating 
against  the  pillars.  The  opening  for  a  carriage  gate- 
way IS  usually  twelve  feet,  but  if  the  gate  pillars  and 
general  arrangement  are  on  a  large  scale  fourteen 
feet  IS  not  too  wide.  Where  wrought  iron  is  used 
and  a  very  wide  open  effect  is  aimed  at,  fixed  side 
panels  with  strongly  braced  and  strutted  hanging 
bars  may  be  adopted. — Man^sori. 


CONSTRUCTION 


ikA 


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O      Q 


CONSTRUCTION 


313 


CO^JSTRUCTOM 

A,   JOURNAL-  FOR  THE    ARCHITECTURAL 

ENGINEERING    AND  ■  CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  •  OF    CANADA 


FREDERICK    REED.  Eaitor 

H.  GAGNIER,  LIMITED,  PUBLISHERS 

Corner   Richmond    and    Sheppard    Streets. 
Toronto.  -  -  Canaaa 

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In   the   Post  Office   at  Toronto, 


Vol.    6      Toronto,  August,  1913       No.  8 

CURRENT  TOPICS 

R.  B.  WHITTEN  and  Geo.  A.  Oman  have 
formed  a  co-partnership  for  the  practice  of  architec- 
ture under  the  firm  name  of  Whitten  &  Oman,  with 
offices  at  413-415   Lougheed  Building,  Calgary. 

CEO.  B.  POST  &  SONS,  architects,  whose 
Canadian  branch  office  is  in  the  Standard  Bank 
building,  Toronto,  announce  the  removal  of  their 
main  office  from  347  Fifth  avenue,  New  York  city, 
to  the  Architects'  Building,   101   Park  avenue. 

THOMAS  KELLY  &  SONS  have  been 
awarded  the  contract  for  the  construction  of  Mani- 
toba's new  Parliament  Buildings,  to  be  located  on 
the  magnificent  site  bounded  by  Kennedy  street, 
Broadway,    Osborne,    and    the    Assiniboine    River. 


The  contract  was  awarded  for  $2,859,750,  and 
calls  for  the  completion  of  the  building  during  1917, 
which  IS  in  about  three  and  a  half  years'  time. 

AT  A  MEETING  of  the  Council  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Manitoba,  Arthur  A.  Stoughton,  of  New 
York,  was  appointed  to  the  chair  in  architecture, 
which  was  recently  established  in  connection  with 
the  university.  Mr.  Stoughton  enters  upon  his  new 
work  after  years  of  practical  experience.  Among 
the  more  important  designs  are  his  Soldiers  and  Sail- 
ors' Monument,  New  York  city,  and  the  Canton 
Christian  College,  China. 

*  *     * 

PRESENTING  an  unique  appearance,  some- 
thing after  the  style  of  the  forestry  building  at  the 
A.Y.P.  Exhibition  at  Seattle,  and  composed  entirely 
of  British  Columbia  timber,  for  the  most  part  fir,  will 
be  the  Forestry  building  at  Hastings  Park,  erected 
by  the  Vancouver  Exhibition  Association.  The  gen- 
eral effect  will  be  rustic ;  in  place  of  stone  pillars  there 
will  be  massive  logs  four  feet  in  diameter,  and  the 
beams  will  also  be  composed  of  logs;  14  inch  logs 
will  support  the  gallery  and  the  second  floor.  This 
massive,  ornate  building  will  be  a  valuable  object 
lesson  on  the  forestry  of  the  province. 

*  *     * 

A  SCHEME  has  been  outlined  for  the  University 
of  Alberta  which  it  is  estimated  will  take  100  years 
to  carry  out  and  which  will  be  sufficient  for  that 
length  of  time.  The  Albertans  believe  that  in  the 
course  of  the  next  century  the  Alberta  University  will 
be  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  on  the  con- 
tinent. The  plans  call  for  the  erection  of  100  or 
more  buildings  grouped  together  in  three  or  four 
units.  The  arts  or  university  building  alone  will  cost 
half  a  million  dollars  while  others  of  the  various 
structures  will  be  little  less  costlv.  The  dining  room 
when  completed  will  seat  1,400  students  and  the 
residences  planned  will  have  a  housing  capacity  of 
2,500  students. 

LONDON  WILL  soon  see  the  construction  of 
a  new  hotel  on  the  site  of  St.  George's  Hospital,  near 
the  top  of  Constitution  Hill  and  facing  the  principal 
entrance  to  Hyde  Park.  The  Governors  of  St. 
George's  Hospital  have  resolved  to  accept  proposals 
to  sell  their  site  for  the  approximate  sum  of  $2,350.- 
000,  and  to  amalgamate  with  the  Westminster  Hos- 
pital in  the  erection  of  a  new  hospital  in  a  suburb. 
Some  years  must  elapse  before  the  projected  hotel 
comes  into  existence,  for  one  of  the  conditions  placed 
by  the  Governors  of  the  hospital  on  their  acceptance 
of  the  proposal  is  that  the  hospital  authorities  shall 
remain  in  occupation  of  the  present  building  for  two 
years,  by  which  time  the  new  hospital  which  is  to  be 
a  result  of  the  amalgamation  with  the  Westminster 
Hospital  will  be  ready.  The  cost  of  the  hotel  is  to 
be   $5,000,000. 


CONSTRUCTION 


AN  AMBITIOUS  PROPOSAL  put  forward 

by  a  few  gentlemen  who  are  deeply  interested  in  the 
future  of  the  Dominions,  and  of  which  Lord  Grey, 
ex-Governor-General  of  Canada,  is  the  head,  looks 
to  the  establishment  of  what  is  grandiloquently  de- 
scribed as  the  Temple  of  Empire  in  the  very  heart  of 
London.  Mr.  Grey,  who  recently  obtained  a  three 
years'  option  on  the  Aldwych  site  of  a  building 
lease  of  ninety-eight  years,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting 
offices  for  the  Dominion  Governments,  writes  now  to 
say  there  is  danger  of  exception  being  taken  to  the 
site  unless  it  is  secured  freehold.  Accordingly  he 
has  communicated  the  fact  to  the  London  County 
Councillors,  who  suggest  that  the  site  should  be  taken 
outright,  at  a  price  of  $6,500,000. 

AT  THE  INTERNATIONAL  exhibition  of 
1911  the  United  States  had  a  pavilion  built  to  repre- 
sent a  typical  old  Colonial  house,  one  characteristic 
of  which  was  that  the  bricks  were  brought  from 
across  the  ocean.  When  the  exhibition  was  over  the 
building  definitely  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
Roman  municipality.  Now  Bulgaria  has  opened 
negotiations  to  purchase  the  American  pavilion  in 
order  to  have  in  Rome  a  permanent  building  in  which 
to  exhibit  specimens  of  Bulgarian  art.  It  is  intended 
to  transform  the  site  of  the  old  exhibition  of  1911 
into  an  artistic  quarter,  where  all  countries  will  be 
represented  by  permanent  exhibits.  England  is 
turning  her  exhibition  building  into  a  home  for  the 
British  School,  which  hitherto  has  had  small  quarters 
in  the  Palazzo  Odescalchi. 
*    *    * 

DRASTIC  PROVISIONS  to  guard  against 
slum  districts  were  taken  in  the  new  building  by-law 
of  Hamilton,  Ont.  recently  formulated  by  the  re- 
vision committee.  One  of  the  new  clauses  makes  it 
compulsory  for  every  room  in  a  dwelling  house  to 
have  a  window,  at  least  ten  per  cent,  of  the  area  of 
the  floor  space,  opening  outside.  The  abolition  of 
dark  rooms  is  considered  an  essential  to  proper  living 
conditions,  and  this  provision  in  the  new  by-law  is 
along  the  line  of  present-day  progress.  Another 
striking  change  is  the  clause  which  compels  every 
private  house  to  have  a  back  yard  of  a  depth  corre- 
sponding to  the  height  of  the  house.  The  aim  of  the 
by-law  drafters  was  to  provide  an  air  space  of  at 
least  ten  per  cent,  of  the  extent  of  the  lot  in  order  to 
guard  against  slum  conditions. 

DETAILED  PLANS  have  now  been  an- 
nounced by  the  C.P.R.  at  Winnipeg,  showing  the 
enormous  extensions  to  be  made  to  the  local  termin- 
als, which,  when  completed,  will  entirely  change  the 
appearance  of  Higgins  avenue.  These  improvements 
will  involve  an  addition  to  the  Royal  Alexandra 
Hotel  of  474  rooms,  a  new  six-story  office  building, 
replacing  the  present  baggage  and  old  Dominion 
Express  offices.     There  will  also  be  considerable  ex- 


tensions made  to  the  present  station  and  waiting 
rooms  while  in  the  train  shed,  the  tracks  are  to  be 
raised  six  feet,  and  lastly  the  Main  street  subway  is 
also  to  be  raised  to  a  corresponding  height,  and  it  will 
be  widened  to  permit  of  the  installation  of  two  addi- 
tional tracks.  Every  effort  will  be  made  to  have  all 
the  improvements  finished  within  two  years  and  will 
cost  approximately  $1,500,000. 


AT  THE  ANNUAL  meeting  of  the  Victoria 
Chapter  of  Architects  held  recently,  officers  were 
elected  as  follows:  President,  J.  C.  M.  Keith;  vice- 
president,  Ridgeway  Wilson;  council,  Messrs.  James 
Cullin,  Butler,  Rose  and  Spurgeon;  secretary-treas- 
urer, N.  Reid.  It  was  shown  that  the  organization 
has  grown  in  numbers  and  in  influence  during  the 
past  year,  having  sixty-two  full  members,  twenty-fi\e 
associated  members,  and  five  student  members.  That 
a  member  is  engaged  in  preparing  conditions  to  gov- 
ern the  competition  in  the  preparation  of_plans  for  the 
new  Provincial  Royal  Jubilee  Hospital  was  one  of 
the  announcements  made.  Another  statement  of  in- 
terest was  that  two  members  had  been  appointed  a 
committee  to  act  with  the  city  building  inspector  in 
examining  applicants  for  the  position  of  assistant  city 
building  inspector.  These  matters,  it  was  argued, 
were  but  a  few  of  the  indications  of  the  constantly 
increasing  influence  of  the  body  which  now  included 
practically  every   local  architect. 


THE  EXCAVATIONS  during  the  past  year 
in  Egypt  by  the  British  School  of  Archaeology  have 
resulted  in  a  series  of  remarkable  finds  illuminating  a 
civilization  of  over  10,000  years  ago.  The  most 
interesting  discoveries  were  made  in  the  great  ceme- 
tery of  the  first  dynasty  (5500  B.C.)  at  Tarkhan, 
about  forty  miles  south  of  Cairo,  where  800  graves 
were  explored.  They  yielded  in  abundance  ala- 
baster vases,  slate  palettes,  pottery  vases  of  the  time 
of  Mena,  and  the  only  skeletons  of  donkeys  known 
from  ancient  Egypt.  At  another  site,  at  Gerzeh, 
a  few  miles  further  south,  numerous  remains  of  the 
twelfth  and  eighteenth  dynasties  were  unearthed,  in- 
cluding statuary  and  gold  ornaments.  Another  in- 
teresting archaeological  event  is  the  recent  discoveries 
under  Nero's  palace  at  Rome.  A.  Forestier,  in  de- 
scribing the  work,  says:  "In  Nero's  palace  there 
were  found,  by  the  side  of  the  triclinium  (or  dining 
room)  five  well-preserved  subterranean  rooms,  care- 
fully plastered  and  cemented,  vaulted,  and  in  com- 
munication with  each  other.  These  were  the  piscinae, 
or  fish  tanks,  in  which  sea  fish  were  kept  alive  in 
water  brought  from  the  sea  by  means  at  present  not 
definitely  ascertained.  It  is  well  to  state  that  the 
fresh-water  fish  was  food  only  for  the  plebeians;  the 
patrician  families,  and,  naturally,  the  Emperors,  ate 
only  sea  fish,  numerous  varieties  of  which  were  kept 
in  plenty  to  meet  the  demand  of  the  imperial  table. 
The  piscinae  are  at  present,  of  course,  drv. 


Pleasing  Design  in  Reinforced  Concrete 


\  .  J.  ELMONT.  C.  E. 


THE  EMPLO'lMENT  of  reinforced  concrete 
as    a    building    material    has    increased    very 
materially  during  the  last  two  decades,  owing 
to  the  steady  growing  understanding  and  apprecia- 
tion of  its  economical  and  technical  advantages. 

At  the  present  time  there  is  no  class  of  architec- 
tural structures,  in  which  reinforced  concrete  is  not 
used  to  a  more  or  less  extent,  but  only  in  a  few  of 
them — factories,  warehouses,  exhibition  halls  and 
buildings  of  a  similar  type — does  the  reinforced  con- 
crete play  any  important  part  in  the  facades.  In 
contradistinction  to  this  the  exterior  treatment  of 
reinforced  concrete  is  of  great  significance  in  many 
engineering  works,  for  example,  bridges,  water  tow- 
ers, silos,  chimnevs,   retaining  walls,  etc. 


Many  structures  reveal  the  fact  that  both  architects 
and  engineers  are  afraid  to  let  the  reinforced  concrete 
appear  visible  without  any  foreign  embellishment. 
There  is,  in  fact,  a  tendency  to  cling  to  the  old  forms, 
though  no  reason  can  be  deduced  why  it  should  be 
forced  into  an  unnatural  imitation  of  stone  buildings, 
erected  of  single  cut  pieces,  or  of  skeleton  steel  frame 
buildings  covered  with  a  material  which  has  proper- 
ties entirely  different  from  those  of  steel.  It  is,  of 
course,  an  irresistible  temptation  for  a  mercenary  or 
unscrupulous  architect  to  design  the  facade  in  the 
easiest  way  possible  by  making  monolithic  reinforced 
concrete  look  like  masonry  through  the  medium  of 
joint  lines. 

The   average   observer   might   perhaps   appreciate 


315 


CONSTRUCTION 


the  exterior  of  a  structure  in  which  the  designer  has 
been  successful  in  his  efforts  to  veil  the  real  character 
of  the  material  used,  but  it  must  be  characterized  as 
deception  and  falsehood  in  art,  considered  from  an 
aesthetical  viewpoint. 

It  should  be  mentioned  that  all  over  the  world  we 
find  architects  and  engineers  who,  to  judge  after 
their  works  m  reinforced  concrete,  possess  sufficient 
knowledge  of  the  artistic  and  structural  properties 
of  the  material  itself.     Thev  should  allow  this  know- 


III.  —  I'.RIIii.K     1:1 


ledge  to  form  the  main  guiding  factors  in  the  design 
of  reinforced  concrete  facades,  thus  developing  an 
artistic  style,  which  will  be  all  the  more  pleasing 
because  of  its  harmonious  possibilities  in  conjunction 
with  the  purposes  of  utility  and  the  monolithic  char- 
acter of  the  material.  In  process  of  time  thereby 
"the  average  observer"  will  reach  an  appreciation  of 
reinforced  concrete,  realizing  its  strength  and  per- 
manence, though  It  will  likely  be  years,  as  Ibsen 
says,  for  the  crowd  to  reach  the  place  where  the 
few  advanced   are  now. 

Naturally  it  will  not  take 
reinforced  concrete  so  long  a 
time  to  develop  a  true  and 
harmonious  type,  as  in  form- 
er times  It  took  new  materials 
or  building  forms  to  evolve 
from  their  primitive  state  to 
full  development.  Owing  to 
convenient  communications, 
the  easy  means  of  interchang- 
ing thoughts  and  results,  and 
the  all  round  ability  of  archi- 
tects, engineers  and  artisans, 
reinforced  concrete  will 
shortly  reach  a  state  of  per- 
fection.     The    circumstance 

that  reinforced  concrete  design  has  been  thoroughly 
discussed  at  the  international  architectural  congresses 
— held  for  the  first  time  in  London,  1  906,  afterwards 
in  Rome  and  Vienna — will  help  materially  in  the 
same  direction. 

As  examples  of  plain  design  in  reinforced  concrete 
the  following  engineering  structures  are  worthy  of 
consideration:  Fig.  I.  shows  a  1  50-feet  high  water 
lower  built  entirely   in   reinforced  concrete  with   the 


exception  of  the  spire,  which  is  made  of  wood  cov- 
ered with  red  tile.  The  tank  has  a  capacity  of  100,- 
000  gallons.      As  the  tower  also  serves  as  an  out- 
look, special  arrangement  was  made  for  this  purpose 
with  stairs  and  an  open  platform  built  in  the  spire. 
The   tower  is  rough  plastered  and  painted  with  a 
light  yellow  color,  the  base  being  dark  grey.     The 
part    of    the   building    which    projects   between    the 
tower  shaft   itself  and   the  shell  around   the  water 
tank  gives  room  for  the  staircase  which  passes  from 
inside  the  tower  and  out  be- 
tween the  shell  and  the  wall 
of  the  tank,  thus  leading  up 
to  the  roof. 

The    1 60-foot  chimney   in 
Fig.    II.    shows    how    easily 
^^^l^gjl^   ^aSi,     "^n*^  inexpensively  a  chimney 
structure  can   obtain   a   more 
pleasing    and    satisfying    ex- 
terior than  most  of  the  rein- 
forced    concrete     chimneys. 
This  IS  accomplished  by  ap- 
plying    a     special     forming, 
which    allows   of    a    gradual 
decrease  in  the  width  of  the 
chimney  from  the  bottom  to 
the   top,  and  which  at   the  same  time  gives  a   few 
strongly  marked  lines  in  the  shaft. 

The  bridge  in  Fig.  III.  is  built  on  the  boundary 
line  between  France  and  Germany,  providing  an 
approach  from  Lorraine  into  France.  The  sim- 
plicity of  Its  lines  and  the  ease  with  which  the  lay- 
man realizes  the  object  of  each  part  of  the  bridge, 
that  IS,  understands  the  basic  principles  involved, 
create  a  liking  for  similar  structures.  This  feeling 
is  caused  bv  our  long  familiantv  with  arch  structures 


-Cll.XCKlCTK    BKIDGK, 


in  stone;  but  entirely  belonging  to  reinforced  con- 
crete. The  principle  to  suspend  the  roadway  to  the 
arch  IS  a  feature  which  portrays  very  clearly  how  the 
most  significant  qualities  of  cut  stone  and  steel  are 
united  in  reinforced  concrete. 

Fig.  IV.  shows  a  bridge  of  the  same  type,  only 
with  larger  span  and  dimensions.  The  solid  hand- 
railing,  employed  in  this  case,  seems  to  help  success- 
fully in  the  balancing  of  the  masses  of  the  structure 


CONSTRUCTION 


Fig.  V.  gives  a  design  with  a  mixture  of  good  and 
bad  details,  especially  the  misuse  of  ornamental  fea- 
tures.    The  small  arches  at  the  ends  of  the  bridge 


show  a  typical  concealing  of  the  true  nature  of  the 
material  by  employing  joint  lines.  Concrete,  to  be 
practical,  must  be  truthful. 


T"*  HE  difference  between  the  two  great  historical 
■*■  divisions  of  architecture  is  based  on  the  structural 
design.  In  the  first  instance  the  elements  of  the 
classic  orders  are  the  lintel  and  the  column,  while  in 
Gothic  architecture  the  design  depends  upon  the 
vault,  arch  and  buttress.  All  other  sub-divisions  of 
architectural  design  are  purely  adaptations  of  these, 
and  illustrate  either  growth  or  decadence. 

In  modern  times  new  materials  have  been  intro- 
duced. The  use  of  structural  steel  has  developed 
designs  impossible  with  any  other  material;  but  even 
with  this  modern  material  the  use  of  the  column  and 
lintel  is  adhered  to.  For  the  application  of  an  en- 
tirely new  principle  in  construction  one  must  turn  to 
reinforced  concrete.  This  differs  from  all  other  ma- 
terials heretofore  used  in  that  it  is  composite,  using 
the  tensile  resistance  of  steel  to  develop  the  compres- 
sive resistance  of  a  monolithic  artificial  stone. 

If  particular  styles  of  architecture  can  be  devel- 
oped from  the  column,  lintel  and  arch,  it  is  certain 
that  in  the  use  of  a  new  material  such  as  reinforced 
concrete,  a  style  of  architectural  design  and  decora- 
tion can  be  developed  which  will  express  truly  the 
nature  and  capabilities  of  the  material.  Unfortun- 
ately, it  IS  difficult  to  overcome  the  habits  of  years 
and  the  training  of  past  generations,  so  that  up  to  the 


present  time  the  architectural  designer  has  shown,  in 
handling  reinforced  concrete,  the  influence  exerted 
by  previously  used  materials. 

The  effort  of  the  architectural  designer  to  imitate 
masonry  construction  in  handling  reinforced  concrete 
shows  an  effort  to  deceive  the  observer  into  a  belief 
that  the  structure  is  built  up  of  blocks  cemented  to- 
gether, and,  in  order  to  make  the  deception  doubly 
real,  the  joints  are  boldly  marked  by  casting  a  bevel 
into  the  concrete  to  illustrate  the  chambered  joints  of 
massive  masonry  construction.  Not  satisfied  with 
this  effort  to  simulate  masonry,  the  designer  sometimes 
goes  to  the  extent  of  bush-hammering  the  centre  sec- 
tion of  the  blocks. 

The  essential  difference  in  the  possibility  of  rein- 
forced concrete,  as  compared  with  the  lintel  and 
column  supports  of  the  classic  orders  and  the  vaulted 
arch  and  buttress  of  the  later  mediaeval  construction. 
is  that  it  is  practically  a  masonry  material,  possessing, 
besides  the  great  compressive  resistance  of  stone,  the 
tensile  strength  of  the  steel  which  can  be  embedded 
in  it.  It  IS  therefore  possible  to  develop  a  particular 
style  of  architecture  in  working  in  this  material, 
though  it  can  be  used  for  the  development  of  almost 
any  architectural  treatment,  a  feature  which  is  par- 
ticularly valuable  in  house  construction. — Sloan. 


318 


CONSTRUCTION 


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SENECA   BUILDING,   BUFFALO,   N.Y. 

MCKENZIK,     VIIORHKES     &     GMEUT^.     ARCHITECTS. 


CONSTRUCTION 


319 


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GENERAL  T.:  TICTRIC  COMPANY  BUILDING,  BUFFALO,  N.Y. 

laSKWVETX     &     JOIIXSOX.     ARCHITECTS. 


320 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


321 


MUNICIPAL    BUILDING,    NEW    YORK.   CITY. 

.MCKIM,   MEAD  &   WHITK,    ARCHITECTS. 


322 


CONSTRUCTION 


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CONSTRUCTION 


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DETAILS  OF  MUNICIPAL  BUILDING,   NEW  YORK  CITY. 

MCKIM.    MEAD    &    WHITE.    ARCHITECTS. 


324 


CONSTRUCTION 


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326 


CONSTRUCTJON 


SAMUEL  CABOT,  INC.,  have  just  published 
a  booklet  entitled  "The  Book  of  100  Homes." 
Each  house  was  treated  with  Cabot's  stains  and 
affords  a  series  of  prominent  examples  showing  the 
effectiveness  of  this  material. 


THE  WHOLE  installation  of  the  elevator  sys- 
tem of  the  C.P.R.  Building,  Toronto,  including  the 
drilling  through  rock  to  a  depth  of  200  feet  for  the 
cylinders,  was  carried  out  by  the  John  McDougal! 
Caledonian  Iron  Works  Company,  Limited,  of 
Montreal  and  Toronto. 


THE  ARCHITECTURAL  Year  Book  of  the 
University  of  Illinois,  published  by  the  Architectural 
Club  of  that  institution,  presents  in  a  tasty  manner  the 
students'  work  during  the  past  year.  The  results  are 
highly  commendable  and  indicative  of  the  careful 
instruction  being  tendered  at  the  various  universities. 


CANADA  TO-DAY,  1913,  bound  in  one 
volume,  forms  an  instructive  and  comprehensive 
survey  of  the  progress  Canada  has  been  making 
during  the  past  year.  It  contains  some  three  hundred 
illustrations  together  with  a  specially  prepared  map 
of  the  Dominion.  The  work  is  published  by  Simp- 
kin,  Marshall,  Kent  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  London.  Cost, 
50  cents.  Canadian  address,  306  Confederation 
Life  Building,  Toronto. 


IN  KEEPING  with  the  policy  of  the  late  George 
H.  Pedlar,  the  Pedlar  People,  Ltd.,  have  materially 
strengthened  their  staff  at  Oshawa  headquarters  by 
the  addition  of  new  and  experienced  men.  W.  R. 
Geikie,  formerly  branch  manager  at  Toronto,  has 
been  made  managing  director;  W.  Loach,  formerly 
of  the  Canada  Foundries,  Ltd.,  Toronto,  has  been 
added  to  the  operating  department;  A.  T.  Enlow 
has  been  given  general  charge  of  the  sales  and  adver- 
tising department. 


THE  LONDON  Concrete  Machinery  Co., 
Ltd.,  has  just  issued  a  168-page  catalogue  illustrat- 
ing the  various  lines  of  machinery  manufactured  by 
that  company.  This  information  will  be  of  value  to 
the  architects,  engineers  and  builders,  and  can  be 
obtained    by    addressing    the   company    at    London, 

Canada. 

*  *     * 

THE  VESTIBULES,  entrances,  counter  rail- 
ings, teller's  cage,  window  frames,  and  elevator  en- 
closures on  the  main  floor  of  the  C.P.R.  building, 
Toronto,  are  of  bronze,  the  elevator  enclosures  on 
the  upper  floor  and  the  stair  railings  throughout  are 
of  iron.  This  material  was  furnished  by  the  Archi- 
tectural Bronze  and  Iron  Works  of  Canadian  Allis- 

Chalmers,  Limited. 

*  *     * 

BUILDERS'  QUANTITIES,  by  W.  E.  Bal- 
lard, is  a  recent  volume  added  to  the  Longmans' 
Technical  Handicraft  Series.  It  is  for  the  use  of 
students,  and  all  persons  interested  in  the  building 
trade.  Actual  examples  of  preparing  bills  of  quan- 
tities are  given  with  the  correct  method  of  dealing 
with  them.  The  book  is  published  by  Messrs.  Long- 
mans, Green  &  Co.,  London,  E.C.,  and  cost  60  cts. 


THE  CONCRETE  HOUSE  and  its  Con- 
struction, edited  by  Maurice  M.  Sloan,  is  the  title  of 
a  book  published  by  the  Association  of  American 
Portland  Cement  Manufacturers,  Philadelphia. 
The  book  considers  the  fire-resisting  qualities  of  con- 
crete in  the  construction  of  dwellings  and  enters  into 
all  the  details  of  this  method  of  building.  The 
volume  contains  224  pages,  well  illustrated,  and 
cost  $1.00. 


THE  BEST  SELLER  among  the  German 
novels  of  the  summer  season  is  "The  Tunnel."  Like 
so  much  in  recent  German  romantic  and  melodram- 
atic literature,  it  deals  with  New  York  society  life. 
The  story  gets  its  name  from  the  fact  that  the  author, 
Herr  Kellerman,  selects  for  his  hero  a  daredevil 
young  engineer,  who  conceives  the  gigantic  project  of 
connecting  Europe  and  America  with  a  tunnel.  Some 
of  the  newspapers  which  are  reviewing  "The  Tun- 
nel" say  that  it  would  probably  be  as  much  a  mis- 
take to  ridicule  the  suggestion  as  it  was  to  scoff  at 
some  of  the  ideas  first  launched  by  Jules  Verne  and 
H.  G.  Wells,  which,  in  the  meantime,  have  become 
e\ery-day  actualities.  One  commentator  has  figured 
out  that  the  shortest  tunnel  route  between  the  Old 
and  the  New  World  would  lie  between  Cape  Or- 
tegal,  Spain,  or  Brest,  France,  and  Cape  Charles, 
Labrador,  distances  of  about  2,250  miles. 


MANUFACTURING  HEADQUARTERS 

FOR 

Mathematical.    Surveying    and    Scientific 

Instruments,    Drawing    Materials, 

Draughting  and  Blue  Printing 

Equipment. 

Blue  Prints  made  from  Tracings 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO.,    LTD.. 
116  Adelaide  St.   West.   Toronto. 

Manufactories: 
European:  American:  Canadian. 

Nuremberg.  Chicago.  Toronto. 


CONTENTS    FOR    SEPTEMBER,    1913 

329 

EDITORIAL      

,     ,        .   ,,      ,  ,     ,,..,. siirifssful   raieer   of   ilie    Hank   of   Toronto 

f.ir  art. 
SCHEME     FOR     NEW     DEPARTMENTAL     BUILDINGS,    OTTAWA      331 

333 

THE  BANK  OF  TORONTO.  TORONTO  

362 

CURRENT      TOPICS  

,.,.,„,ins   of    new    mst.iots    in    C.rniany V    commerc-ial    loft   bniU    in    «lass 

Dpniolition  of  St.  John's  in  Varick  street.  New  York  City. 

366 

TRADE      NOTES     

Full    I'a^e   Illustrations 

Frontispiece 
THE    BANK    OF    TORONTO.    TORONTO    

THE    BANK    OF    TORONTO-DETAIL    OVER    ENTRANCE    ^34 

THE    BANK    OF    TORONTO— DET  A I L    OF    ENTRANCE    

THE    BANK    OF    TOFCNTO-MAIN    BANKING    ROOM     

355 
THE    BANK    OF    TORONTO— KING     STREET     FACADE     

363 
TWO     BANKS    AT     WASHINGTON      

364 
STANDARDS    AND    ENTRANCES    OF     BANKS     

365 

BANKS  AT  NEW  YORK  AND  ALBANY  


MONTREAL 


H.    GAGNIER.    Limited    Publishers 

GRAPHIC  ARTS  BUILDING,  TORONTO.  CANADA 

BRANCH    OFFICES  : 

WINNIPEG  CHICAGO  NEW  YORK 


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7  he  cathedral  spirit  of  to-dav  which  wiU  pro- 
duce edifices  rivaUin^  the  better  examples  of 
the  middle  ases. 


THE  AGE  of  cathedral  building  in  Europe  has 
been  and  always  will  be  a  remarkable  epoch  to  the 
artist  world.  We  have  grown  to  recognize  that 
penod  as  one  of  monumental  growth  in  the  ecclesi- 
astical world  and  can  scarcely  believe  that  our  mod- 
ern tendencies  could  permit  of  structures  which  woui 
rival  the  glories  of  the  middle  ages.  Still  the  tendency 
IS  towards  democracy  and  the  cathedral  is  a  demo- 
cratic institution.  The  people  look  upon  the  church 
as  an  expression  of  truth  and  wish  it  to  embody  then 
feeings  for  everything  that  is  noble  and  inspirins;. 
They  are  awakening  to  the  realization  that  a  beauti- 
ful home,  a  lofty  edifice,  an  ornate  structure,  is  essen- 
tial to  the  free  worship  of  God.  Cnce  imbued  with 
this  spirit  nothing  can  prevent  the  places  of  worship  in 
the  new  world  from  surpassing  the  wonders  of  the 
old.  There  are  evidences  already  that  we  ha\e 
entered  into  an  era  which  demands  cathedrals  of  the 
most  inspiring  type.  Ever  since  1875  the  cathedral 
desire  has  gradually  spread  and  to-day  the  following 
cities  are  building  or  contemplating  the  erection  of 
such  a  structure:  Toronto,  Halifax,  New  York, 
Baltimore,  Albany,  Denver,  Detroit,  San  Francisco, 
Cleveland,  Los  Angeles,  and  Washington.  These 
buildings  are  universally  planned  by  and  erected 
under  the  supervision  of  the  same  architect,  which 
gives  to  the  ensemble  a  harmonious  feeling.  Unfor- 
tunately hte  large  cathedral  in  New  \'ork  was  start- 
ed and  partly  built  in  Romanesque,  only  to  be  com- 
pleted in  Gothic.  The  reason  for  such  a  calamity  is 
attributed  to  a  change  in  the  personnel  of  the  build- 
ing committee,  who  dismissed  the  original  architects 
and  called  upon  another  to  do  the  impossible.  The 
final  result  cannot  help  but  remain  an  eyesore  for 
ages.  The  edifice  at  Pittsburgh,  on  the  other  hand, 
is  a  dignified  example  and  well  known  for  its  har- 
monious effect  in  design  and  color.  Polychromatic 
decorations  are  becoming  more  generally  used  and 
helping  to  create  beautiful  churches  which  will  com- 
pare favorably  with  the  fine  examples  of  our  Euro- 
pean brethren. 


n 


The  Banf(  of  Toronto — Its  successful  career  in 
commercial  activity  and  its  architectural  value 
to  the  Citv  of  Toronto. 


THE  BANK  OF  TORONTO,  illustrated  in 

this  issue,  is  one  more  example  of  Canada's  piogres- 
sive  spirit.  Artistic  in  design,  thoroughly  practical  in 
plan  and  pleasing  in  its  decorative  sculpture,  it  is 
representative  of  the  wealth,  taste  and  thrift  which 
IS  bringing  the  Dominion  rapidly  to  the  front.  This 
edifice,  along  with  the  other  notable  structures  recent- 
ly erected,  shows  a  decided  advance  in  the  architec- 
tural merits  of  our  buildings  and  promises  a  vast  im- 
provement in  the  artistic  appearance  of  our  cities. 

No  institution  produces  so  many  ornamental  struc- 
tures as  the  bank.  When  one  stops  to  consider  that 
there  are  some  thirty  chartered  banks,  many  of  which 
have  upwards  of  three  hundred  branches,  and  in- 
creasing every  year,  an  idea  is  obtained  of  the  won- 
derful growth  in  this  field.  Taking  into  account  the 
keen  competition  of  the  various  companies  in  making 
their  respective  buildings  the  most  attractive  and 
homelike,  it  is  readily  seen  that  their  design  and  plan- 
ning must  be  treated  with  considerable  study. 

The  banking  field  of  Canada  is  entirely  in  the 
possession  of  corporations  chartered  by  the  Dominion 
Government.  Such  an  act  bars  all  foreign  and  Brit- 
ish banks  unless  they  take  out  a  Canadian  charter 
and  otherwise  conform  to  the  banking  laws  of  the 
Dominion.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  while  all 
other  countries  are  excluded  to  a  certain  extent  in  the 
establishment  of  banks  in  Canada,  still  many  of  our 
companies  are  represented  in  England,  France, 
Mexico  and  the  States. 

The  Bank  of  Toronto  is  the  oldest  bank  in  Can- 
ada with  head  office  in  Ontario,  having  been  incor- 
porated in  1855.  Tlie  bank  opened  for  business  in 
July,  1856,  with  a  paid  up  capital  of  £27,435. 
The  progress  of  the  bank  has  always  been  steady, 
and  by  the  year  1871  its  capital  exceeded  $1,000,- 
000,  which  figure  steadily  increased  until  to-day  it 
IS  $5,000,000,  with  reserved  funds  of  $6,176,578. 

Among  the  men  of  marked  ability  who  have  con- 
tributed of  their  experience  and  skill  to  the  upbuild- 
ing of  this  institution  was  the  first  president,  J.   G. 


iZ'J 


330 


CONSTRUCTION 


Chewitt,  who  was  succeeded  in  turn  by  Messrs. 
Cameron,  Wm.  Gooderham  and  G.  Gooderham. 
In  1911  Mr.  Coulson  was  elected  president,  which 
office  he  now  holds.  His  unusual  ability  and  untiring 
efforts  are  mainly  responsible  for  the  bank's  high 
standing  at  the  present  time.  The  management  of 
the  bank  has  ever  been  conservative,  but  yet  pro- 
gressive, and  has  extended  its  operations  throughout 
the  Dominion  as  the  requirements  of  business  de- 
manded. At  the  first  and  for  some  years,  the 
branches  of  the  bank  were  all  in  Ontario  and  Que- 
bec, but  with  the  opening  up  of  New  Ontario  and 
the  Western  Provinces,  many  new  branches  have 
been  opened  in  these  sections  as  well  as  in  the  older 
provinces. 

The  city  of  Toronto  may  well  be  proud  of  this 
new  structure,  which  stands  as  the  resultant  of  a  long 
cherished  ideal.  It  is  the  home  of  a  large  institution 
and  is  worthy  of  the  great  and  distinctive  business  it 
represents.  As  a  work  of  art  it  is  destined  to  take 
its  place  as  one  of  the  notable  structures  of  the  present 
time.  The  sculptural  decorations  embellishing  the 
main  facades  are  carved  in  marble  representing  Can- 
ada in  agriculture,  industry,  science,  etc.,  and  show 
the  wisdom  in  the  selection  of  the  sculptor.  It  is 
worthy  of  note  that  while  the  architects  represent  one 
of  the  strongest  organizations  in  America,  every 
drawing  was  done  in  Toronto  under  the  direction  of 
Eustace  G.  Bird,  the  Canadian  member  of  the  firm. 


^ 


South  American  States  a  rich  field  for  art — The 
progressiveness  of  their  people — Ch'i'c  improve- 
ment brought  to  a  high  state  of  perfection. 


A  SERIES  of  articles  on  the  South  American 
countries  which  are  appearing  in  the  Sunday  "New 
York  Times,"  teem  with  practical  information  for 
the  architect  and  student.  The  author  is  General 
Rafael  Reyes,  ex-president  of  the  United  States  of 
Colombia,  a  man  well  versed  in  the  life  and  art  of 
these  nations.  He  refers  to  the  high  standard  of 
culture  and  aesthetic  refinement  of  the  educated 
Brazilians,  whose  qualities  find  expression  in  their 
many  public  institutions  and  in  the  artistic  embellish- 
ment of  their  principal  cities.  The  greatest  improve- 
ment has  been  in  beautifying  the  city  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  which  in  the  short  space  of  seven  years  has 
been  completely  transformed  into  an  artistic  centre. 
Sao  Paulo  has  become  also  one  of  the  most  magnifi- 
cent cities  of  the  western  hemisphere.  It  has  ex- 
tremely wide  paved  streets,  attractive  homes  and 
well  designed  public  buildings.  Among  the  promi- 
nent structures  are  the  Government  Palace  of  the 
State,  Palace  of  the  Elysian  Fields,  Municipal  The- 
atre, etc. 

In  speaking  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  the  point 
is  emphasized  that  this  country  is  still  in  its  infancy 
and  the  opportunities  are  as  great  to-day  for  the  man 
of  all  professions  as  they  were  twenty  years  ago. 
Surely  no  city  can  boast  of  a  greater  advance  in  the 


civic  improvement  than  Buenos  Aires,  with  its  open 
and  attractive  Plaza  De  Mayo,  the  Plaza  Hotel  and 
the  Colon  Theatre.  Progressive  and  friendly,  this 
country  is  bound  to  become  a  great  factor  in  the  pro- 
gress of  the  world  and  will  help  maintain  a  sense  of 
justice  between  the  various  Southern  States. 

Uruguay  assumes  the  same  relationship  to  South 
America  as  Switzerland  does  to  Europe.  Of  small 
territorial  extent  and  population,  its  people  may 
justly  claim  to  have  attained  a  degree  of  civilization 
and  progress  equal  to  that  of  her  more  powerful 
neighbors.  Approaching  the  Uruguayan  coast,  a 
delightful  impression  is  made.  The  capital,  Monte- 
video, is  buih  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  with 
handsome  modern  edifices  and  gardens.  The  scene 
is  more  effective  upon  entering  the  gates  of  the  city, 
where  are  seen  broad  avenues,  wide  squares,  artistic- 
ally designed  parks,  and  monumental  sculpture  work. 
In  appearance  the  more  important  avenues  with  their 
native  foliage  may  be  likened  to  the  summer  effect 
of  the  Bois  de  Boulogne  at  Pans,  and  the  winter  of 
Buenos  Aires. 


n 


The  registration  of  architects  in  England — 
Terrible  disasters  dailv  argue  in  favor  of  such 
an  action — Need  is   also   felt   in   Canada. 


UNIVERSAL  consideration  is  being  given  to 
the  registration  of  architects  in  England.  C.  Mc- 
Arthur  Butler,  secretary  of  the  Society  of  Archi- 
tects, wrote  a  strong  appeal  in  order  to  stir  up  public 
opinion,  which  seems  to  be  a  necessary  course,  no 
matter  how  excellent  a  reform  may  be  in  itself.  One 
of  Mr.  Butler's  arguments  is  the  multiplicity  of  the 
architect's  duties,  which  are  those  of  a  lawyer,  chem- 
ist, surveyor,  engineer,  builder,  sanitary  expert,  etc. 

Mr.  Butler  says:  "Mistakes  in  other  professions 
can  be  buried  or  otherwise  consigned  to  oblivion,  but 
architectural  mistakes  are  always  with  us.  They  will 
go  on  being  perpetrated  so  long  as  it  is  possible  for 
unqualified  persons  to  assume  the  title  of  architect 
and  under  that  disguise  to  bring  disgrace  on  the  pro- 
fession and  the  nation  by  plastering  our  landscape 
and  streets  with  such  hideosities  and  banalties  as 
may  be  seen  on  every  hand." 

TTie  argument  applies  to  Canada  also.  Within 
the  last  week  or  so  startling  headlines  appear  in  our 
papers:  "Frightful  disaster  at  Peterborough;  five 
bodies  already  recovered  from  the  ruins;"  'Garage 
block  falls  while  in  construction;"  "Fifty-three  per- 
sons missing;  terrible  disaster  when  houses  fell  in;" 
"Two  buildings  in  Montreal  collapse;"  "Church 
collapsed,  two  men  injured."  Dozens  of  similar 
notices  could  be  cited  to  show  the  loose  manner  in 
which  our  modern  structures  are  being  erected.  Is 
there  not  a  need  of  some  action  upon  the  legislative 
side  which  will  prevent  so  much  loss  of  life  and  gen- 
eral suffering?  Protection  must  be  given  against  the 
untrained  artist  whose  knowledge  of  building  con- 
struction IS  lamentable.  It  is  due  both  the  profession 
and  the  people. 


CONSTRUCTION 


331 


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Knr.VD    I'LOOR    FLAX. 


THE   BANK.   Of-^   TORONTO,   TORONTO. 

AKKi:i<i;  x   11  Asi'ixr.s  AMI  i;isiArK  <;.  ninn,  ARrnrn 


332 


!,'3'2. 


fir- 


The    Bank   of  Toronto,  Toronto,    Ont, 


Carrere  &■  Hastui-*  anj   Fustacf  G     Bird     A,c(.,trc;s^ 


ONE  more  monumental  structure  m  marble  and 
bronze  bespeaks  the  rapid  progress  of  Can- 
ada's commercial  life,  especially  in  the  Pro- 
vince of  Ontario.  The  Bank  of  Toronto  not  only 
houses  adequately  one  of  the  large  chartered  institu- 
tions of  Canada,  but  depicts  as  well  the  constant  bet- 
terment in  all  phases  of  architecture.  It  stands  as  a 
cherished  ideal  clothed  with  decorative  and  costly  art, 
in  perfect  harmony  with  the  life  of  the  institution 
within.  When  we  stop  to  realize  that  this  structure 
is  one  of  many  which  have  sprung  up  within  the  last 
few  years  throughout  the  Dominion,  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  foretell  the  vast  improvement  in  archi 
tecture  which  will  occur  in  the  next  decade. 

The  banking  institution  is  one  of  the  most  potent 
incentives  to  art.  Catering  to  all  classes  and  profiting 
from  the  earnings  of  the  people,  each  corporation 
strives  to  make  its  local  bank  the  most  artistic  and 
home-like.  As  a  result  no  expense  is 
spared  in  decorating  its  facades  and 
main  banking  space  in  a  utilitarian  and 
attractive  manner.  As  the  banking  fiel  ! 
of  Canada  has  some  thirty  charterc  1 
banks,  many  of  which  have  upward  o! 
three  hundred  branches,  it  is  readil> 
seen  that  buildings  of  this  nature  ai;- 
erected  quite  frequently.  With  a  keen 
rl^sire  to  better  existing  conditions  then 
s  always  considerable  care  manifeste  I 
in  the  design,  and  the  present  standard, 
which  surpasses  by  far  the  past,  wil' 
have  to  give  way  to  a  future  style  even 
more  artistic,  pracl'cal  and  sanitary. 

The  Bank  of  Toronto  has  at  present 
I  16  branches  in  Ontario,  Quebec  an, I 
the  West,  many  of  which  are  located  n 
handsome  and  commodious  buildings 
erected  by  the  institution  from  time  to 
time  to  meet  the  growing  demand  for 
accommodation.  The  first  office  occu- 
pied in  Toronto  was  a  small  one  on 
Church  street  opposite  St.  James  Ca- 
thedral, but  in  1862  the  building  at  the 
corner  of  Church  and  Wellington 
streets,  which  has  accommodated  the 
bank  during  the  intervening  half  cen- 
tury, was  erected.  Some  ten  years  ago 
the  need  for  enlarged  premises  was 
again  foreseen,  and  the  property  at  the 
southwest  corner  of  King  and  Bay 
streets  purchased. 

Rising  four  stories  above  ground,  the 
ensemble  of  the  new  bank  presents  an 
appearance  of  stability  and  richness. 
The  two  main  facades  frankly  express 
the  character  of  the  work  for  which  il 


vESTinri.i'. 


has  been  built.  Enriched  by  large  attached  columns 
extending  throughout  three  stories,  it  stands  as  an  ex- 
ample of  unusual  dignity  in  the  business  world.  The 
exterior  tends  to  create  a  feeling  of  unity  brought 
about  by  subordinating  the  entrances — ^which  are 
extremely  rich  in  treatment.  Following  classical 
motives,  the  work  stands  forth  as  an  index  of  the 
people's  desire  towards  the  beautiful.  The  light 
pink  Tennessee  marble  used  throughout  the  exterior 
treatment  adapts  itself  to  the  style  and  general  sur- 
roundings, and  will  always  maintain  the  g?ieral 
warmth  of  the  present  structure. 

The  corner  piers  are  elements  of  strength  anJ  sim- 
plicity which  lend  to  the  ensemble  an  impression  of 
stability  as  well  as  forming  an  appropriate  frame- 
work for  the  rich  window  and  entrance  treatment. 
The  sculpture  is  worthy  of  considerable  study  and 
may  become  in  time  one  of  the  few  illustrious  ex- 
amples of  the  present  era. 

Over  the  middle  entrance  on  King 
street  is  carved  the  civic  arms  of  Toron- 
to. The  former  coat  of  arms  of  the 
Province  of  Ontario  rests  between  the 
figures  of  an  Indian  and  Britannia. 
Beneath  are  the  words  "Intelligence, 
Industry  and  Integrity."  The  group 
to  the  left  IS  symbolical  of  the  agricul- 
tural pursuits  of  Canada.  A  shield 
containing  the  plow,  scythe,  beehive 
and  rooster  is  graced  on  either  side  by 
figures  which  carry  grain,  fruit  and 
flowers.  To  the  right  is  depicted  the 
mechanical  pursuits  with  the  scienti.fic 
shield  separating  two  figures  with  fire- 
brands and  having  the  word  "Enter- 
prise" beneath. 

The  building  is  entered  from  King 
street  through  three  cast  bronze  double- 
faced  door  grilles  which  lead  to  the 
main  banking  room  through  the  vesti- 
bule, and  from  Bay  street  to  the  ele- 
\ator  lobby  and  large  public  space. 
These  entrance  doors  are  swung  on  steel 
pivots  with  bronze  bushings  and  oper- 
ated with  ornamental  lever  handles 
which  control  concealed  bolts.  Direcdy 
inside  of  the  panelled  grilles  are  light 
single-action  doors  with  large  panels  of 
clear  glass  encased  in  cast  bronze 
frames.  The  three  double  doors  lead- 
ing from  the  vestibule  into  the  main 
banking  space  have  glass  panels  set  in 
ornamented  bronze  chased  on  both  sides. 
One  of  the  charming  bits  of  architec- 
ture IS  the  main  vestibule.  Designed 
throughout  with  Cenere  marble,  it  is  a 


334 


CONSTRUCTION 


i  'ii^Mf  \i  M  ',;'.*  'a*  H  U  \i  W-'.;;< 


J 

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CONSTRUCTION 


235 


njuuuiimuimjuuuuiMa,! .iwimuMiimiiiUUii^-J ,-i -M-^U'.- -  -    :.--.m.-^mmmMU.<fi^A^:.^l.r.A!ll 


iiKTMi.  Ill'   \i  \t\   i;xTT;A\c-r 
THE  BANK  OF  TORONTO,   TORONTO. 

CAKUl-HK    ,*v     IIASTIXr.S    AN'li    KI'^TACE    G.    IlIKI).    AKC 11  ITKCT; 


CONSTRUCTION 


MAIN    BANKING    ROOM. 


harmonious  introduction  into  the  large  space  beyond. 
The  ceiling  is  vaulted  with  richly  ornamented  soffits 
in  the  archways.  At  each  end  is  a  solid  bronze 
standard  of  six  lights  with  the  detail  in  low  relief 
hand  chased. 

Uncuest:onably  the  greatest  impression  is  made 
upon  entering  the  public  banking  space.  Spacious 
in  every  direction,  rich  in  marble  and  bronze,  attrac- 
tive in  tinted  and  decorative  marbles,  it  creates  a 
pleasing  effect.  TTie  floor  consists  of  large  Haute- 
ville  marble  squares  surrounded  on  the  street  sides 
by  an  elaborate  border  made  up  of  the  following 
marbles — gray  convent  Siena,  red  Numidian,  Jas- 
per rouge  and  Hauteville.  Counters  have  been 
planned  around  three  sides  of  the  large  open  space 
unbroken  by  any  structural  feature  which  only  tends 
Id  give  the  impression  of  a  larger  area  than  really 
exists.  The  counters  are  of  Vrdello  marble  har- 
monizing perfectly  with  the  Botticino  which  decor- 
ates the  wall  surface. 

This  public  room  rises  three  stories,  the  second 
being  a  mezzanine  floor  and  protected  by  a  marble 
and  bronze  balustrade  of  extreme  richness.  Upon 
two  sides  are  plain  artistic  clocks  set  in  a  circular 
band  of  marble  which  in  turn  are  surrounded  by 
bronze  wreaths.  The  \vhole  panel  effect  is  enhanced 
by  two  elaborate  bronze  designs  set  on  either  side  of 


the  clock.  The  frieze,  exquisite  in  design  and  execu- 
tion, adds  to  the  ornamental  panels  of  bronze  directly 
above  which  are  separated  by  delicately  carved 
pilasters. 

The  third  story,  consisting  of  a  dome  of  cast 
bronze  and  muffled  cathedral  glass,  is  the  striking 
feature  of  a  pleasing  effect  throughout.  Constructed 
so  that  all  supports  are  invisible  from  below,  it  lifts 
the  eye  upward  to  a  field  of  pale  amber  whose  out- 
line is  a  white  cathedral  glass.  The  ribs  and  por- 
tions between  are  perforated  and  glazed  with  art 
glass.  Weighing  sixteen  tons,  the  dome  is  supported 
•.vith  steel  rods  fastened  to  the  trusses  above  and  at- 
tached to  the  centre  rings  of  the  intersections  of  the 
main  ribs  carrying  the  entire  upper  portion.  Above 
the  dome  and  on  a  level  with  the  fourth  floor  is  a 
roof  garden  floor  consisting  of  glass  bull's  eyes  set 
in  lead  rings  with  concrete  support. 

Four  sixty-light  electroliers  hang  from  the  bronze 
dome.  These  semi-indirect  fixtures  have  a  centre 
bowl  of  Italian  alabaster,  specially  carved,  with  a 
diameter  of  3  feet  6  inches,  while  the  metal  crown 
of  hand  chased  bronze  finished  in  gold  is  5  feet. 
The  height  from  the  bottom  to  the  crown  is  15  feet 
6  inches.  The  balconv  is  lighted  by  eighteen  ala- 
baster ceiling  fixtures  finished  in  bronze  and  gold. 
Each  one  has  six  lights  and  in  conjunction  with  the 


C  O   A'  5   T  R   U  C   T  I  O   \ 


^^^^           _ 

^  II 

^"T^' 

.1^ 

jj^^  ^- 1 

^iiHUIKII  III  ■  IHiHWIIIWW* 


'<ii»ii«;i»"-«i<jii»  ji"—!' . 


^^BL 


Mi:Z7  \XTXE    ri.OOR. 


four   large   electroliers   furnish   a   strong  and  whole- 
some illumniation. 

The  main  stairway  leading  from  the  bankmg  room 
is  executed  in  Botticino  marble  and  double-faced 
cast  bronze.  This  feature  carries  out  the  chaste  and 
delicate  character  of  the  interior  treatment.  All 
structural  parts  are  of  wrought  iron  and  steel  de- 
signed to  sustain  a  live  load  of  one  hundred  pounds 
to  the  square  foot  in  addition  to  the  materials  them- 
selves. The  stairway  accommodating  the  Bay 
street  entrance  from  the  ground  to  mezzanme  floor  is 
of  Bottocino  marble  excepting  the  balustrade,  which 
is  of  solid  bronze.  Above  the  mezzanine  floor  are 
wrought  and  cast  iron  risers,  balustrade  and  tread 
supports  with  marble  treads  and  bronze  rail. 

The  large  banking  room  windows,  twenty-one  feet 
high  and  six  feet  nine  inches  wide,  are  made  of  orna- 
mental cast  bronze  panels,  and  the  best  British 
polished  plate  glass.  Care  was  taken  in  order  to 
secure  the  maximum  amount  of  light  which  necessi- 
tated special  heavy  gun-metal  sections  in  order  to 
obtain  the  required  strength.  Fixed  sash  is  used 
throughout  excepting  the  two  centre  parts,  which  are 
arranged  to  swing  inward.  The  casements  have 
ornamental  bronze  hard\vare  of  a  harmonizing  cho- 
colate  bronze   finish. 

The  assembly  room  is  elaborately  finished 
throughout.      Abo\e   the   base   and   floor  b-irder  of 


gold  and  black  marble  are  French  walnut  panels 
carried  to  the  ceiling  and  matched  so  as  to  lend  a 
charming  effect.  Between  the  windows  and  directly 
opposite  are  hand  tooled  brackets  of  two  lights  each. 
The  ceiling  is  enriched  by  a  patterned  design  in 
moulded  plaster  which  is  relieved  by  lights  in  clusters 
of  five,  each  one  cast,  hand-tooled  and  finished  in 
X'ernis  gilt.  Upon  the  floor  is  a  red  hand-tufted 
Fnglish  carpet,  nine  by  fourteen  feet,  covering  an 
nak  flooring  of  herringbone  pattern  and  parquet  bor- 
der. The  furnishings  of  the  room  consist  of  a  French 
walnut  table  richly  carved  by  hand  and  eighteen 
arm-chairs  upholstered  in  red  pigskm  leather. 

The  weekly  board  room  is  also  finished  in  French 
walnut.  The  walls  are  paneled,  each  division  being 
practically  square  and  making  three  divisions  be- 
tweei  the  floor  and  ceiling.  Oak  strips  and  oak 
borders  with  narrow  strips  of  black  walnut  around 
the  edge  make  up  the  flooring,  which  is  covered  by  a 
/ed  hand-tufted  English  carpet,  thirty-one  by  ten 
feet,  with  no  design  except  a  formal  border  pattern. 
The  large  table  is  of  French  walnut,  also  the  chairs, 
which  are  upholstered  in  pigskin  leather. 

Other  rooms  are  finished  in  (|uarter-cut  oak  floors 
with  parquet  borders,  walnut  dadoes,  etc.  The 
president's  and  manager's  suites,  however,  are  de- 
signed in  tiuarter-cut  Austrian  oak,  which  material 
is  used  for  the  carved  arm-chairs  and  settee.     All 


CONSTRUCTION 


1 

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1 

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CONSTRUCTION 


339 


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>ECTI(IX    THROUGH     BAN'KIXf.    RiKjM     LOOKING    TOWAKDs     KIXG    STREF.T 

THE  BANK  OF  TORONTO,   TORONTO. 


CAKKHKi:    \     H.\>TI 


ACi;    r,.    KIkll.    AKCIUTKCT; 


340 


C  O  N  S   T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


fixtures  are  of  hand-carved 
woodwork  with  a  finish  of 
gold  leaf,  the  high  lights  be- 
ing brought  out  by  means  of 
a  polished  finish  with  the 
shadows  in  a  dull  gold. 

In  the  sub-basement  is  ar- 
ranged the  boiler  room,  en- 
gines, air  cooling  and  purify- 
ing equipment,  power  house 
and  engine  room.  Tlie  elec- 
trical equipment  has  been 
well  established  by  means  of 
a  generating  plant  and  aux- 
iliary, the  former  consisting 
of  four  generators,  two  of  75 

units  and  two  of  25  units.  The  room  itself  is  im- 
pressive in  its  cleanliness,  the  floor  being  of  six-inch 
square  red  flint  tiling  and  the  walls  of  white  enamel 
brick.  Located  at  one  side  is  a  fifteen-foot  switch- 
board of  gray  Tennessee  marble.  The  loose  cable 
work  is  eliminated  by  entering  the  feeders  into  a  fif- 
teen by  three  by  four  foot  steel  junction  box  where 
all  cables  reach  their  respective  switches  through 
bushed  holes.  Fifty-two  telephones  are  established 
in  the  building,  which  are  directly  under  the  control 
of  the  bank's  switchboard  in  a  separate  room   that 


§^K22£^SS^Si=«aS»i??^i 


-ii-- 


DETAII.   OI-    1J0I.R',\AV    OX    .\IKZZ AXINT.   n.OOR 


provides  also  for  the  automatic  an'  pressure  messen- 
ger system. 

Seventeen  clocks  throughout  the  building  are  con- 
trolled by  one  master  clock,  guaranteeing  an  accurate 
time  system.  Two  of  the  clocks  are  in  the  mezza- 
nine balustrade  and  have  marble  dials  sixteen  inches 
in  diameter.  A  solenoid  switch  from  sixteen  three- 
way,  momentary  contact,  lock  switches,  controls  the 
vacuum  cleaning  system  which  is  placed  in  every 
room. 

Concrete  paving  is  used  in  the  sub^basement  with 
brick  finish  in  boiler  room  and  coal  stor- 
age, cement  elsewhere.  The  paving  con- 
sists of  a  two-inch  levelling  course  of 
concrete,  eight  inches  of  broken  stone, 
two  inches  of  coarse  concrete  screeded 
smooth,  four  inches  of  w-aterproofing, 
three  inches  concrete,  and  one  inch  of 
cement  finish  marked  off  in  four-foot 
squares. 

Special  arrangement  has  been  made 
for  obtaining  purified  water  and  circu- 
lating same  by  means  of  a  pump.  The 
water  passes  through  a  filter  upon  ente"- 
ing  the  building,  thence  through  a  steril- 
izer where  the  water  is  heated  and  steril- 
ized, after  which  it  is  automatically 
cooled. 

Compressed  air  provided  by  a  hori- 
zontal rotary  blower  operates  the  pneu- 
matic tube  system  with  its  twenty-three 
stations.  The  capacity  is  thirteen  cubic 
feet  of  an  per  revolution,  and  driven  by 
a  ten  horsepower  400  r.p.m.  motor. 

Three  passenger  and  one  freight  ele- 
vators have  been  installed.  At  the  King 
street  entrance  is  a  hydraulic  plunger  ele- 
vator of  two  thousand  pounds  capacity 
and  a  speed  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
per  minute  with  a  twelve  hundred  pound 
load.  The  hydraulic  elevator  at  Bay 
street  has  a  capacity  of  twenty-two  hun- 
dred pounds  with  a  speed  of  three 
hundred  feet  per  minute.  Two  dumb 
waiters  are  operated  by  a  seven  and  one- 
half  horsepower  electric  motor,  one  be- 


CONSTRUCTION 


o41 


ing  used  for  service  work,  llio  other  for  a 
!,ooklift. 

Of  unusual  interesl  is  the  incinerator 
equipment  for  the  destruction  of  worn- 
out  currency.  Located  in  the  basement, 
it  is  buih  of  steel  with  massive  doors  and 
smoke  pipe.  Directly  inside  the  steel 
door  is  a  cast  iron  heavily  baffled  door 
which  opens  into  the  reduction  chamber 
measuring  two  and  one-half  feet  in  all 
directions  and  lined  with  fireclay  blocks. 
Between  this  chamber  and  the  next  is  a 
perforated  arch  through  which  small 
openings  allo\v  the  products  of  combus- 
tion to  pass  and  thence  into  a  third  chani 
ber.  The  burner  reaches  tvventy-eig!i: 
hundred  degrees  of  heat  produced  by  g.i 
with  air  supplied  by  an  electric  motor.  .\ 
ser.es  of  adjusting  valves  admit  the  nece 
sary  amount  of  gas  and  air  for  the  work. 

The  boilers  are  provided  with  Dutch 
ovens  in  which  the  coal  is  coked  before 
being  admitted  to  the  firebox,  which 
eliminates  all  danger  of  smoke.  A  con 
tinuous  flow  of  water  is  kept  during  tin 
coking  process  in  order  to  keep  the  coa 
from  burning  and  all  gases  during  tl  t 
process  are  forced  over  the  firebox,  whicli 
aids  in  the  work  of  combustion. 

The  engine  equipment  consists  of  two 
nine  by  ten-inch  horizontal  slide  valve 
engines  direct  connected  to  the  25  kw. 
generators  at  310  r.p.m. ;  also  two  thir- 
teen by  fourteen-inch  horizontal  slide 
valve  engines  direct  connected  to  two  75  k\v 
ators    at    275    r.p.m.      The    steam 


4 


II'     KLIX'TRIC     I'lXTrRK 


MAIX     rAVKIM 


•;i,i-;v.\T()R  (;rh,li:. 


ener- 
valves  of  these 
engines  are  the 
straight  line 
type  scraped 
through  and 
balanced 
against  steam 
pressure  by  a 
heavy  plate 
held  away 
from  the  valve- 
^eats  by  dis- 
U  ice  strips 
.002  in.  thick- 
er than  the 
valve,  thereby 
allowing  it  to 
move  more 
freely.  Double 
port  openings 
in  the  valve  al- 
low the  steam 
to  enter  the 
cylinder  and 
exhaust  quick- 
ly. The  pistons 
are  made    as 


light  as  possible  to  prevent  wear  to  the  cylinder,  and 
so  that  the  piston  may  break  before  the  cylinder  or 
head  in  case  of  confined  water. 

The  engines  are  equipped  with  governors,  giving 
a  throttling  effect  on  light  load  and  reducing  range 
of  temperature  in  the  cyhnder;  also  as  the  load  be- 
comes greater  the  initial  pressure  approaches  full 
pressure  in  steam  pipe,  giving  a  steam  distribution 
well  adapted  to  economy  in  variable  loads.  The 
shaft  bearings  consist  of  interchangeable  removable 
shells  which  may  be  adjusted  while  the  engine  is 
running.  The  oiling  system  consists  of  positively' 
driven  pump  attached  to  the  crank  pin  which  draw.; 
oil  from  the  base  and  distributes  it  through  the  pipes 
to  the  bearings.  The  regulation  of  these  engines  is 
one  per  cent,  from  light  to  full  load. 

Woodwork  upon  the  interior  consists  of  white 
pine  first  quality  for  the  sash;  Georgia  yellow  pine 
comb  grained  for  pulley  stiles  and  mullions;  white 
pine  for  linings  and  finished  v\ith  oak ;  quarter  sawn 
white  American  oak  first  quality  for  interior  finish- 
ings throughout  the  basement,  ground,  mezzanine, 
first  and  second  floors  excepting  the  janitor's  quar- 
ters, which  have  plain  oak;  quarter-cut  white  Ameri- 
can oak  first  quality  for  all  floors  excepting  janitor's 
quarters  and  second  floor  offices,  which  have  plain 
cut  red  oak.  The  sleepers  consist  of  three  by  four- 
inch  chestnut  pieces  placed  twelve  inches  on  centres 


,?42 


CONSTRUCTION 


IIIIIIMIIIIIIIIHMNIIIIIIIII 


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CONSTRUCT/ON 


343 


CONSTRUCTION 


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CONSTRUCTION 


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■ARRKUK  \    iiAsrixi'.s  AND  i:i  <r  Ai  I-:  r,.  i;ikii,  arc  ii  iiia  r-. 


346 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


347 


liKTAII.S    <il'    IIKDXZK    CKI1.I.\(.     IN     MAIN     UAXKINC,    KlIilM. 


THE  BANK  OF  TORONTO,  TORONTO. 

CAl;ki;Ki:    X    IIASIIM'.S    AMI    EUMACi;    I"..    r.lKli.    ARCIlrnXTS. 


348 


CONST  RUCTIO  A' 


r.KClNZK    IiKTMl,    IN     \li;Z?A\INl-:    l-.AI  l-STKAI>E. 

properly  framed  about  all  openings  and  filled  in  with 
cinder  concrete. 

The  exterior  frames,  excepting  those  of  bronze  and 
iron,  are  covered  with  heavy  sheet  copper.  All  door 
frames  in  the  basement,  sub-basement  and  leading 
to  the  roof,  are  kalameined  with  sixteen-ounce  cop- 
per. Interior  wood  frames  are  one  and  one-quarter 
inch  thick,  the  oak  frames  having  a  veneering  of  one- 
quarter  inch.  Doors  leading  to  toilets  are  one  and 
one-eighth  inch  thick,  four  feet  six  inches  high  with 
solid  panels,  and  set  ten  inches  above  the  floor.  The 
doors  to  electric  panel  board  and  telephone  junction 
boxes  are  one  and  one-quarter  inches  thick,  paneled 
with  a  removable  plate  glass  panel  on  back  so  ar- 
ranged that  a  schedule  of  switches  can  be  placed 
behind  same. 

A  general  wood  base  twelve  inches  high  occurs 
throughout  the  building,  arranged  for  running  wires 
behind  a  movable  member.  Chair  rails  one  and  one- 
half  inch  by  four  inches  are  provided  for  all  walls 
above  basement,  together  with  double  picture  mould- 
ing. 

The  manager's  department  on  the  ground  floor, 
the  assembly  room  and   visitors'   room,   have  seven- 


INZIC    DK.TAII.    I.N     .MKZZAXI.NK    l;  \l,l 'STKADl 


eighths  parquet  floor  borders 
and  fields  of  herringbone  pat- 
tern. The  general  manager's, 
president's,  vice-president's, 
weekly  board,  conference 
and  directors  lunch  rooms 
have  seven-eighths  by  two- 
inch  quarter-cut  white  oak 
strips  with  parquet  borders 
two  feet  wide.  All  other 
floors  throughout  the  building 
have  white  American  oak 
strip  flooring  with  oak  strip 
borders  and  herrinbone  miter- 
ing  at  the  angles,  excepting 
the  top  floor  offices,  which 
are  finished  with  plain  oak 
strips  without  borders,  and 
the  janitor's  department,  of 
Georgia  pine. 
The  space  behind  the  counters  on  the  ground  floor 
and  at  the  back  of  the  mezzanine  gallery  are  finished 
with  nonpareil  cork  tiling  one-half  inch  thick  and  cut 
in  blocks  of  twelve  inches  square  securely  laid  on 
a  concrete  bedding. 

Suspended  ceilings  are  constructed  of  one  and 
one-half  by  one  and  one-half  by  three-sixteenths  steel 
angles  twelve  inches  on  centres  suspended  from  steel 
beam.?  and  concrete  by  hangers  placed  three  feet 
apart.  The  general  furring  has  one  and  one-eighth 
by  three-sixteenths  plate  iron  bars  twelve  inches  on 
centres  with  cross  bracing  of  steel  angles. 

All  oak  wood  before  being  finished  has  been 
fumed,  filled,  stained,  shellaced,  rubbed  down,  var- 
nished, re-rubbed  with  pumice  stone  and  oil.  Oak 
floors  have  been  filled,  finished  with  two  coats, 
rubbed  down,  waxed  and  polished. 

All  glass  IS  one-quarter  inch  British  plate  glass 
highly  polished;  glass  for  tank  and  fan  houses,  also 
facing  the  court  yard,  is  wire  mesh;  glass  in  office 
doors  and  transoms  is  ground  with  marginal  lines. 

The  standing  marble  for  ashlar  work  is  seven- 
eighths  inch  thick;  floor  marble  one  and  one-eighth 
inch;  slab  work  for  wall  linings  seven-eighths  inch; 
lavatory  stalls  and  partitions 
one  and  one-quarter  inch. 

Terrazzo  work  consists  of 
Siena,  Numidian  and  white 
Italian  marbles  laid  in  cement 
mortar  and  rubbed  to  a  glos- 
sy surface.  The  tile  is  set  in 
Portland  cement,  grouted 
and  pointed  in  Keene  cement, 
cleaned  and  polished. 

Ornamental  bronze  is  used 
for  the  cove  ceiling  light  over 
the  public  banking  room,  ele- 
\ator  grilles,  main  stairs  and 
public  stairs  at  Bay  street 
entrance,  balustrade  around 
mezzanine      well,      entrance 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  .V 


door  grilles  and  vestibule  doors,  basement  window 
frames,  fascias,  and  sash  on  first  three  floors.  The 
bronze  is  composed  of  ninety  per  cent,  copper  and 
ten  per  cent.  zmc. 

The  cove  ceiling  light  is  of  solid  cast  bronze  sup- 
ported so  as  to  allow  the  space  between  it  and  the 
roof  free  of  material.  In  the  main  ribs  the  glass 
sheets  are  curved  and  designed  to  permit  of  a  smooth 
surface  to  the  back  of  the  dome.  At  the  back  and 
around  the  edges  is  a  sixteen  ounce  gutter  reinforced 
with  iron  rods. 

The  window  filling  in  partitions  between  the  mez- 
zanine gallery  and  the  departments  is  of  cast  and 
wrought  bronze.  The  frames,  sills,  transoms  and 
mullions  are  of  drawn  bronze;  the  pilasters  and  orna- 
mentation of  cast  bronze  chased.  The  doors  are  of 
marble  frames  and  jambs  with  bronze  and  British 
polished   plate   glass. 

The  four  bronze  entrance  door  grills,  three  on 
King  street  and  one  on  Bay  street,  are  of  cast  bronze, 
double  faced,  including  the  frames,  transom  bars 
and  transom.  The  doors  have  corrugated  cast  pol- 
ished bronze  saddles  reinforced  with  ribs  and  swing 
on  steel  pivots.  Directly  inside  are  light  single  action 
glass  doors  of  gauge  drawn  bronze  with  reinforced 
brazed  joints.      The  \estibule  doors  are  of  number 


.  AV^- 


ten  gauge  bronze  plate  and  cast  bronze  frames  and 
edges  with  cast  moulded  panels  around  polished 
plate  glass. 

Basement  windows  on  King  and  Bay  streets  have 
cast  bronze  window  frames,  including  sills,  with 
moulded  hanging  stiles  and  bed  moulding;  drawn 
bronze  sash  rabetted  meeting  stiles  reinforced. 

Ornamental  iron  has  been  used  for  the  guards  to 
court  windows  and  doors;  grilles  to  openings  leading 
to  platform  in  engine  room,  window  frames,  stairs; 
ladders  to  roof;  fascias  at  all  floors  in  elevator  shafts. 
All  wrought  iron  has  an  ultimate  tensile  strength  of 
fifty  thousand  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  where 
ornamental  is  of  heavy  bars  hand  forged. 

The  guards  to  court  windows  and  court  doors  are 
of  one  by  one  inch  wrought  iron,  spaced  four  inches 
apart,  let  four  inches  into  the  masonry. 

The  iron  windows  are  of  wrought  iron  with  one- 
quarter  inch  polished  plate  glass,  and  are  complete 
with  bronze  hinges  and   fastenings. 

Janitor's  stairs  run  from  the  basement  to  top  floor, 
and  built  to  sustain  a  live  load  of  one  hundred  pounds 
to  the  square  foot  in  addition  to  the  materials  them- 
selves. They  have  wrought  iron  strings,  cast  iron 
risers  and  one-eighth  inch  plate  treads  for  marble 
support. 

The  iron  doors  at  the  entrance  to  court  yard  area 
are  of   three-sixteenths  inch  plate   reinforced  on   all 


IN    l-NTIv'ANCK. 


edges  w'th  cross  bars  spaced  three  inches  on  centres. 
The  ash  hoist  has  double  doors  of  one-quarter  inch 
galvanized  iron  plate  hung  on  brass  hinges  and  safety 
guards,  chain  fastenings  and  device  for  operating  the 
doors. 

The  gratings  under  the  elevator  shafts  are  of  three- 
sixteenths  by  one  and  one-quarter  inch  bars  spaced 
one  and  one-quarter  inch  on  centres,  bolted  together 
at  both  ends.  Corrugated  steel  fascias  are  provided 
at  all  floors  in  the  elevator  shafts,  the  metal  inserted 
under  the  nosing  of  the  saddles  and  finished  at  the 
ceiling  level. 

All  exterior  walls  below  grade  are  waterproofed 
in  four  layers  except  the  pit  and  trench  walls,  which 
have  six  layers  applied  to  outside  surface  of  wall  and 
protected  by  cement  mortar  one  inch  thick. 

The  building  stands  as  an  example  of  the  best 
fireproof  type,  having  steel  frame  floors  of  reinforced 
concrete,  terra  cotta  partitions  and  copper  roof  laid 
on  concrete  supported  by  steel  beams.  The  structure 
as  it  stands  cost  approximately  $1,350,000. 


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CONSTRUCTION 


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CONSTRUCTION 


351 


ELEVATION    LOOKING    TOWARDS    BANKING    ROOM 


I'l.AN    ni'    CEILING. 
DETAILS    or    ENTRANCE    VESTI  l:L'LE. 


THE  BANK  OF  TORONTO,   TORONTO. 

ARKERE    &    HASTINGS    AND    EUSTACE    G.    BIRD.    ARCHITECTS. 


CONSTRUCTION 


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AURi'.Ri;  ,>;   iiAsrixcs  ami  ki'staci'.  o.   iukh.  akiiiitic-i> 


CONSTRUCTION 


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KINC.     STKttr     lAtAH: 

THE  BANK  OF  TORONTO,  TORONTO. 

fARKEI^K     &     TTASTTXCS      \XI>    ErSTACE    G.    P.IKll.    ARCHITECTS 


356 


C  O  N  S   7   R  U  Clio  N 


Vaults,    Bank   oi    Toronto 


THE  VAULTS  of  the  bank  are  located  in  the 
basement,  ground,  mezzanine  and  first  floors. 
All  foundation  work  for  the  vaults  is  inde- 
pendent of  the  structural  supports  of  the  building, 
and  consists  of  a  six-foot  bedding  of  concrete  rein- 
forced by  cross  layers  of  one  and  three-eighths  bars 
six  inches  on  centre.  The  aggregate  weight  of  the 
vaults  on  each  floor  is  four  hundred  tons. 

The  accompanying  description  of  the  manager  s 
vault  answers  also  for  the  safety  deposit  vault  and 
the  securities  and  cash  vault.  All  sides  of  the  vault, 
the  tops  and  bottoms,  are  built  up  as  follows:  Out- 
side layer  of  low  steel;  two  layers  of  five-ply  welded 
chrome  steel,  and  a  layer  of  low  steel,  each  three- 
cjuarters  of  an  inch  thick — making  three  inches  of 
metal.  The  exterior  corners  of  the  vault  lining  are 
formed  with  six  by  six  by  one  and  one-quarter  inch 
steel  angles  forged  solid  into  three  members  of  crow's 
foot  sections.  Panels  formed  by  the  angles  are  filled 
with  plates  of  low  steel  three-quarters  inch  thick. 
The  four  layers  of  steel  are  secured  to  each  other  by 
welded  chrome  steel  bolts  spaced  twelve  inches  on 
centre. 

The  vestibule  of  the  manager's  vault  shown  be- 
low has  outside  single  door  and  double  vestibule 
doors,  with  clear  walkway  of  two  feet  ten  inches 
wide,  three  feet  in  depth,  and  six  feet  ten  inches  in 
height.  The  face  of  the  vestibule  is  constructed  of 
single  solid  cast  low  steel  frame  one  and  one-half 
inches  thick,  having  returns  at  the  sides,  top  and 
bottom.  Stiffening  ribs  are  cast  across  the  pockets 
one  inch  in  thickness.  Lugs  are  cast  on  stepping 
section  of  the  frame  to  receive  the  fastenings  from 
the  laminated  frame.  Heavy  filets  are  cast  on  all 
inside  corners  and  over  the  entire  outside  face,  jamb 
stepping  and  all  joints  abutting  the  laminated  frame. 
Total  thickness  of  steel  castmg  is  seven  and  one-half 
inches  over  all. 

The  front  frame  of  the  laminated  portion  of  the 
vestibule   is  formed   of   the   following   layers,   which 


make  a  total  thickness  of  thirteen  and  one-half 
inches:  One  and  one-quarter  inch  chrome  steel 
forged  solid;  chrome  steel  one  and  one-quarter  inch; 
low  steel  one  inch;  five-ply  welded  chrome  steel  one 
and  one-half  inch ;  low  steel  angles  one  inch ;  low 
steel  one  and  one-quarter  mch. 

The  inside  frame  of  the  vestibule  is  three  and  one- 
half  inches,  constructed  with  low  steel  one  inch  thick; 
five-ply  chrome  steel  angles  one  inch;  five-ply  welded 
chrome  steel  three-quarters  inch;  low  steel  angles 
three-quarters  inch. 

The  body  of  the  vestibule  is  built  up  of  steel  with 
a  total  thickness  of  four  inches:  outside  layer  five-ply 
welded  chrome  steel  one  and  one-quarter  inch  thick; 
low  steel  one  inch;  five  ply  welded  chrome  steel  one 
inch;  low  steel  three-quarters  inch. 

The  outside  vestibule  door  of  the  manager  s  vault 
IS  thirteen  and  one-half  inches  thick.  In  addition  to 
one  and  one-half  inch  facing  of  low  steel  with  return 
flanges  of  six  inches  filled  in  with  concrete  containing 
two  rows  of  hardened  chrome  steel  laminated  jail 
rods  four  inches  on  centres — one  horizontal  and  one 
vertical — the  door  consists  of  cast  low  steel  one  and 
one-half  inch;  five-ply  chrome  steel  one  and  one- 
quarter  inch;  one  inch  of  low  steel;  five-ply  chrome 
steel  one  and  one-half  inch;  one  inch  of  low  steel; 
steel  casting  one  and  one-quarter  inch. 

The  floor  of  the  manager's  vault  consists  of  white 
veined  Italian  marble  tiling,  ground  with  hard  cement 
and  set  in  concrete. 

In  the  safety  deposit  vault  there  are  six  hundred 
and  twenty-nine  boxes,  ranging  from  fifteen  inches 
in  height,  fifteen  inches  in  width,  twenty-six  inches  in 
depth  to  one  and  one-half  inch  in  height  and  five 
inches  in  width.  All  boxes  are  built  of  one-quarter 
inch  low  steel  plates,  the  interior  finished  dead  black 
with  doors  of  quadruple  nickel  plated  and  highly 
polished.  The  entire  end  of  the  vault  is  covered  with 
a  plate  glass  mirror  set  in  a  nickel  plated  frame. 
There  is  also  a  \erde  antique  marble  base. 


357 


358 


CONSTRUCTION 


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Heating   and    Ventilation,    Bank    of   Toronto 


ONE  of  the  cleanliest  and  most  attractive  parts 
of  the  Bank  of  Toronto  is  the  engine  room, 
located  in  the  sub-basement.  The  walls  are 
of  white  enamel  brick  and  the  floor  of  red  tile  with 
a  floor  space  of  1 ,800  square  feet.  The  room  con- 
tains four  steam-electric  units  consisting  of  two  25 
k.w.  and  two  75  k.w.  direct  current  generators, 
directly  connected  to  10  x  12  and  12  x  14  inch  side 
crank  engines — the  small  units  at  300  r.p.m.  and  the 
larger  ones  at  275  r.p.m.  Steam  pressure  at  the 
throttle  valves  approximates  120  lbs.,  the  steam 
being  supplied  to  the  engines  from  a  distributing 
header  on  west  wall  of  engine  room,  pipes  being 
made  up  \sith  long  radius  quarter  bends  and  joints 
of  the  vanstone  type  with  copper  gaskets.  The 
piping  is  hung  from  the  ceiling  beams  and  braced 
to  the  walls  to  prevent  vibration.  Vertical  separators 
are  used  to  ensure  dry  steam. 

With  the  idea  of  preventing  all  engine  vibration 
from  being  communicated  to  the  building,  special 
care  was  exercised  in  the  construction  of  the  engine 
foundations.  After  the  necessary  excavation  was 
completed,  floor  prepared,  form  work  erected  and 
waterproofing  installed,  a  six  inch  bed  of  dry  sand 


was  laid,  forming  a  cushion  for  the  foundations  to 
rest  upon.  Upon  the  sand,  for  the  purpose  of  keep- 
ing it  dry,  was  placed  several  layers  of  tar  paper. 
The  concrete  foundations  were  then  poured,  and  a 
space  of  four  inches  maintained  free  between  the 
retaining  walls  and  the  foundations  proper,  which 
space  was  also  filled  with  dry  sand,  and  the  opening 
between  the  floor  slab  and  foundation  covered  by  the 
marble  base  around  the  engines. 

Exhaust  piping  in  connection  with  the  engines  runs 
in  large  trenches  under  the  floor,  which  in  turn  are 
covered  with  tile  and  finished  to  match  the  rest  of 
the  floor,  thus  doing  away  with  the  dirty  iron  plates 
usually  used.  The  trenches  can  be  entered  through 
openings  in  the  engine  room  floor,  or  from  the  boiler 
room.  Openings  in  engine  room  have  covers  made 
of  tile  set  in  iron  frames,  these  covers  can  be  removed 
if  necessary  by  means  of  an  iron  ring  set  in  the  floor. 

The  exhaust  steam  after  passing  through  an  oil 
separator  enters  the  feed  water  heater  or  passes  into 
a  ten  inch  vertical  exhaust  main  which  runs  to  the 
roof.  Just  below  the  second  floor  level  a  five  inch 
connection  is  taken  off  the  mam  for  the  direct  heating 
system.     A  back  pressure  \al\e  located  in  the  main 


359 


.V.I) 


CONSTRUCTION 


just  above  the  five  inch  connection  controls  the  pres- 
sure on  the  heating  system  and  also  the  back  pressure 
on  the  engines. 

In  the  boiler  room  next  to  the  engme  room  there 
are  three  135  h.p.  water  tube  boilers,  each  being 
equipped  with  a  Dutch  oven  furnace  specially  de- 
signed for  the  burning  of  soft  coal  without  smoke. 
Each  furnace  is  fitted  with  two  magazine  hoppers 
into  which  coal  is  dumped  from  a  bucket  travellmg 
on  an  overhead  I  beam  track;  bucket  is  raised  and 
lowered  by  an  electric  hoist  operated  from  the  floor. 

Steam  is  taken  from  each  of  the  boilers  through  a 
six  inch  connection  feeding  into  an  eight  inch  loop 
main  made  up  of  quarter  bends  with  vanstone  joints, 
and  extra  heavy  flanged  valves  and  fittings.  The 
loop  main  feeds  a  double  ten  inch  header  from  which 
two  six  inch  connections  feed  the  auxiliary  header. 
From  the  auxiliary  header  is  taken  the  steam  connec- 
tions for  elevator,  boiler  feed,  vacuum  pumps,  etc. 

The  high  pressure  piping  has  been  laid  out  so  that 
one  half  can  be  shut  off  for  repairs,  while  the  other 
half  is  in  use  and  supplying  the  requisite  amount  of 
steam  for  running  the  plant. 

From  the  boiler  room  one  enters  the  pump  room, 
where  are  located  the  air  washer,  main  supply  fans, 
vacuum  heating  pumps,  tube  dispatch  blower, 
vacuum  cleaner,  elevator  pumps,  and  stacks  for  in- 
direct steam  heaters. 

The  heating  equipment  of  the  building  consists  of 


a  system  of  direct  steam  radi- 
ators and  coils,  supplying  heat 
to  the  second  floor,  toilet  and 
locker  rooms  on  the  first  floor 
and  mezzanine  floors,  and  to 
the  basement.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  building  is 
heated  by  means  of  a  hot  blast 
system  which  also  supplies 
fresh  air  for  ventilation. 

To  accommodate  the  large 
fresh  air  supply,  exhaust  flues 
and  the  distributing  systems  in 
connection  with  the  mechani- 
cal equipments  of  the  building, 
a  space  two  feet  wide  extend- 
ing from  top  to  bottom  and 
across  the  entire  width  of  the 
west  wall,  was  partitioned  off 
with  tile  walls.  A  space  four 
feet  deep  was  also  allowed  be- 
tween the  second  floor  and 
ceiling  of  the  first  floor  for  the 
concealment  of  ducts  supply- 
ing air  to  the  main  banking 
room,  pipes  connecting  the 
direct  radiators  on  second 
floor,  for  the  horizontal  runs  of 
the  pneumatic  tube  despatch 
system,  and  piping  in  connec- 
tion with  the  temperature  con- 
—  trol  system.     Horizontal  runs 

of  ducts  and  piping  under 
ground  floor  are  concealed  by  a  hung  ceiling  in  the 
basement. 

Air  for  ventilation  and  heating  is  taken  in  through 
a  louvered  inlet  built  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
roof,  which  inlet  is  connected  to  a  vertical  brick  flue 
twenty-five  feet  long  and  two  feet  wide  running 
straight  down  to  the  sub-basement,  at  the  base  of 
which  is  a  chamber  built  of  black  iron. 

The  air  after  leaving  this  chamber  passes  through 
a  bank  of  Vento  stacks  two  rows  high  and  two  rows 
deep,  while  the  heater  raises  the  air  from  the  outside 
temperature  to  about  60  degrees  in  cold  weather. 
After  leaving  the  preheater  the  air  enters  and  passes 
through  the  sprays  of  the  washer.  The  spray  nozzles 
are  so  formed  that  they  atomize  the  water  and  pro- 
duce a  cloud  of  finely  divided  mist-like  spray. 

From  the  spray  chamber  the  air  and  contained 
moisture  enters  the  eliminated  plates,  which  take  out 
of  the  air  all  free  moisture,  and  with  this  moisture 
almost  the  whole  of  the  dirt  and  gases  brought  in 
with  the  so-called  fresh  air.  The  cleaned  and 
moistened  air  is  then  free  of  the  washer  and  is  drawn 
through  a  single  row  of  Vento  re-heaters  into  the 
suction  of  the  two  main  fans.  As  seen  on  the  plan, 
these  fans  are  set  on  piers,  the  air  for  the  east  fan 
passing  under  the  fan  on  the  west.  Both  fans  dis- 
charge into  a  plenum  chamber,  in  the  east  and  west 
outlets  of  which  are  placed  the  main  re-heaters  which 
raise  the  air  to  the  temperature  required  for  heating. 


CONSTRUCTION 


361 


These  heaters  are  arranged  one  row  high  and  four 
rows  deep. 

From  these  heaters  a  system  of  ducts  is  run  that 
carries  air  to  the  various  rooms  to  be  heated.  From 
the  mains  in  the  sub-basement  branches  are  taken  off 
and  run  to  the  rooms  above  in  ten  by  ten  inch  chases 
left  in  the  building  walls.  At  the  base  of  these  ver- 
tical branches  is  a  damper  operated  by  a  diaphragm 
motor  controlled  by  a  thermostat  in  the  room  above. 
The  damper  shuts  off  the  hot  air  should  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  room  rise  above  the  point  desired  or  to 
that  at  which  the  thermostat  is  set.  The  temperature 
of  the  air  just  beyond  the  re-heaters  is  controlled  by 
means  of  a  by-pass  under  the  vent  stacks  and  by 
thermostatic  control  of  the  steam  to  the  heaters.  The 
thermostats  are  so  arranged  that  while  a  constant 
volume  of  air  is  being  delivered  to  the  rooms  above 
the  rooms  are  not  over-heated.  The  thermostats  in 
the  rooms  are  mainly  used  to  throttle  the  hot  air 
supply  to  the  more  sheltered  parts  of  the  building. 

The  general  scheme  of  the  supply  system  is  the 
delivery  of  large  volumes  of  air  to  the  main  banking 
room  at  the  first  floor  level  and  also  the  ground  floor, 
through  registers  in  the  sills  of  exterior  windows  in 
the  mezzanine  and  the  first  floor  offices,  also  through 
registers  placed  in  the  window  sills. 

A  system  of  ducts  and  fans  is  installed  for  remov- 
ing the  vitiated  air   from   the  building.      The  toilet 
and  locker  rooms  throughout  the  building  are  con- 
nected by  a  separate  main  to  a 
fan  on  the  roof. 

The  large  main  ducts  of  the 
exhaust  system  are  located 
under  the  ground  floor,  and 
follow  the  lines  of  the  banking 
screen.  Short  vertical  ducts 
connect  the  register  faces  of 
large  size  in  the  banking  room 
screen  to  the  horizontal  ex- 
haust mains,  which  are  them- 
selves connected  to  a  vertical 
sheet  metal  flue  twelve  by  tvvo 
feet  built  in  the  chase  on  the 
west  wall.  This  flue  is  run  to 
the  main  fan  or  roof  and  is 
also  connected  by  means  of  a 
large  horizontal  duct  at  the 
sub-basement  level  to  the 
fresh  air  chamber  of  the  supply 
system.  By  operating  double 
dampers  in  the  main  exhaust 
flue,  from  a  switch  in  the  pump 
room,  air  may  be  re-circulated 
throughout  the  building.  Dur- 
ing the  times  when  heat  is  re- 
quired without  ventilation  and 
on  very  cold  days,  there  is 
some  fuel  economy  in  re-circu- 
lation. A  separate  fan  is  used 
for  supplying  air  to  the  engine, 
boiler  and  pump  rooms  in  the 
sub-basemeri't. 


Fresh  air  is  introduced  into  the  engine  room 
through  registers  in  the  wall  above  the  switchboard; 
a  supply  outlet  is  also  provided  at  the  back  of  the 
board  and  tends  to  keep  the  fuses  cool.  The  heated 
air  IS  withdrawn  from  this  room  through  registers 
located  in  the  wall  just  below  the  ceiling  and  oppo- 
site the  switchboard,  which  registers  are  connected 
to  a  flue  running  to  the  fan  on  the  roof. 

Fresh  air  for  the  boiler  and  pump  rooms  is  dis- 
charged through  vertical  spouts  connected  to  a  main 
air  duct  hung  from  the  ceiling  slab.  These  spouts 
are  fitted  with  adjustable  nozzles.  Air  is  with- 
drawn from  these  rooms  through  the  furnace  and 
smoke  stack. 

This  method  of  ventilating  the  boiler  room  appears 
to  be  the  most  logical  one,  and  gives  entire  satisfac- 
tion, affording  an  ample  supply  of  air  for  ventilating 
purposes  and  ensures  a  positive  draft  for  the  furnaces 
at  all  times.  Were  a  separate  exhaust  fan  to  be  pro- 
vided, a  possibility  would  always  exist  that  the  supply 
fan  might  be  shut  down,  in  which  case  there  would 
be  a  strong  tendency  to  reverse  the  draft  in  the  stack 
and  draw  all  the  furnace  gases  out  into  the  boiler 
room. 

The  condensation  from  the  direct  radiation  of  the 
building  IS  returned  to  the  boilers  by  a  vacuum  sys- 
tem. Special  pumps  draw  all  air  and  condensation 
from  these  radiators,  discharging  into  an  air  separat- 
ing tank  and  feed  water  heater.  The  water  is 
pumped  directly  into  the  boilers  from  this  heater. 


362 


CONSTRUCTION 


OCNSTRUCTOM 

A-  JOURNAL-  FOR  THE    ARCHITECTURAL 

ENGINEEJyNG  ■  AND  •  CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  •  OF    CANADA 


FREDERICK   REED.  Saitor 

H.  GAGNIER,  LIMITED.  PUBLISHERS 

r.iiner    Rkhnionil    and    Sheppard    Streets. 
Toronto.  -  -  Canada 

BRANCH   OFFICES: 

MONTREAL-171  St.  James  Street 

WINNIPEG.  MAN.     13  Royal  Bank  Building 

CHICAGO     People's  Gas  Buildini! 

NEW    YORK- 156  5lh    Avenue 


CORRESP0NDENGE--A11    correspondence    should    be    addressed 
to     •■CONSTRUCTION."     Corner     lliclimomi     an,l     .Slieppanl 


SUBSCRIPTIONS— Canada  and  Great  Britain,  %3M  per  annum 
United  States,  the  Continent  and  all  Postal  Union  countries, 
$4.00    per   annum,    in    advance.      Single    cnpie.->,    35c. 

ADVERTISEMENTS— Changes  of,  or  new  advertisements  must 
reach  the  Head  Office  not  later  than  the  first  of  the  montli 
piecedins  publication,  to  ensure  insertion.  Mailing  date  is 
on  the  tenth  of  each  month.  Advertising  rates  on  application. 

CONTRIBUTIONS — The  Editor  will  be  glad  to  consider  con- 
tributions dealing  with  matters  of  general  interest  to  the 
readers  of  this  JournaJ.  When  payment  is  desired,  this  fact 
should  be  stated.  We  are  always  glad  to  receive  the  loan  of 
photographs  and  plans  of  interesting  Canadian  work.  The 
originals    will    be    carefully    preserved    and    duly    returned 


ntered    as   Second   Class   Matter 
Canada. 


the 


St  Office  at  To 


onto. 


Vol.6     Toronto,  September,  1913     No.  9 


CURRENT  TOPICS 

/.  CARLISLE  PENNINGTON,  of  Windsor. 
Ontario,  has  removed  his  offices  from  the  Boug  build- 
ing to  the  fourth  floor  of  the  new  Labelle  block. 


IN  A  RECENT  description  of  how  German 
towns  manage  their  business  affairs.  Count  J.  H. 
von  Bernstorff  says  in  regard  to  planning  new  dis- 
tricts: "In  a  modern  German  town  new  streets  are 
not  the  creation  of  private  enterprise.  It  is  not  the 
owner  of  the  land  who  makes  the  plans  for  a  new 
street,  according  to  his  own  interest,  but  the  town 
council  plans  the  streets  in  accordance  with  the  inter- 
est and  needs  of  the  whole  population."  Practical 
experience  of  the  rule  in  Germany  shows  that  land 
owners  find  it  to  their  advantage  to  co-operate  with 
the  city  authorities  in  the  matter  of  town  planning. 


If  they  do  not  agree  the  municipalities  possess  the 
right  of  expropriation,  which,  as  matter  of  fact,  very 
rarely  requires  to  be  exercised.  Moreover,  German 
cities  and  towns  have  benefited  greatly  by  the  power 
of  land  puichase.  Count  Bernstorff  instances  the 
city  of  Frankfort,  which,  within  the  last  ten  years, 
has  expended  more  than  $50,000,000  in  the  pur- 
chase of  land.  German  municipalities  are  also  able 
to  impose  special  rates  on  property  that  has  been  in- 
creased in  \alue  by  public  works  or  by  town  exten- 
sion. 

A  STRUCTURE  unique  among  commercial 
lofts  is  to  be  erected  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Tenth 
avenue  and  Thirty-sixth  street.  New  York  city,  by 
the  Hill  Publishing  Company.  The  architects  have 
provided  a  plan,  probably  not  duplicated  in  that  city 
or  elsewhere,  the  windowless  house  being  adopted 
because  it  was  deemed  that  windows  are  unsanitary, 
as  they  endanger  life  through  drafts,  are  noisy,  and 
permit  dust  to  sift  into  the  lofts.  The  entire  front 
of  the  building  and  its  interior  sides  are  to  be  entirely 
of  glass.  In  fact,  78  per  cent,  of  the  walls  will  be 
of  glass.  It  has  been  estimated  that  the  structure 
will  cost  approximately  $600,000,  the  glass  alone 
costing  something  like  $78,000.  On  the  interior  the 
glass  will  be  a  specially  polished  plate,  and  for  the 
exterior  surface  will  be  a  specially  treated  plate,  that 
will  not  transmit  heat  waves  into  the  interior,  but 
throw  them  off  like  a  stone.  The  entire  building  will 
be  supplied  with  an  adequate  quantity  of  washed  and 
tempered  air  from  a  ventilating  plant.  A  duplicate 
system  will  also  exhaust  vitiating  air  and  discharge 
the  same  above  the  roof.  The  system  will  be  used 
to  cool  the  air  in  summer  and  warm  it  in  winter. 

PUBLIC  SPIRIT  should  be  aroused  in  New 
\  ork  in  behalf  of  St.  John's,  in  Varick  street,  the 
demolition  of  which  is  now  threatened.     Some  time 
ago  the  Corporation  of  Trinity  Church  decided  that 
this  old  chapel  of  their  parish  had  outlived  its  use- 
fulness, but  because  of  the  public  clamor  the  building 
was  preserved  and  services  are  still  held  in  it,  though 
its  share  of  the  parish  work  has  been  transferred  to 
St.  Luke  s,  in  Hudson  street.     The  building  has  now 
been  condemned  for  the  widening  of  Varick  street, 
under  which  the  new  Seventh  avenue  subway  will  be 
built.     This  much-needed  impro\ement  threatens  to 
cut   off  the  imposing  portico   and   tow^er  of  the  old 
church,   thus  destroying  it  entirely.     Various  plans 
to    save    the   church   have   been   proposed,    and    the 
simplest  and  best  of  them  is  to  cut  a  narrow  street 
on  either  side  of  it,  connecting  Varick  street  with  St. 
John's  lane  and  York  street,  back  of  the  church. 
This  would   isolate   the  building  and  leave   it  as  a 
permanent  monument  of  old  New  York  on  an  island 
of  its  own  in  the  sea  of  traffic.     London's  experience 
with  St.  Clement  Danes  indicates  that  the  traffic  will 
not  be  discommoded  by  this  plan.      The  church  is 
nearly  100  years  old,  and  is  a  fine  example  of  church 
architecture. 


CONSTRUCTION 


363 


YURK    ^    SAWVKK. 
ARCIIITKCTS. 


TWO  BANKS  AT  WASHINGTON,  D.C. 


.V)4 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  A' 


ffllS 


^■^ 

U^-- 


;/«^; 


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Jl 


1,1,1  Li  i 


■j^ 


/     ss: 


C  O  .\'  S   T  R   U  C   T  I  O  \ 


C  ()  A^  S   T  R   U  C   T  I  O  N 


ENTRANCE   AT   CASTLE    FRANK    ROAD,    ROSEDALE,   MODELED  AFTER  OLD  ENGLISH  STYLE. 


THE  MATERIALS  entering  into  a  building 
are  one  of  the  essentials  in  producing  a  finished  result 
wholly  satisfactory  to  the  designers  themselves  as 
well  as  acceptable  to  the  criticizing  layman.  The 
companies  responsible  for  the  artistic  and  practical 
merits  of  the  Bank  of  Toronto  are  as  follows: 
Canadian  Allis-Chalmers,  Ltd.,  makers  of  architec- 
tural bronze  and  iron;  Dancy,  R.  C,  contractor  for 
plaster  ornamentation,  Mycenian  marble  and  arti- 
ficial stones;  Don  Valley  Brick  Works,  makers  of 
brick  and  porous  terra  cotta;  the  E.  Howard  Clock 
Company,  producers  of  clocks — electric,  secondary, 
tower  and  watchman;  the  Gorham  Co.,  makers  of 
ornamental  bronze  and  iron  work;  Loomis-Manning 
Filter  Distributing  Co.,  makers  of  the  Standard 
filters;  Murray-Kay  Limited,  makers  of  lighting  fix- 
tures; Office  Specialty  Mfg.  Co.,  producers  of  filing 
and  record  keeping  equipment;  A.  B.  Crmsby  Co., 
Ltd.,  manufacturers  of  equipment  for  skylights, 
bronze  windows,  and  copper  clad  doors;  Otis-Fen- 
som  Elevator  Co.,  Ltd.,  makers  of  elevator  equip- 
ment; R.I.W.  Damp-Resisting  Paint  Co.,  producers 
of  damp-resisting  paints;  J.  &  J.  Taylor,  Ltd., 
manufacturers  of  vaults.  A  word  of  praise  is  due 
our  advertisers  who  have  materially  assisted  us  in 
securing  the  data  for  this  number.     With  such  hearty 


co-operation  from  all  sources  one  feels  that  the  work 
presented  should  not  only  do  justice  to  the  subject  in 
hand,  but  also  become  a  source  of  pride  to  those 
whose  manufactured  products  helped  the  architect 
in  effecting  such  a  striking  result.  To  superintendent 
Joseph  D.  Fennen  is  also  due  considerable  credit 
for  his  hearty  services. 


MANUFACTURING  HEADQUARTERS 

FOR 

Mathematical,    Surveying    and    Scientific 

Instruments,    Drawing    Materials, 

Draughting  and  Blue  Printing 

Equipment. 

Blue  Prints  made  from  Tracings 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO.,    LTD. 
I  1 6  Adelaide  St.   West,   Toronto. 

Manufactories: 
European:  American:  Canadian. 

Nuremberg.  Chicago.  Toronto. 


(DNSTRUCTIQN 


VOL.  VI 


NO.  10 


CONTENTS    FOR    0( TOBKR,    1913 


EDITORIAL 

llrlulU.l 


to   tlip   peuple   who  hi 

Sir  (lillwit   L'arkei' 

Ml   T..i,,Mt..'s   pul.H,-    I 


aihlf 


n    Ihf  11. A. I.e. 


NEW    BUILDINGS    AT    CALGARY    

THE    CITY    OF    THE    PL  A  I  N— C  A  LG  A  R  Y       

HOW   TO    APPLY   TOWN    PLANNING   TO   CALGARY    

SIXTH    ANNUAL    CONVENTION    OF    THE    R.A.l.C 

CURRENT    TOPICS     

KiM^     i:il\\,n.l     .Monument    in     .\l.ililn-ul S\u-i--essfl 

COMPETITIVE     DESIGNS    FOR     HOUSES       

LEADED    GLASS     IN     ENGLISH     HOMES     

■■ANCIENT    MONUMENTS    ACTS'^    IN     ENGLAND     

CONSTRUCTIONAL    WORK    ON    PIER    IN    NOVA    SCOTIA 
TRADE     NOTES     


372 
380 
383 
387 
388 


407 
407 
408 


Fall   Page  Illusstrations 


PUBLIC    LIBRARY    AT   CALGARY    Frontispiece 

BANK    OF    NOVA    SCOTIA.    CALGARY     371 

THE     BURNS     BUILDING.    CALGARY     373 

THE    MACLEAN    BUILDING.    CALGARY         375 

THE    LOUGHEED    BUILDING.    CALGARY  377 

THE    GLAMORGAN     COUNTY     HALL.     CARDIFF  406 


H.    GAGNIER,    Limited,    Publishers 

GRAPHIC    ARTS     BUILDING.   TORONTO,    CANADA 

BRANCH    OFFICES   : 

MONTREAL  WINNIPEG  CHICAGO 


NEW  YORK 


^cl 


>■'  'z 

<  !: 


J    < 

cQ   -; 

a.    ;^ 


f 


Relation  of  expert  adviser  Ui  the  people  D'/u) 
hire  him — Condition  at  Calsarv  over  scheme 
for  a  citv  bridge. 


n 


Calgarv's  present  status  as  a  commercial  centre 
— Her  great  wealth  and  building  enterprises — 
The  possibilities  for  a  successful  future. 


UNTIL  THE  LAST  feu-  years  the  people,  in 
general,  ha\e  paid  little  attention  to  architecture  and 
CIVIC  planning.  It  has  been  a  source  of  considerable 
embarrassment  to  the  architectural  profession  and 
has  taken  years  of  constant  effort  on  its  part  to  oxer- 
come  this  prejudice.  But  the  results  are  more  than 
satisfactory,  and  it  behooves  each  member  to  help 
keep  the  confidence  won  through  such  a  struggle. 
To  do  this  it  will  be  necessary  to  avoid  such  clashes 
as  the  one  which  is  now  taking  place  in  Calgary. 
The  people  are  paying  liberally  for  the  services  of  an 
expert  city  planner  to  advise  them.  In  connection 
with  his  duties  plans  for  a  proposed  bridge  have  been 
prepared  which  should  naturally  be  brought  to  the 
people's  attention,  especially  s;nce  they  are  voting  on 
a  by-law  relating  to  this  subject.  The  city  council 
has  refused  to  grant  their  wishes  m  posting  sketches 
of  the  expert's  plans  for  a  free  and  wholesome  con- 
sideration. What  IS  more  inconsistent  and  what  will 
embitter  the  people  more  than  such  actions?  They 
only  serve  to  generate  criticism  and  hostility  towards 
a  project,  no  matter  what  qualities  it  may  possess  to 
recommend  it.  We  have  worked  hard  to  bring  the 
people  to  a  point  where  they  will  hire  men  of  author- 
ity m  matters  of  an  artistic  nature.  Are  we  going  to 
drive  them  back  to  their  former  condition  when  even 
the  suggestion  brought  only  smiles  of  derision?  It 
IS  a  serious  matter  and  must  not  be  treated  lightly. 
In  this  case  we  hope  it  is  due  to  the  ignorance  of  the 
members  of  the  city  council,  but  if  it  should  be  at 
the  advice  of  the  expert  himself  or  even  counten- 
anced by  his  silence,  then  due  pressure  should  be 
brought  to  bear  not  only  for  the  future  welfare  of 
Calgary,  but  also  for  the  maintenance  of  the  p'esenl 
standing  of  art  among  the  people  at  large. 


FROM  A  POPULATION  of  five  hundred  in 
1884,  Calgary,  "The  City  Phenomenal,"  has  grown 
to  approximately  ninety  thousand.  Forming  the 
commercial  centre  between  Winnipeg  and  Van- 
couver, it  lies  in  the  midst  of  a  great  agricultural  and 
industrial  section.  TTiere  seems  to  be  little  which 
might  be  termed  antagonistic  to  the  prophetic  state- 
ments that  Calgary  will  become  a  large  and  pros- 
perous city,  as  the  climate,  soil,  timber,  and  mining 
wealth  in  the  Province  of  Alberta  warrant  such  pre- 
dictions. One  of  the  sources  from  which  it  will  be 
greatly  benefited  is  the  forest  reservations.  The 
Commission  on  Conservation  feel  that  one  of  the 
most  important  acts  is  to  expedite  the  inclusion  in 
forest  reserves  of  all  lands  which  are  non-agricultural. 
The  reservations  in  Alberta  are  especially  important 
on  account  of  the  extensive  tract  on  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  which  was  set  apart  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  Commission.  It  is  considered 
the  greatest  problem  which  is  being  handled  at  the 
present  time.  Proposed  additions  to  the  amount  of 
7,698  square  miles  have  been  endorsed  by  the  For- 
estry branch  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior.  The 
agricultural  possibilities  have  been  proven  by  the 
official  records  of  the  past  few  years.  An  unusual 
richness  of  the  soil  makes  the  producing  power  far 
greater  than  that  of  any  other  large  grain  growing 
area  in  North  America.  From  this  year's  crop  report 
compiled  by  the  C.P.R.,  Alberta  has  approximately 
twenty-three  and  one-half  million  bushels  of  wheat, 
forty-five  million  of  oats,  and  eleven  and  one-half 
million  of  barley.  An  idea  of  the  yield  may  be  ob- 
tained by  comparing  it  with  the  crop  for  1911,  which 
totaled  44,745,000  bushels,  including  wheat,  oats, 
barley,  flax,  rve,  etc.     The  Province  of  Alberta  has 


CONSTRUCTION 


also  an  abundance  of  mineral  wealth.  Aside  from 
the  inexhaustible  supply  of  coal,  natural  gas,  etc.,  the 
architectural  products  are  obtainable  in  all  parts  and 
the  quality  of  the  building  stones,  clay  for  brick  and 
terra  cotta,  limestone  for  cement,  is  of  a  superior 
grade.  The  rapid  growth  of  the  country  creates  a 
large  demand  for  these  materials,  which  results  in  the 
architectural  development  of  its  cities  and  towns. 
The  building  enterprise  of  Calgary  is  a  constant  fac- 
tor and  totals  between  one  and  two  million  dollars 
each  month.  At  the  present  time  there  are  under 
construction  twelve  large  buildings  which  are  being 
erected  with  reinforced  concrete  frames.  By-laws 
are  before  the  people  to  vote  on  new  bridges,  indus- 
trial building,  etc.,  to  the  total  of  $1  500,000.  Hav- 
ing become  the  greatest  centre  for  abattoirs  and  pork 
packing;  one  of  the  largest  milling  sections  in  the 
West;  the  outlet  for  the  vast  grain  belt;  a  great 
future  awaits  this  progressive  city  in  its  steady  stride 
towards  an  ambitious  goal. 


n 


Sir  Cilhert  Partner's  address  before  //le 
R.A.I.C.  at  Calgarv — His  plea  for  the 
estahlishmenl  of  Fine  Arts  departments. 


IT  IS  TO  BE  sincerely  regretted  that  all  our 
readers  were  not  permitted  to  listen  to  the  inspiring 
address  given  by  Sir  Gilbert  Parker  before  the  sixth 
annual  convention  of  the  R.A.I.C,  held  at  Calgary. 
The  eminent  author  and  statesman  spoke  eloquently 
of  the  rapid  progress  made  in  the  architectural  field 
and  encouraged  the  members  to  accept  as  their  high- 
est reward  the  satisfaction  of  expressing  their  own 
ideals  in  elements  of  beauty.  He  urged  each  one 
present  to  take  a  most  serious  view  of  their  profession. 

Sir  Gilbert,  in  referring  to  his  subject,  "The  Arts," 
felt  the  need  of  more  encouragement  to  our  Canadian 
artists.  He  expressed  the  idea  that  architecture  has 
made  wonderful  strides  in  this  country  because  she 
has  adopted  the  methods  and  beauty  of  the  great 
artistic  nations  such  as  Rome  and  Greece  to  the  ex- 
igencies of  a  utilitarian  age. 

It  was  gratifying  to  hear  his  remarks  in  regard  to 
the  establishment  of  a  department  of  fine  arts  in  every 
college  in  Canada.  May  his  criticism  along  this  line 
bear  fruit,  for  we  must  train  our  present  generation 
in  the  direction  of  aesthetic  beauty  if  Canada  is  to 
claim  the  distinction  of  being  artistically  built  and 
preserved  during  future  generations.  The  associa- 
tion could  not  build  a  more  lasting  monument  than 
establish  a  means  in  every  city  whereby  the  student 
could  come  under  the  influence  of  masters  in  all 
branches  of  fine  arts  and  have  exact  replicas  of  the 
art  which  Sir  Gilbert  mentions  as  having  influenced 
our  best  efforts  in  the  past. 

The  copyright  bill  introduced  in  the  British  Par- 
liament during  the  last  session  was  also  commented 
upon.  The  author,  while  a  member  of  the  Opposi- 
tion, said  that  when  this  bill  came  before  the  House 
he  favored  it  because  he  realized  it  was  the  first  time 
in  the  history  of  British  politics  that  an  Act  had  come 
lo  an  issue  whereby  the  musician  and  the  architect 


were  guaranteed  ample  protection  in  their  vsork.  It 
is  worthy  of  mention  that  Sir  Gilbert  frequently  ad- 
dressed the  House  in  favor  of  the  measure,  pointing 
out  that  such  a  measure  would  assist  the  author, 
musician  and  architect  as  no  other  act  of  legislation 
had  ever  done  before.  "I  did  that,"  said  Sir  Gilbert, 
"because  I  wished  to  help  protect  the  architects  and 
because,  gentlemen,  I  wanted  to  protect  you." 

In  conclusion,  the  author  said :  "I  have  to  construct, 
just  as  you  have  to  do,  for  every  book  of  mine,  such 
as  it  is,  is  an  attempt  at  architecture.  We  are  one  in 
our  failures  and  our  successes.  You  who  represent 
the  whole  Dominion  and  make  the  people  realize  and 
understand  that  culture  and  beauty  go  hand  in  hand 
with  utility  the  rewards  that  you  receive,  namely,  the 
satisfaction  of  your  own  ideals  and  the  satisfaction 
of  the  eternal  elements  of  beauty,  these  are  indeed  the 
greatest  and  most  precious  rewards  that  you  can  gain 
in  all  the  failures  and  successes  of  your  career." 


n 


An  attempt  to  convert  our  public  parks  into 
homes  for  wording  people — Toronto's  need  of 
more  parl(age  in  the  croTvded  districts. 


IT  IS  TO  BE  sincerely  hoped  that  Controller 
McCarthy  will  find  tremendous  opposition  to  his  pet 
scheme  of  erecting  homes  in  the  various  parks  of 
Toronto.  While  his  contention  is  to  buy  the  waste 
ends  of  city  lands  which  he  styles  as  "barren  wastes" 
and  use  them  for  model  homes  for  working  people, 
he  does  not  consider  the  advisability  of  improving 
these  sections  and  adding  them  to  the  much  needed 
park  area  of  the  city.  Plenty  of  ground  in  suitable 
quarters  can  be  obtained  for  housing  problems,  but 
little  land  is  left  in  crowded  districts  for  breathing 
and  recreation  parks.  Toronto,  like  all  other  cities 
in  the  Dominion,  is  woefully  lacking  in  this  regard 
and  it  is  about  time  a  proper  squelching  were  admin- 
istered to  any  and  all  persons  who  try  to  secure  such 
land  for  private  use.  A  worthy  precedent  might  be 
found  in  the  city  of  Paris,  France.  The  areas  of  the 
principal  public  parks  in  that  city  are  as  follows: 
Bois  de  Vincennes,  2,290  acres;  Bois  de  Boulogne, 
2.156  acres;  Jardin  des  Tuilenes,  74  acres;  Jardin 
du  Luxembourg,  62  acres;  Buttes  Chaumont,  62 
acres;  Pare  de  Montmartre,  63  acres.  In  addition 
to  the  above  there  are  dozens  of  smaller  parks  like 
the  Champ  de  Mars  25  acres  and  the  Pare  Monceau 
6  acres.  All  the  parks  above  named  have  remained 
substantially  unchanged  as  to  area  during  the  city's 
growth.  Pans  is  at  present  demolishing  the  fortifi- 
cation walls  which  inclose  the  city,  filling  up  the 
moat,  and  converting  a  large  portion  of  the  area  thus 
reclaimed  to  a  belt  of  parks  and  public  gardens. 
The  constancy  in  preserving  their  parks  and  creating 
more  is  due  to  the  increasing  population  as  well  as 
a  broad  grasp  of  the  essential  needs  of  the  people. 
Surely  Toronto  should  study  her  future  conditions, 
for  no  city  is  growing  faster  in  proportion  to  her 
present  size.  Let  the  other  members  of  the  board 
take  a  decided  stand  and  give  an  emphatic  no  to  the 
elimination  of  any  section  of  our  public  parks. 


CONS  T  R  U  C  r  I  O  N 


371 


THE  BANK  OF  NOVA  SCOTIA  BUILDING,  CALGARY,  ALTA. 

SITAUP   &    nRI>\V\.    ARCFllTF.CT. 


372 


CONSTRUCTION 


THE   BURNS    BUILDING,    CALGARY,    ALTA. 

lIDlii.MJN,    I'.ATKS   &    1;i;aTTIK.    AKCHITElTS. 


New   Buildings,    Calgary,   Alta. 


CALGARY  furnishes  an  excellent  example  of 
the  progressive  spirit  prevailing  throughout  the 
Western  Provinces.  This  is  clearly  demon- 
strated by  the  fact  that  twelve  large  Luildmgs  with 
reinforced  concrete  construction  are  being  erected  at 
the  present  time,  while  several  others  of  artistic  merit 
Will  be  started  in  the  near  future.  The  business 
centre,  which  was  formerly  confined  to  a  limited  sec- 
tion on  Eighth  avenue,  has  encroached  upon  other 
streets,  where  some  of  the  largest  structures  have  been 
built.  During  the  month  of  August  the  permits 
amounted  to  approximately  $1,100,000. 

In  addition  to  the  buildmgs  shown  in  this  issue 
there  are  several  important  structures  which  have 
been  or  are  being  erected  that 
will  be  taken  up  in  another 
number.  Among  them  might 
be  mentioned  the  C.P.R. 
Hotel,  occupying  an  area  one 
hundred  and  twenty-eight  by 
two  hundred  and  twenty  feet, 
with  a  height  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty  feet,  by  E.  &  W.  S. 
Maxwell,  architects;  the 
Herald  building,  ten  stories 
high,  with  a  frontage  of  one 
hundred  feet,  by  Brown  & 
Vallance,  architects;  the  Do- 
minion Bank,  by  George 
Northwood,  architect;  Cen- 
tral Fire  Hall,  by  Lang  & 
Major,  architects,  and  others 
of  similar  prominence. 

A  brief  description  of  the 
buildings  illustrated  herewith 
IS  given,  limited  to  the  few 
facts  obtainable  in  a  short 
time.  The  Bank  of  Nova 
Scotia  possesses  a  facade  in 
English  matt  white  terra 
cotta  and  granite  base;  win- 
dows on  ground  floor  are 
metal  casement;  floors  of 
marble  mosaic;  walls  and  ceiling  of  hard  tinted  plas- 
ter; counter  of  mahogany,  and  fittings  of  bronze. 
The  vestibule  is  panelled  with  Canadian  marble. 

The  new  Burns  building  is  six  stories  in  height, 
with  basement  covering  a  site  of  fifty  by  one  hundred 
and  thirty  feet.  The  structure  is  of  reinforced  con- 
struction with  facing  of  white  glazed  terra  cotta.  An 
ornamental  wrought  iron  and  glass  canopy  extends 
along  both  facades.  The  main  entrance  and  corri- 
dors have  a  tile  flooring;  white  and  green  marble 
wainscoting.  On  the  ground  floor,  which  accommo- 
dates a  meat  market,  are  marble  counters,  tile  walls 
and  floors,  and  panelled  ceiling.  The  staircase  is 
finished  in  marble  enclosing  the  elevator  well  of 
polished  wire  glass. 


In  the  basement  is  a  pool  room,  barber  shop,  boiler 
room,  refrigerator  and  lavatories.  The  upper  floors 
consist  of  offices  finished  in  oak,  with  floors  of  com- 
position co\ered  with  a  cement  preparation,  and  par- 
titions of  tile  plastered.  Tile  flooring,  Italian  marble 
wainscoting  and  oak  trim  is  the  treatment  of  all  cor- 
ridors. Accommodations  are  provided  for  the  jani- 
tor and  other  help  on  the  seventh  floor.  The  ap- 
proximate cost  of  the  building  was  $350,000. 

TTie  Bijou  Theatre  is  one  of  the  latest  moving 
picture  buildings  in  the  West.  It  is  twenty-five  feet 
in  width  and  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  deep,  de- 
signed in  ornamental  plaster,  with  seventy-five  tons 
of  steel  entering  into  the  construction.     The  seating 


iiiinr.si. 


AXl)    l-IRST    I'l.lHiR    n.AX? 
N'.    P.ATK-^    i     l!i:  ATTIi;,    AJ 


HITKC 


capacity  of  the  main  auditorium  and  balcony  is  six 
hundred  and  fifty.  An  indirect  system  of  electric 
lighting  has  been  installed,  ^vith  glass  bowl  fixtures 
suspended  from  the  ceiling.  The  cost  of  structure 
approximated  $50,000. 

The  Lougheed  building  is  of  fireproof  construction 
and  covers  a  tract  two  hundred  by  one  hundred  and 
thirty  feet.  An  artistic  theatre  occupies  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  building,  the  rest  being  planned  for  stores, 
offices  and  Ining  quarters.  In  the  basement,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  boiler  room  and  other  mechanical  spaces, 
is  a  restaurant,  together  with  accommodation  for 
other  places  of  amusement.  The  ground  floor  is 
devoted  to  stores  on  the  two  main  fronts  as  well  as 
entrances   to   the   theatre.      The   second   and   third 


CONSTRUCTION 


floors  are  arranged  for  commercial  sample  rooms  for 
wholesalers  and  jobbers,  while  the  fourth  and  fifth 
floors  are  planned  in  two  and  three-room  living  suites. 
The  new  Hudson's  Bay  Store  building  stands  six 
stories  above  the  street  and  one  below.  Cream 
glazed  terra  cotta  decorates  the  entire  frontage,  ex- 
cepting a  narrow  granite  base  running  beneath  the 
first  story  show  windows.  The  corner  piers  are  re- 
lieved of  their  plain  treatment  by  means  of  decorative 
coat  of  arms  representing  the  company,  while  the 


THEATRE  AT  CALGARY. 

JA.MKS    C.    TKACrr-:.    ARCUITKCT. 

same  shield  made  of  bronze  is  laid  flush  in  three  sec- 
tions of  the  concrete  sidewalk.  On  the  street  facades 
the  window  frames  of  first  story  are  topper,  the  two 
remaining  facades  facing  the  lanes  having  steel  sash. 
Three  main,  one  employee  and  an  emergency  exit 
constitute  the  entrances  to  the  main  floor.  The  vesti- 
bules have  marble  mosaic  flooring,  all  other  parts  of 
the  building  being  fini.shed  with  wood  floors.     The 


walls  and  ceiling  of  the  main  floor  are  of  plaster 
painted  an  appropriate  shade,  while  the  trim  and 
fittings  are  of  mahogany. 

The  elevator  system  consists  of  four  passenger 
with  ample  provision  made  for  two  more;  two 
plunger  from  first  story  to  basement  only;  three 
freight  which  run  to  a  freight  room  located  on  all 
floors,  and  one  for  the  employees.  There  are  two 
main  stairways  of  iron,  an  employees'  staircase  and 
an  outside  fire  escape  all  enclosed  in  wire  and  glass. 

The  basement  accommodates  a  shipping  room 
occupying  one-half  the  floor  space;  a  boiler  room 
with  three  tubular  boilers;  engine  and  pump  rooms; 
employees'  coat  rooms  and  locker  space;  refrigera- 
tion machinery  which  supplies  all  drinking  water,  fur 
storage  department,  etc.  In  addition  to  the  above 
IS  a  spiral  parcel  conveyer  connecting  all  floors  from 
which  runs  an  endless  belt  to  the  distribution  table. 
There  are  also  three  ventilating  rooms  under  the 
main  entrances  which  take  the  fresh  air  from  the 
street,  wash,  filter  and  warm  same  and  then  distri- 
bute it  to  the  basement  and  main  floor. 

A  mezzanine  gallery  extends  along  the  rear  of  the 
first  story  and  provides  for  telephone  and  lounging 
quarters.  The  second  floor,  in  addition  to  general 
selling  space,  accommodates  the  ladies'  waiting 
room;  the  fourth  floor  the  general  offices,  board 
room,  and  cashier  booths  finished  in  mahogany;  the 
fifth  floor,  a  storage  room;  and  the  sixth  a  public 
dining  room,  cafe  and  kitchen.  The  dining  room  is 
finished  in  oak  after  the  Elizabethan  style  in  com- 
memoration of  the  fact  that  the  charter  was  granted 
to  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  in  1670. 

The  building  is  of  fireproof  construction,  having 
floor  dimensions  of  1  30  by  250  feet,  and  cost  ap- 
proximately $1,500,000. 

What  the  next  twenty  years  will  make  of  Calgary 
can  only  be  surmised.  Judging  from  the  last  three 
years'  growth  in  the  building  lines,  it  would  seem 
that  E.  N.  White,  London  manager  of  a  large 
Canadian  real  estate  firm,  in  his  interview  with  a 
representative  of  "Canada,  "  speaks  conservatively 
when  he  says:  "Calgary  continues  to  grow,  and  if  is 
the  conviction  of  many  that  it  will  one  day  be  the 
largest  city  in  the  Canadian  West.  Those  who  have 
placed  their  confidence  in  it  need  have  no  fear  of  the 
consequences,  but  with  a  little  patience  and  judgment 
should  in  due  course  reap  the  fruits  of  their  trust." 

One  of  the  progressive  signs  is  the  completion  of 
the  C.P.R.  Ogden  car-shops,  the  largest  repair  shops 
in  the  world,  with  a  full  capacity  of  five  thousand 
men.  Another  wholesome  sign  is  the  result  of  the 
election  held  recently  which  passed  by-laws  author- 
izing the  erection  of  an  industrial  building  to  cost 
$250,000;  union  stock  yards  for  $350,000,  and  a 
tubercular  hospital  for  $30,000.  The  industrial 
structure  will  be  six  stories  in  height  with  basement, 
erected  for  the  housing  of  small  industries  locating 
in  the  city  until  they  grow  large  enough  to  house 
themselves.  The  various  bridge  by-laws  were  de- 
feated, which  IS  only  temporary,  for  the  need  is  im- 
perati\e,  but  the  people  spoke  loudly  in  its  criticism 


CONSTRUCTION 


MACLEAN  BUILDING.  CALGARY,  ALTA. 

LAXG  &    -NtAJOK,  ARCHITF.CTS. 


376 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


M0IM»"V: 


CONSTRUCTION 


^^m^3smm 


nn' 


L  I 


Df 


-«    I  r~x^ 


"B 


a 


3=z]  l; 


•   n   a   •    a 


LI  , ^  f   t 

t=l     1=1     n=TT  tzi      ;      -     ;  ■•,-,. 

i  Kn^i — I  rrm  -  ■  -fc^^^^^^  ■  ■  ^r _!  ,m 


HUDSON  S    BAY    STORE    BUILDING,    CALGARY. 

BUKKi:.     HriRWoQD    &     WIIITK.    AKCHITKCTS. 


CONSTRUCTION 


379 


of  the  secretive  manner  in  which  the  bndge  propo- 
sitions ha\e  been  handled.  A  city  laboratory  will 
also  be  built  which  is  to  cost  $12,000. 

The  city  commissioners  have  acted  against  the  in- 
stallation of  improvements  in  country  subdivisions 
before  the  population  of  these  places  warrants  such 
procedure.   This  will  act  in  favor  of  a  natural  growth 


in  the  course  of  construction.  Among  the  more  im- 
portant is  the  one  for  Pilkington  Bros.,  which  will 
cover  a  plot  one  hundred  by  one  hundred  and  twenty 
feet.  Faced  with  pressed  brick  and  sandstone  trim- 
mings, it  will  be  constructed  of  reinforced  concrete. 
The  Burns  cold  storage  building  will  cost  $300,- 
000,    SIX   stories  in    height,    and   covering    a    site    of 


!r„«:niu«s  m 


:;iiiii(ii[itKWffl!ii'!iii' 


I  B  Jn  Hi 


HUD5u.\  >    CA^     MU 
i;rkKi:.    iiriRwiKiri   , 

to  the  city  instead  of  being  determined  by  a  few  real 
estate  sharks.  As  a  consequence  the  people  decide 
the  proper  direction  for  the  city's  extension,  after 
which  the  sewerage,  sidewalks,  etc.,  are  laid  for  then- 
use.  This  eliminates  one  sub-division  suffering  by  the 
beautifying  of  another  less  desirable. 

A  number  of  large  warehouses  and  factories  are 


U^    CLILDING,    CALGARY. 

WtllTi;.    ARCHITKCTS. 


approximately  25,000  square  feet.  The  exterior 
walls  of  pressed  brick  will  be  entirely  independent  of 
internal  structure,  the  floors,  etc.,  being  carried  on 
independent  columns.  Work  is  also  being  rushed  on 
a  $100,000  addition  to  the  present  building  of  the 
Canadian  Consolidated  Rubber  Co.,  also  grain  bins 
and  malt  house  for  the  Canada  Malting  Co. 


3X0 


CONSTRUCTION 


\ii:\\  m-  KiciiTii  AvENuK.  cAi.n ARv. 


The   City   of   the   Plain — Calgary 


T.  H.  MAWSON 


TRUE  we  are,  at  tremendous  cost  and  sacrifice 
of  energy,  busily  engaged  setting  our  cities  in 
order,  whilst  others,  seeing  nothing,  hearing 
reading  nothing,  oblivious  to  what  has  for  generations 
been  so  patent,  are  repeating  our  mistakes  and  laying 
up  trouble  which  will  tax  to  the  uttermost  the  ener- 
gies of  their  children. 

If  I  had  to  name  our  greatest  error,  I  would  say 
that  we  ha\e  allowed  our  cities  to  grow  hap-hazard 
without  plan  or  forethought.  If  I  had  to  name  the 
greatest  mistake  made  on  the  American  continent  I 
would  say  the  adoption  of  the  chessboard  plan, 
which,  checking  all  imagination,  often  ends  in  dreary, 
treeless  monotony.  Both  the  American  and  English 
methods,  however,  have  this  in  common.  They  have 
both  to  a  great  extent  been  developed  in  the  interests 
of  individuals,  but  let  me  add  that  it  has  always  been 
the  apathy  of  the  public,  and  the  absence  of  a  Civic 
Consciousness  which  has  made  this  possible.  Let 
me  further  add  that  in  the  Old  Country  our  trouble 
has  not  been  with  the  owners  of  large  estates,  or  men 
with  ducal  mmds  (not  necessarily  dukes),  but  with 
the  owners  of  small  areas.     It  is  only  within  the  last 


few  years  that  our  Government,  realizing  the  per- 
nicious effect  of  this  system,  has  come  to  our  aid, 
and  even  yet  the  fight  for  individual  rights  against 
those  of  the  community  goes  on. 

These  rights,  if  too  rigidly  observed,  may  override 
the  best  interests  of  the  community,  and  feverish 
anxiety  for  present  gain,  blunt  all  those  finer  expres- 
sions for  which  our  race  has  always  stood.  In  all  this 
division  and  sub-division  the  permanence  and  solidar- 
ity of  our  cities  is  often  lost  sight  of,  and  only  that 
which  is  for  the  day  and  the  hour  fostered.  We  are 
indeed  builders  of  great  cities,  but  are  they  not  built 
for  proF.t  rather  than  for  use,  and  may  it  not  be  truly 
said  that  the  quality  they  possess  is  sometimes  spec- 
tacular rather  than  intrinsic?  And  do  they  not  sug- 
gest that  "sick  hurry  and  divided  aims"  of  which 
Matthew  Arnold  speaks,  rather  than  that  noble  qual- 
ity of  restraint,  refinement  and  scholarship  which 
characterizes  all  great  art?  The  present  movement 
for  civic  betterment,  especially  in  Europe  and  the 
United  States,  has  received  its  impetus  from  the  re- 
cognition of  two  facts: 

First,  that  a  city  based  on  the  unit  of  25-foot  lots 
and  60-foot  roadways  can  never  express  the  virile, 
living  soul  of  a  great  city;  and  secondly,  that  the 


CONSTRUCTION 


3'.1 


*      '^i««^. 


VIEW    m-    FIRST    STREKT,    CALf.ARV. 


enormous  and  at  times  crushing  indebtedness  of  our 
municipalities  has  largely  been  brought  about  by  self- 
styled  economists,  men  who  live  day  by  day  without 
any  guiding  policy,  and  who  can  only  grasp  the 
necessities  of  the  day.  It  is  always  clearing  away 
the  debris  of  these  false  economists'  mistakes  which 
help  to  pile  up  our  indebtedness. 

In  all  progressive  and  well  regulated  communities, 
however,  there  comes  a  time  when  national  and  civic 
interests  take  precedence  of  narrow  or  private  inter- 
ests. Nay,  there  comes  a  time  when  men  without 
compulsion  thmk  spaciously  and  when  even  million- 
aires are  inspired  and  civic  consciousness  becomes 
the  prevailing  atmosphere.  This  is  a  phase  of  de- 
velopment upon  which  we  in  Europe  are  now  enter- 
ing. 

There  are  three  broad  principles  on  which  all  city 
builders  must  proceed,  and  each  is  of  such  vast  im- 
portance as  to  deserve  a  separate  lecture.  The  City 
Beautiful  can  only  be  realized  by  the  due  observance 
of  each  principle  and  their  proper  co-relation.  I 
must,  however,  content  myself  by  briefly  stating  them 
and  then  pass  on. 

Convenient  transit,  whether  by  water,  rail,  street 
car,  automobile,  or  other  vehicle,  and  the  proper 
grading  and  division  of  these  several  modes  of  transit 
so  as  to  attain  the  highest  efficiency  and  therefore 
least  waste  of  time  and  energy,  forms  two-thirds  of 
the  anatomy  of  our  subiect.     In  this  connection  vou 


must  bear  in  mind  the  rapid  evolution  of  transit. 

Hygiene,  controlling  density  of  population,  pro- 
vision of  ample  open  spaces  for  physical  recreation 
and  especially  playgrounds  for  the  children,  water, 
and  perfect  sanitation. 

Beauty,  or  the  comely  external  presentment  of  the 
city's  life  and  activities  and  the  correlation  of  features 
which  individually  may  be  antagonistic.  The  per- 
fect orchestration,  shall  I  call  it,  of  Nature,  Art  and 
Science. 

It  is  to  the  creation  of  beauty  that  I  must  devote 
the  remaining  part  of  my  address,  but  before  I  ideal- 
ize or  give  a  local  application  allow  me  briefly  to 
state  my  position  in  relation  to  Art,  Science  and  Na- 
ture. It  will  help  you  to  interpret  what  I  have  to  say 
later.  I  will  not  speak  of  great  Art,  for  I  realize 
that  the  highest  is  only  attainable  when  great  ideas 
are  patent  and  the  prevailing  atmosphere  is  pro- 
pitious. 

To  give  logical  sequence  to  my  address  I  ought 
now  to  speak  of  Architecture  and  the  art  of  con- 
struction, especially  of  a  great  civic  centre,  the  value 
of  street  perspectives,  focal  points  and  accentuated 
centres  of  interest,  but  as  I  must  say  something  about 
parks  and  gardens  I  can  only  stop  to  tell  you  that 
the  other  day  I  was  asked  by  Sir  Richard  McBride 
what  style  of  architecture  I  would  suggest  for  the 
new  University  of  British  Columbia.  I  replied  that 
there  could  only  be  one  style  which  could  adequately 


382 


CONSTRUCTION 


\  TKW   TROAr   CORXKR   OP  EIGHTH    AVENUE   AND  CENTRE  STREET.    CALGARY. 


express  a  seat  of  learning,  and  that  was  the  one  which 
was  universal  and  which  expressed  the  most  ripened 
scholarship.  Let  me  say  how  delighted  I  am  to  find 
in  Calgary  such  distinct  evidence  of  scholarly  attain- 
ment in  some  few  of  your  newer  buildings.  ^  ou  are 
showing  commendable  progress,  and  judged  by  the 
best,  you  have  already  reached  a  high  degree  of  ex- 
cellence. 

If  without  offence  I  may  be  critical  I  would  like 
to  say  that  I  find  throughout  Canada  that  you  expect 
men  who  have  no  claim  either  temperamentally  or 
scholastically  to  be  regarded  as  artists  to  interpret 
Nature,  and  give  you  a  beautiful  composition.  You 
expect  to  reap  that  which  you  have  not  sown.  The 
pity  of  it  is  that  the  more  amateurish  a  work  is  the 
more  costly  it  becomes.  I  suppose  I  need  not  further 
urge  the  claim  of  the  idealist  or  the  need  for  a  well- 
considered  policy  for  park  development.  Economy 
and  common  sense  alike  suggest  it.  What,  then,  are 
the  principles  on  which  you  should  proceed?  Cal- 
gary is  a  city  of  the  plain,  unscreened  either  from  the 
storm  or  summer  heat.  Surely  afforestation  on  a 
comprehensive  scale  (there  must  be  nothing  niggard- 
ly here)  is  your  first  necessity.  From  forests  on  the 
outskirts  of  the  city  should  be  arranged  wedges  of 
land  narrowing  as  they  approach  the  city.  This  is 
the  theory  of  the  thing;  in  practice  you  would  need 
to  compromise  and  where  the  land  is  more  or  less 
developed  take  what  you  can  get.  Still,  the  idea 
of  a  wedge  widening  as  it  approaches  the  forest  lands 


IS  a  good  one.  Before  you  can  lay  out  your  parks 
you  must  first  recognize  that  you  have  several  distinct 
classes  of  individuals  to  cater  to. 

The  children,  who  must  have  well  equipped  play- 
grounds— for  the  boy  without  a  playground  is  father 
lo  the  man  without  a  job.  The  young  men  and 
women,  who  must  have  recreational  opportunities 
provided  under  the  best  and  most  elevating  condi- 
tions. The  large  number  of  middle  aged  and  aged 
who  require  restful  spaces  combined  with  something 
of  the  pageantry  of  Art  and  Nature. 

^  our  immediate  privilege  and  present  duty  to  pos- 
terity is  to  evolve  a  great  plan  providing  for  the 
assured  development  of  your  city,  on  hygienic  and 
aesthetic  lines;  your  second  to  prove  to  John  Smith 
the  practicability  of  your  idealism  by  presenting  your 
scheme  to  him  in  pictorial  form  with  connected  plans 
and  by  propaganda  in  which  your  women  folks  must 
take  a  part.  ^  ou  may  not  agree  to  give  them  a  vote, 
but  if  you  really  wish  your  city  to  become  beautiful 
you  had  better  ask  their  help.      (Applause.) 

Meanwhile  establish  a  nursery  where  you  may 
experiment  and  grow  the  vast  quantities  of  trees 
which  you  must  plant  if  your  city  is  to  appeal  to 
permanent  residents,  and  then  secure  every  acre  of 
land  you  can  purchase  on  the  outskirts  of  your  city 
and  plant  quickly  with  young  trees  of  proved  hardi- 
ness. Secure  every  strip  of  river  bank  still  available, 
and  don't  forget  the  children's  playgrounds;  but, 
above  all,  be  aye  stickin'  in  a  tree. 


How   to   Apply  Town 


Planning 


to   Calgary 


HHNRY  VIVIAN 


FIRST  I  thank  those  responsible  for  inviting  me 
here  to-night,  for  the  great  comphment  they 
paid  to  me,  and  you,  gentlemen,  for  the  very 
kind  way  in  which  you  have  received  me.  This  is, 
as  your  mayor  has  stated,  my  second  visit  to  Calgary. 
I  was  here  about  two  years  ago,  at  the  invitation  of 
the  then  Governor-General,  Earl  Grey,  to  talk  on 
this  question,  he  knowing  I  was  interested  in  it  in  the 
Old  Country.  I  am  now  paying  a  visit  to  some  of 
the  cities  I  visited  at  that  time  to  see  what  progress 
has  been  made.  Undoubtedly  progress  has  been 
made  in  a  great  many  directions,  more  particularly 
in  population,  in  several  of  these  cities.  I  think  I 
then  said,  Mr.  Mayor,  I  looked  forward  to  Calgary 
having  200,000  of  a  population  in  fifteen  to  twenty 
years.  I  believe  you  have  already  cut  off  30,000  in 
two  years.  I  was  a  pretty  good  prophet  in  regard 
to  the  size  of  your  population.      (Laughter.) 

With  regard  to  the  tjuestion  of  town  planning,  I 
think  it  IS  also  true  to  say  that  Canada  has  made 
considerable  progress  during  the  two  years  that  have 
intervened  between  my  last  visit  and  to-day.  It  is 
possible  that  one  might  not  be  able  to  see  it  in  prac- 
tice, in  the  actual  towns  themselves,  as  two  years, 
after  all,  is  but  a  comparatively  short  time  in  the  life 
of  a  nation.  Though  there  may  not  have  been  any 
practical  steps  taken  in  many  of  the  towns  of  Canada, 
yet  I  am  satisfied  there  has  been  a  great  deal  of  talk 
on  the  question  during  those  two  years.  Large  num- 
bers of  people  are  realizing  the  importance  of  the 
issue,  and  in  several  of  the  towns  I  have  visited,  plans 
are  being  prepared  for  the  improvement  of  the  towns 
and  cities  on  what  are  called  "town  planning  lines." 
I  have  been  more  impressed  by  that  this  time  than  I 
was  on  the  last  occasion. 

I  have  come  through  from  Montreal,  and  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  find  any  city  in  Canada  that  has  not  a  mag- 
nificent position  for  the  development  of  something,  of 
which  we  should  all  be  proud.  ^  ou  come  right 
through  from  Montreal  to  Ottawa,  on  to  Toronto, 
then  on  to  Saskatoon,  through  Edmonton,  and  from 
there  to  your  own  city  of  Calgary.  All  these  cities 
are  finely  situated  for  the  purpose  of  making  of  them 
magnificent  organizations  of  human  beings  for  the 
development  of  all  that  is  worthy  in  human  nature. 
First  of  all,  Mr.  Chairman  and  Mayor,  I  would 
like  to  say  that  those  of  us  who  are  interested  in  city 
planning  would  like  people  to  take  a  wide  and  com- 
prehensive view  of  the  term.  That  it  does  not  merely 
mean  better  houses,  or  the  providing  of  parks  or  play- 
ing sites  for  the  poor,  or  the  provision  of  bold  arteries 
and  main  streets.  It  is  true  it  includes  all  these,  but 
town  planning,  in  its  widest  sense,  is  nothing  more  or 
less  than  the  science  of  city  development.     We  see  no 


•Address    delivered 
en    to   the   speaker. 


reason  why  cities  should  be  left  to  grow  practically 
without  order,  and  without  some  scientific  attempt 
being  made  to  adapt  the  growth  of  the  city  to  the 
real  needs  of  the  people.  The  truth  is,  I  suppose, 
that  our  control  over  the  resources  of  wealth  indi- 
vidually has  grown  more  rapidly  than  the  civic  or 
corporate  spirit  has  grown. 

Take,  for  instance,  any  city  in  Canada.  I  sup- 
pose it  will  be  true  to  say  that  the  bulk  of  the  people 
are  given  merely  to  improving  their  own  fortunes.  I 
am  not  saying  anything  against  that,  but  I  believe 
there  is  a  great  mass  of  men  who  centre  most  of  then- 
energy  on  that  object,  and  it  remains  for  a  later  time 
for  us  to  have  the  civic  support  that  will  enable  us 
to  order  our  towns  wisely  and  rightly.  But  unfor- 
tunately, Mr.  Mayor,  we  have  made  too  many  mis- 
takes. All  we  require  in  connection  with  the  de- 
velopment of  cities — I  would  have  in  mind  the  de- 
velopment of  every  city — is  a  Thinking  Centre, 
charged  with  reporting  and  recommending  whatever 
happened  within  the  boundaries  of  the  city,  so  that 
those  responsible,  whether  it  be  the  city  council  or 
whatever  authority,  may  have  before  them,  in  the 
rough,  the  forecast  of  how  the  city  ought  to  grow, 
so  as  to  provide  for  the  future  needs  of  the  city. 

I  see  no  reason  why  we  should  throw  the  best 
brains  of  the  community  merely  into  such  questions 
as  the  development  of  industries,  leaving  the  de- 
velopment of  cities  for  the  fag-end  of  our  intellects. 
(Applause.)  And,  in  my  opinion,  the  building  up 
of  a  city  is  as  vital  to  the  healthy  development  of  the 
people  as  the  building  of  factories  of  any  kind. 
(Applause.)  In  my  opinion  the  building  of  the  city 
will  be  found  in  the  long  run,  to  be  the  principal 
industry,  not  the  secondary.  And,  as  for  the  sense 
of  town  planning,  I  assert  that  we  ought  to  gel  the 
services  of  not  the  second  best,  but  the  best  that  the 
community  has  to  give  for  purposes  of  this  kind. 

With  regard  to  one  or  two  practical  points,  in 
order  to  illustrate  what  I  have  been  talking  about, 
we  will  look  at  it  from  different  viewpoints.  Could 
anyone  say  that  the  average  city  in  Canada — or  any 
other  country  for  that  matter — could  anyone  say 
when  one  looks  back  for  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  that 
our  city  has  been  so  developed  as  to  enable  its  citizens 
to  work  in  the  most  efficient  way  at  their  business? 
We  can  see  in  every  direction  waste  as  the  result  of 
a  lack  of  forethought.  We  have  had  that  experi- 
ence in  the  Old  Land  in  practically  every  town  that 
I  know  of.  We  are  to-day  spending  large  sums  of 
money  taking  down  buildings  that  have  only  been 
erected  during  the  last  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  and 
using  the  ratepayers'  money.  Taxpayers'  money  is 
being  spent  in  enormous  sums  undoing  the  mistakes 
that  are  not  fifteen  or  twenty  years  old,  because  there 
was  no  "Thinking  Centre"  charged  with  looking 
ahead  with  regard  to  the  needs  of  the  city. 


3S.1 


384 


CONSTRUCTION 


Indeed,  it  is  going  on  to-day  in  the  Old  Country, 
and  I  can  see  myself  where  money  is  being  spent  in 
the  Old  Country  in  the  erection  of  buildings,  paying 
frontages  on  main  streets,  that  I  absolutely  say  must 
be  taken  do\vn  in  the  next  ten  years,  because  there 
is  no  "Thinking  Centre"  charged  with  planning  that 
area,  and  no  responsible  person  to  see  that  the  i)lan 
is  carried  out.  In  other  words,  everyone  is  minding 
his  own  business,  and  I  have  no  doubt  but  you  have 
the  same  difficulties  in  the  cities  of  Canada  on  a 
smaller  scale  than  in  England.  No  one  attending 
to  public  business! 

Let  us  take  the  cities  of  Canada.  Take  Montreal: 
you  see  mistakes  being  made  there.  Look  at  Toron- 
to; I  believe  the  widest  street  is  sixty-six  feet.  They 
have  already  discovered  that  sixty-six  feet  is  quite 
inadequate  for  the  purpose  of  traffic  m  the  city  of 
Toronto.  I  believe  your  width  here  is  sixty-six  feet, 
if  I  mistake  not.  I  may  be  wrong  about  that,  but  I 
am  most  certain  I  am  right  when  I  say  that  you  will 
all  regret  that  the  streets  were  not  twice  as  wide  as 
you  have  them  to-day.     (Hear,  hear.) 

But  Calgary  is  still  young,  and  it  is  possible,  there- 
fore, to  prevent  the  development  m  the  wrong  direc- 
tion going  too  far.  I  want  to  emphasize  that.  The 
value  of  Calgary  as  an  industrial  centre,  as  a  trading 
centre,  as  a  manufacturing  centre,  will  be  affected 
immensely  by  the  question  as  to  whether  your  streets 
are  so  laid  out  as  to  secure  that  both  population  and 
material  should  move  from  point  to  point  in  the  quick- 
est possible  way,  with  the  least  expenditure  of  energy, 
and  the  least  cost;  and  surely  that  is  one  of  the  func- 
tions that  the  city  should  take  upon  itself.  That  is  a 
function  that  cannot  be  taken  by  an  individual;  it 
must  be  taken  charge  of  by  an  authority  responsible 
for  the  whole  of  the  city,  also  an  authority  that  has 
a  continuous  life.  The  individual  is  in  business  to 
make  a  fortune — at  least  something  approximate  to 
it.  He  is  in  business  to  enhance  his  own  interests. 
The  individual's  is  not  a  continuous  life.  Some  cen- 
tral authority  should  be  charged  with  the  continuous 
responsibility  for  unfolding  the  development  of  the 
town.  Not  only  do  we  want  it  for  the  city  proper — 
we  want  it  for  the  areas  beyond. 

We  have  found  in  the  Old  Country — although  I 
believe  Calgary  extends  its  suburbs  out — one  of  our 
difficulties  in  the  surrounding  areas.  Take  London 
for  example.  To  take,  in  the  surrounding  areas  they 
must  spend  large  sums  of  money  to  connect  them 
with  the  bold  arteries  of  the  inside  city;  and  I  say, 
therefore,  that  the  authorities  should  not  only  have 
a  plan  for  the  inside  city  before  them,  but  a  rough 
sketch  of  the  area  beyond,  so  that  when  the  time 
arrives  that  the  inside  extends  so  as  to  include  that 
area,  it  will  come  into  harmony  with  the  city  that  has 
already  been  developed. 

The  Germans  have  undoubtedly  led  us  in  that 
respect.  You  can  go  into  almost  any  town  hall  in 
any  important  city  in  Germany  and  you  will  find  the 
very  thing  I  am  talking  about  in  existence  there.  I 
myself  have  been  in  the  town  hall  in  the  city  of 
Frankfort,  and  there  you  will  see  plans,  Mr.  Mayor, 


showing  how  Frankfort  has  got  to  unfold  itself  for  the 
next  fifty  years!  Frankfort  is  a  great  city.  Frankfort 
has  added  over  250,000  population  in  a  compara- 
tively few  years,  and  it  will  add  enormously  in  the 
next  few  years.  In  the  town  hall  you  will  see  market 
gardens  already  planned  out,  and  many  important 
sites  selected  for  public  buildings,  reclaimed  ground, 
and  all  that  sort  of  thing.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
that  is  partly  due  to  the  scientific  German  mind.  I 
don't  suppose  that  we  can  fully  come  up  to  the 
standard  set  by  the  German  cities,  but  undoubtedly 
we  can  take  great  steps  in  the  direction  in  which  they 
have  gone,  more  particularly  in  regard  to  our  main 
arteries. 

I  would  plead,  therefore,  for  the  central  thinking 
authority  for  the  purpose  of  laying  out  this  main 
artery  connecting  up  the  suburbs  with  the  city.  Ow- 
ing to  the  absence  of  such  a  plan  you  have  enormous 
wastes  on  secondary  roads.  My  own  view  is,  that 
in  regard  to  purely  residential  roads,  sixty-six-foot 
thoroughfares  are  quite  unnecessary,  and  that  a  lot 
of  money  is  wasted  in  macadam  that  could  be  turned 
into  gardens  or  lawns  for  the  beautification  of  the 
city;  and  the  roads  leading  to  the  main  arteries  would 
be  termed  secondary  roads. 

We  have  made  a  great  feature  of  that  in  Hamp- 
stead,  a  suburb  of  London,  with  a  population  of 
about  30,000  people.  We  have  made  a  special 
effort  in  these  minor  roads,  to  get  the  little  children 
away  from  the  danger  zone  where  they  will  not  be 
run  over,  and  to  keep  peace  near  the  residences  of 
people.  I  am  confident  there  is  a  great  deal  in  that, 
the  peace  of  mind  and  comfort  that  a  man  enjoys 
when  he  is  far  away  from  the  heavy  traffic.  Let  us 
take  the  motor  traffic.  I  don't  speak  of  the  pleasure 
motorer  or  the  business  motorer.  I  refer  to  the  motor 
for  carrying  produce.  I  don't  know  how  far  that  has 
made  headway  in  Canada,  but  it  is  certainly  making 
great  headway  in  the  old  land.  There  are  trolleys 
being  run  by  motor,  and  timber  is  being  carried  by 
motor  instead  of  using  horses,  until  your  main  roads 
are,  after  all,  practically  for  the  carrying  of  produce. 
If  you  are  to  have  peace  m  your  residence,  you  must 
get  away  from  this. 

So  much  in  regard  to  that,  and  I  think  it  might  be 
carried  a  little  further,  in  connection  with  the  placing 
of  our  factories.  I  see  no  reason,  myself,  why  fac- 
tories should  not  be  located  by  the  authority  respon- 
sible for  the  growth  of  our  towns.  They  would  be 
absolutely  located  in  close  connection  with  your  pre- 
sent facilities,  ^'ou,  yourselves,  frequently,  no  doubt, 
there  being  no  plan  of  development,  find  the  areas 
which  should  have  been  used  for  factories,  are  built 
up  by  perhaps  residences  or  perhaps  by  something 
else  which  is  not  suitable  for  the  neighborhood,  leav- 
ing factories  to  develop  in  a  less  suitable  quarter  of 
the  town,  which  makes  the  cost  of  production  more. 
And  now  I  would  make  an  appeal  for  the  support 
of  this  security  of  property.  I  know  it  is  sometimes 
said  that  Town  Planners  are  people  who  want  to 
ride  rough-shod  over  the  interests  of  others  regardless 
of  the  private  rights  of  the  individual,  and  that  their 


CONSTRUCTION 


385 


plans  would  be  in  a  direction  of  injuring  property. 
I  want,  Mr.  Mayor,  to  enter  a  \ery  strong  protest 
against  that  view.  Indeed,  I  ought  to  reverse  the 
argument  and  to  say  that  on  the  whole,  that  rational 
town  planning,  instead  of  being  detrimental,  will 
really  serve  to  add  security  to  property  itself.  A 
man  lays  out  $5,000.00  or  $10,000.00  on  the  cost 
of  a  house  somewhere  near  Calgary  or  Edmonton  or 
anywhere  else.  Without  order  or  properly  laid  out 
regulations,  without  some  central  control  laying  down 
the  rules  of  the  game,  he  has  absolutely  no  security 
that  a  stencil  factory  would  not  be  located  within  one 
hundred  feet  or  a  gin  palace  would  not  be  located 
there  or  a  lodging  house.  A  man  may  spend  ten 
thousand  dollars  for  a  home  and  at  the  end  of  five 
years  his  place  is  ruined  because  there  is  no  order  or 
general  control.  I  say,  therefore,  that  well-regulated 
town  planning  and  city  planning  would,  in  the  main, 
tend   to   secure   property,    rather   than    to   injure  it. 

With  regard  to  another  aspect  of  it — provision  of 
open  spaces.  People  may  ask  why  they  are  pre- 
sented separately.  They  are  only  presented  sepa- 
rately because  it  is  natural  to  deal  with  them  in  that 
way,  there  is  a  very  close  connection  between  them. 
I  think  the  city  is  not  fulfilling  its  duty  unless  it  lays 
down  rules  of  the  game  so  as  to  ensure  for  us  prac- 
tical parks  in  all  parts  of  the  city  so  as  to  develop  the 
stamina  and  health  of  the  people  who  have  to  live 
there.  In  the  long  run  the  future  of  Canada,  just 
as  the  future  of  England,  or  any  other  country,  de- 
pends upon  the  stamina  of  the  great  masses  of  its 
population.  There  is  no  getting  away  from  that. 
We  all  may  make  hurried  fortunes  in  five  or  ten 
years,  but  the  final  test  is  really  the  health  of  the 
people,  and  it  is  that  test  that  we  Town  Planners  ask 
shall  be  applied. 

You  want  all  these  things  in  Calgary  at  the  present 
moment.  When  you  have  300,000  or  a  million 
people,  you  then  begin  to  realize  the  injury  inflicted 
on  the  large  mass  of  people,  or  the  failure  to  prepare 
the  necessary  conditions  for  a  healthy  city.  That 
is  why  I  believe  that  Calgary,  Edmonton  and  Saska- 
toon should  secure  plans  so  that  they  may  unfold 
themselves  for  the  advance  in  the  way  of  population. 
You  will,  in  the  time  that  is  to  come,  have  all  these 
for  a  life-giving  city,  rather  than  a  crowded  city  that 
has  been  so  common  in  the  old  world. 

In  regard  to  one  other  aspect.  I  think  we  want 
to  think  of  the  whole  nation.  And  I  believe  we 
cannot  ever  reach  the  matter  of  the  indi\idual  living 
in  a  beautiful  city,  without  making  everything  beauti- 
ful around  him.  Perhaps  I  may  be  permitted  in  this 
matter  to  refer  to  our  experience  in  the  Old  Country. 
I  mention  Hampstead,  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Lon- 
don. I  have  been  struck  by  the  intense  appreciation 
of  the  beautiful  by  the  people  who  have  lived  there 
for  a  year  or  two,  and,  Mr.  Mayor,  I  believe  that 
the  people  who  have  been  living  in  that  suburb  for 
two  or  three  years,  would  be  absolutely  miserable  if 
they  were  transferred  to  the  ordinary,  dirty  working- 
class  dwelling  or  to  the  average  poor  city  of  the  old 
land.      I   am  not   at   all   sure   if  thev   wouldn't   turn 


anarchists!  There  you  develop  people  in  places  of 
that  kind,  and  they  become  acclimated  to  the  beauti- 
ful, and  when  you  place  them  in  a  poor  section  they 
shrink  from  it.  Surely,  Mr.  Mayor,  that  means  a 
great  advance  in  human  nature,  in  human  intelli- 
gence, and  also  in  imagination;  and  I  would  further 
say  that  this  question  of  the  development  of  our  cities 
is  very  closely  related  to  another  task  we  have  had 
in  the  British  Empire.  The  British  Empire  is  found- 
ed on  representative  government,  called  the  principle 
of  democracy.  Here  in  Canada  you  have  that  very 
self-same  thing. 

Now,  Mr.  Mayor,  this  Empire  depends  upon  the 
outlook  of  the  average  man.  It  does  not  depend 
merely  on  great  statesmen  like  Laurier  or  Borden, 
Asquith  or  Balfour.  They  may  be  all  born  statesmen 
and  at  the  head  of  the  nation,  but  the  future  of  the 
Empire  depends,  as  I  say,  and  I  repeat  it,  upon  the 
outlook  of  the  average  man  all  over  this  Empire. 
If  he  is  to  be  equal  with  the  average  man  who  has 
responsibility  as  a  founder  in  that  Empire,  he  must 
have  imagination.  He  is  not  in  any  fit  condition,  as 
a  matter  of  fact,  to  express  an  opinion  at  the  ballot 
boxes  on  great  national  issues  and  consequently  great 
Imperial  issues,  unless  he  has  had  his  imagination 
cultivated,  because  the  whole  thing  implies  developed 
imagination.  I  say,  Mr.  Mayor,  in  the  average  city, 
more  particularly  in  the  working  class  quarters,  is 
where  this  imagination  should  be  developed.  If  you 
wish  a  city  beautiful  in  connection  with  this  city,  you 
have  there — as  it  were — you  have  there  the  develop- 
ment of  the  imagination  that  will  widen  and  greatly 
include,  not  only  great  national  questions,  but  ques- 
tions on  Imperial  outlines.  If  you  do  not  develop  his 
imagination,  you  will  find  his  stamina  dwarfed,  which 
undoubtedly  means  unfitness  for  the  great  responsi- 
bilities for  the  future  of  the  Empire.  I  would  say 
that  this  question  is  not  merely  a  question  of  develop- 
ing the  imagination,  but  has  a  bearing  upon  character 
and  upon  outlook  and  general  conditions  under  which 
the  average  man  lives  in  our  great  city  of  to-day. 

And  may  I  just  urge  this  point  in  conclusion,  that 
we  in  our  cities  should  not,  Mr.  Mayor,  accept  the 
principle  of  tenement  dwelling  for  the  ideal  home. 
You  may  not  be  able,  in  a  generation,  Mr.  Mayor, 
to  see  the  effect  of  these  upon  the  individual  charac- 
ter, and  that  is  one  of  the  difficulties  of  this  great 
question  of  city  development.  You  must  take  the 
long  view,  and  you  have  to  calculate  what  will  be 
the  effect  on  a  certain  man,  not  to-morrow,  but  in 
generations  to  come;  and  so  with  regard  to  this  ques- 
tion of  tenement  dwelling.  You  are  not  able  to  see 
the  effect  of  existing  home  life  on  efficiency  merely  in 
one  generation.  I  have  seen  in  London,  during  my 
twenty-five  years  of  very  close  contact  with  London 
life — more  particularly  among  the  working  classes — 
I  have  seen  enough  to  enable  me  to  conclude  that  the 
effect  of  the  tenement  dwelling  upon  efficiency  is 
very  bad  indeed.  The  sturdy  laborer  who  comes  up 
from  the  country  with  all  the  energy  country  life 
gives  to  him,  mav  be  able  to  last  through  it,  and  you 
don  t  see  much  difference  in  his  efficiency.   (Perhaps 


386 


CONSTRUCTION 


I  may  be  able  to  speak  from  personal  experience.  I 
came  up  from  the  country  and  found  myself  in  diffi- 
culty. I  have  been  through  the  mill.)  You  at  once 
begin  to  see  the  effect  upon  the  children.  You  trans- 
ter  a  family  from  the  country  into  the  city,  there  the 
laborer  himself  is  able  to  go  through  with  his  day's 
work  year  after  year  and  earn  his  money,  and  you 
don't  see  much  injury  to  his  physical  strength  or  his 
stamina.  No  doubt  it  is  there.  If  the  bulk  of  his 
work  is  outdoors,  it  helps  and  the  unhealthful  tene- 
ment doesn't  count  for  as  much  as  if  he  had  not  that 
outdoor  life.  Take  the  shoe  operative  or  clothier, 
it  begins  to  tell  pretty  soon  on  the  workman  himself, 
but  not  to  the  full  extent. 

The  full  extent  falls  on  the  wife,  and  later  on  the 
children,  and  if  you  take  three  generations,  then  you 
have  got  the  full  effect.  You  have  got  the  little, 
measly,  niggardly  type  of  growth,  unfit  both  physi- 
cally and  morally  as  well — a  veritable  weed  of  a 
man!  You  cannot  see  these  things  in  one  genera- 
tion. 

When  you  begin  to  get  cramped,  what  happens? 
"*l'ou  begin  to  go  up  instead  of  spreading  out.  You 
may  not  see  it  in  the  first  generation,  but  I  believe 
that  the  working  people  brought  up  in  the  tenement 
house,  must  in  the  long  run,  spell  disaster. 

First  of  all,  take  individuality  of  character.  The 
British  race,  what  has  made  it  so  strong  as  it  is  in  the 
world,  is  its  strong  individuality  of  character.  Our 
German  is  scientific,  but  he  lacks  individuality.  I 
believe,  Mr.  Mayor,  the  future  of  our  Empire  and 
the  future  of  our  race  depends  upon  our  preservation 
of  those  conditions  that  make  for  the  retention  and 
the  strength  of  that  individuality,  and  upon  that  our 
future  really  rests.  The  individual  home,  the  indi- 
vidual family,  the  individual  brought  up  in  the  home, 
and  the  association  of  home  life — upon  that  all 
our  success  depends!  Why,  I  remember  in  my 
boyhood  days  in  our  old  village  home  in  Devon- 
shire, I  used  to  have  an  individual  friend  in  every 
apple  tree  and  most  of  the  gooseberry  bushes.  It 
is  in  these  one  thousand  and  one  ways  that  you  nurse 
all  individual  responsibility  with  life. 

Take  the  child  of  the  tenement  house,  what  has 
he?  The  landing  stage  at  the  top  of  the  staircase 
for  a  playground.  To  transfer  the  individual  work- 
man and  his  family  into  three  rooms,  the  fourth  floor 
up,  does  it  have  no  effect  upon  character?  Can  you 
have  the  same  kind  of  race?  No,  I  am  sure  you 
cannot. 

I  say,  therefore,  Mr.  Mayor,  not  only  for  the  rea- 
sons I  have  given,  first  of  industrial  efficiency  and  for 
health  and  beautification  in  the  interests  of  our  race, 
so  that  we  may  nurse  cities  and  this  kind  of  character, 
we  want  to  handle  this  problem  of  city  planning  in 
such  a  way  to  draw  out  our  imagination  and  for  the 
teaching  of  individuality. 

I  would  make  my  last  appeal,  Mr.  Mayor,  to  the 
business  men  of  cities  of  this  kind.  I  would  make 
an  appeal  to  the  most  able  of  our  business  men,  not 
to  think  that  this  question  has  nothing  to  do  with 
them.     In  my  opinion,  Mr.  Mayor,  the  man  who  is 


making  his  fortune  in  a  city  like  Calgary  has  not  done 
his  share  of  the  work  when  he  has  merely  made  his 
fortune  out  of  the  city.  He  owes  some  service,  some 
work  or  duty  to  the  city  out  of  which  he  has  been 
able  to  make  his  money.  I  would  make  an  appeal 
to  him  to  do  that  duty,  as  well  as  his  private  one,  and 
give  his  services  to  health  and  beautification.  Patriot- 
ism has  been  required  on  the  battlefields  of  Waterloo 
and  battlefields  of  that  sort.  I  trust  the  day  is  very 
far  distant  when  we  will  be  required  to  have  battles 
like  that  again;  but  there  are  battlefields  at  home 
where  we  can  all  render  service  to  the  city  and  com- 
munity around  us.  I  would  appeal  for  that  co- 
operative effort  on  the  part  of  the  whole  of  the  citi- 
zens, and  I  would  appeal  to  the  public  support  of 
the  most  capable  and  successful  of  the  citizens  to  go 
through  with  this  work.  Co-operative  conscience  is 
essential  to  a  healthy  national  and  municipal  life. 

We  would  not  be  able  to  reach  the  highest  stand- 
ard of  civilization  unless  side  by  side  with  our  ma- 
terial aims  we  draw  out  and  cultivate  and  nurse  the 
co-operative  spirit.  This  spirit  draws  out  of  every 
individual  a  feeling  that  he  owes  his  community 
something.  You  won't  get  any  Victoria  Cross  for 
this  kind  of  patriotism — patriotism  that  demands  time 
and  all  that — but  I  believe  in  the  long  run,  that  kind 
of  patriotism  which  has  expressed  itself  in  better 
sewerage  schemes  for  towns,  the  planning  of  streets 
and  open  spaces  for  children,  women  and  men,  the 
securing  of  healthy  home  life — that  these  are  the 
many  different  ways  of  expressing  our  patriotism.  I 
would  appeal  for  that  kind  of  patriotism  in  Calgary. 
I  believe,  Mr.  Mayor,  that  patriotism  is  forthcoming, 
and  that  Calgary  will  be  a  city  of  which  we  all  will 
be  proud;  and  I  believe  those  who  have  taken  part  in 
building  It  up  will,  in  years  to  come,  look  back  with 
pride  to  the  little  contribution  they  may  have  made 
towards  it. 


IN  REFERRING  to  the  recent  convention  held 
in  Buffalo,  Edward  Marshall  claims  the  one  main 
idea  is  to  secure  a  proper  balance  between  the  physi- 
cal and  mental  work.  There  must  be  recognition  of 
the  paramount  necessity  for  such  treatment  of  the 
student  as  will  best  insure  his  health  with  a  most  spe- 
cial reference  to  his  general  efficiency. 

The  educated  weakling  may  be  as  inefficient  as  a 
citizen  as  the  uneducated  strong  man,  but  neither  will 
come  near  to  realization  of  his  capacity  for  useful- 
ness. And  we  must  take  some  thought,  in  these  days, 
of  the  fact  that  in  our  school  children  is  the  material 
which  becomes  the  parents  of  to-morrow. 

In  large  cities  the  problem  of  ventilation  has  proved 
most  difficult  to  rightly  handle.  In  this,  of  course. 
IS  inextricably  involved  the  architectural  problem  of 
constructing  buildings  properly  lighted  and  ventilated 
upon  limited  areas  and  surrounded  by  high  structures. 
Within  the  past  few  years,  however,  there  has  been 
a  real  revolution  in  the  science  of  ventilation.  The 
architect  of  to-day  is  an  important  factor  in  the  future 
status  of  our  country's  welfare.  He  must  plan  to 
eoncourage  cleanliness  and  sturdiness. 


Sixth    Annual    Assembly   R.  A.  I.  C. 


CALGARY  extended  a  cordial  welcome  to  the 
forty  delegates  representing  the  various  chap- 
ters of  the  Royal  Architectural  Institute  of 
Canada,  September  15th  and  16th.  The  general 
feeling  of  the  members  was  expressed  by  J.  H.  G. 
Russell,  President  of  the  Association,  in  the  follow- 
ing statement:  "We  were  better  entertained  than 
ever  before.  The  Calgary  Association  treated  our 
wives  and  daughters  like  queens,  and  ourselves  like 
kings,  and  every  minute  of  our  stay  in  this  city  has 
been  enjoyable.  We  will  never  forget  the  manner 
in  which  we  were  looked  after  and  everything  pos- 
sible done  for  our  enjoy- 
ment." 

The  meeting  held  dunng 
the  morning  of  the  first  day 
in  the  public  library  was 
devoted  to  registration,  to- 
gether with  a  session  of  the 
council.  At  the  civic 
luncheon  the  freedom  of  the 
city  was  extended  by  W.  J. 
Tregillus,  acting  mayor, 
after  which  addresses  of 
welcome  were  given  by  R. 
W.  Lines,  of  Edmonton, 
President  of  the  Alberta 
Association,  and  R.  A. 
Brocklebank,  president  of 
the  Calgary  Builders'  Ex- 
change. 

In  the  afternoon  Mayor 
Sinnott  expressed  the  pleas- 
ure the  citizens  of  Calgary 
felt  at  being  chosen  as  the 
convention  city  of  such  an 
influential  organization.  Af- 
ter representatives  of  the 
board  of  trade  and  the 
builders'  association  made  a 
few  appropriate  remarks  the 
regular  business  of  the  ses- 
sion was  transacted. 

During  the  second  day's 
proceedings    Secretary    Al- 

cide  Chausse  reported  the  Institute  in  a  flourishing 
condition,  having  five  hundred  and  fifty-eight  mem- 
bers, eighty-eight  per  cent,  of  whom  are  acti\e  by 
virtue  of  belonging  to  provincial  organizations. 
After  a  thorough  discussion  of  the  by-laws  several 
changes  of  importance  were  made:  one  that  each 
provincial  organization  pay  two  dollars  for  every 
accredited  member;  another  that  non-active  members 
be  elected  by  a  unanimous  letter  ballot  of  the  council. 
Without  a  dissenting  vote  the  convention  rejected  the 
proposed  schedule  of  fees  and  reverted  to  the  former 
code  of  ethics  and  rules  go\erning  competitions. 
New    by-laws   covering   problems    dealing    with    a 


rRE.'-IllKNT    J.    H. 


greater  scope  of  the  confederated  Association  were 
adopted. 

Upon  the  conclusion  of  F.  G.  Engholm's  interest- 
ing lecture  the  following  officers  were  elected  for  the 
ensuing  year:  President,  J.  H.  G.  Russell  of  Win- 
nipeg; vice-presidents,  R.  W.  Lines  of  Edmonton, 
and  J.  P.  Ouelette  of  Quebec;  Secretary,  Alcide 
Chausse  of  Montreal;  treasurer,  J.  W.  H.  Watts  of 
Cttawa;  members  of  council  from  Alberta,  G.  M. 
Lang  of  Calgary,  James  Henderson  and  R.  W. 
Lines  of  Edmonton.  Quebec  was  unanimously 
selected  as  the  meeting  place  for  1914. 

The  entert.iinment  of  the 
second  day  consisted  of  a 
luncheon  gnen  by  the  Cal- 
gary Association,  followed 
by  an  automobile  trip.  The 
Country  Club  entertained 
the  delegates  dunng  the 
afternoon.  The  evening 
functions  furnished  a  n 
agreeable  ending  to  the  suc- 
cessful convention.  The 
ladies  were  given  a  theatre 
party  by  the  wives  of  the 
members  belonging  to  the 
Calgary  Association,  while 
the  delegates  themselves 
were  guests  at  a  smoker 
given  in  Paget  bdall. 

One  of  the  pleasant 
memories  is  the  address 
given  by  Sir  Gilbert  Parker, 
member  of  the  British  Par- 
hament.  Among  other  re- 
marks, he  said:  "You  who 
represent  the  whole  Do- 
minion, you  who  are  mak- 
ing the  people  realize  and 
understand  that  culture  and 
Leauty  go  hand  in  hand, 
with  utility,  the  rewards  that 
you  receive,  that  is  the  satis- 
(..  Ri.b^ELL.  faction  of  your  own  ideals 

and  the  satisfaction  of  the 
eternal  elements  of  beauty,  these  are  the  greatest  and 
most  precious  rewards  that  you  can  gam  in  all  the 
failures  and  successes  of  your  career. 

"Architecture,"  continued  the  speaker,  "is  the  first 
expression  of  the  human  race,  then  come  painting, 
sculpture  and  music.  Your  position  is  not  less  to-day 
for  your  profession  appears  to  me  to  be  one  that  is 
getting  nearer  to  the  people  themselves  than  any  other 
profession  in  your  country.  Pictures  are  getting 
fewer,  for  most  of  the  valuable  masterpieces  hang 
upon  and  adorn  the  walls  in  the  houses  of  million- 
aires, hidden  away  from  the  sight  of  the  man  in  the 
street.     But  your  fine  buildings  are  every  day  made 


387 


388 


CONSTRUCTION 


OMsmxMJti 

A-  JOURNAL-  FOR  THE  ■  ARCHITECTURAL. 

ENGINEERING  •  AND  ■  CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  •  OF    CANADA 


FREDERICK    REED.   Ed, tor 

H.  GAGNIER.  LIMITED,  PUBLISHERS 


Toronto, 


^hei.i.ai-d    Stree 

Canada 


iiddressed 

.She]. paid 


BRANCH  OFFICES  : 

MONTREAL-171  St.  James  Street 

WINNIPEG,  MAN.     13  Royal  Bank  Building 

CHICAGO-People'sGas  Building 

NEW    YORK— 156  Sth  Avenue 


CORRESPONDENCE— All  correspondence  should 
to  •■COX.STRUCTION."  Corner  Ricliniond  a 
Stift't.«i.    Toionto,    Canada. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS— Canada  and  Great  Britain,  $3.00  per  annum 
United  States,  the  Continent  and  all  Postal  Union  countries, 
$4.00    per   annum,    in    advance.      Single    copiea,    35c. 

ADVERTISEMENTS — Changres  of.  or  new  advertisements  must 
re.'^ich  the  Head  Office  not  later  than  the  tirst  of  the  month 
preceding  publication,  to  ensure  insei'tion.  Mailing  date  is 
on  the  tenth  of  eacli  month.  Advertising  rates  on  application. 

CONTRIBUTIONS— The  Editor  will  be  glad  to  consider  con- 
tributions dealing  with  matters  of  general  interest  to  the 
readers  of  lliis  Journal.  When  payment  is  desired,  this  fact 
should  be  stated.  We  are  always  glad  to  receive  the  loan  of 
photographs  and  plans  of  interesting  Canadian  work.  The 
originals   will    be    carefully    preserved    and    duly    returned 

Entered  as  Second  Class  Matter  In  the  Post  Office  at  Toronto, 
Canada. 


Vol.  6      Toronto,  October,  1913      No.  10 

an  education  to  the  poorest  of  the  poor.  The  splen- 
did edifices  that  your  skill  and  genius  erect  will  last 
for  all  to  see  them  and  learn  the  splendor  of  their 
beauty.  Historic  places  such  as  the  ancient  cathe- 
drals of  the  old  land  and  on  the  Continent,  mansions 
erected  in  the  far  away  ages  by  the  nobility  of  Eng- 
land and  fashioned  by  the  hand  of  men  like  Christo- 
pher Wren  and  Gnndley  Gibbons,  will  last  and 
endure  when  paintings  and  perchance  music  may 
have  passed  into  oblivion.  Take  your  profession 
seriously;  look  upon  it  as  a  profession  that  tends 
above  all  others  to  elevate  and  educate  the  minds  of 
men  and  women." 


CURRENT  TOPICS 

CREDIT  SHOULD  have  been  given  in  our  last 
issue  to  Clark,  MacMullen  &  Riley,  who  were  the 
consulting  engineers  on  the  Bank  of  Toronto  in  con- 
nection with  the  mechanical  e(|uipnient  of  the  build- 
ing. 


IVORK  HAS  BEEN  started  on  the  foundation 
for  the  monument  to  be  erected  in  Philip's  Square, 
Montreal,  in  honor  of  the  late  King  Edward.  The 
tall  shaft  will  be  surmounted  by  a  figure  of  the  late 
King,  while  around  the  base  will  be  a  number  of 
artistic  and  appropriate  groups  and  figures,  surround- 
ed by  a  low  granite  fence.  The  foundation  will  be 
twenty-four  by  seventeen  feet.  One  hundred  thous- 
and dollars  will  approximate  the  cost. 


PROF.  DANTE   VAGLIERL  of  Italy,  is 

meeting  with  considerable  success  in  the  excavation 
of  Ostia.  Within  the  last  few  days  about  800  coins 
of  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries  A.D.  have  been 
found  buried  at  Ostia,  including  several  of  the  Em- 
peror Jovian  (363-4) .  The  shops  near  the  so-called 
Temple  of  Vulcan,  the  history  of  which  is  in  course 
of  study,  are  also  being  excavated,  as  well  as  a  large 
building  in  the  Via  Decumana,  the  main  street  of 
Ostia.  At  that  point  recently  was  found  the  base  of 
a  statue  with  Cupids  carved  upon  it,  as  well  as  por- 
tions of  other  statues. 

Almost  all  the  long  Via  Decumana  is  now  visible. 
A  large  but  unfinished  drain  beneath  this  street  has 
been  unearthed,  and  among  the  finds  in  this  one  street 
are  two  headless  female  statues  of  the  second  century 
A.D. ;  another  inscription  to  a  Prefectus  Annonae; 
a  huge  inscription  with  the  name  of  the  Emperor 
Trajan;  a  piece  of  a  cornice  bearing  the  sacrificial 
emblems;  an  inscription  by  the  College  of  Smiths  to 
Antoninus  Pius,  and  two  fine  columns,  one  of  which 
has  a  sun  dial  scratched  upon  it. 

The  theatre,  the  stage  of  which  is  at  present  being 
partially  reconstructed,  is  the  most  beautiful  sight  at 
Ostia.  Following  the  precepts  of  Vitruvius,  Prof. 
Vaglieri  has  planted  a  garden  in  the  square  adjoining 
the  portico  of  this  building,  and  in  the  centre  of  this 
square  is  the  Temple  of  Ceres,  a  goddess  of  great 
importance  at  Ostia,  whence  Rome  derived  her  trans- 
marine supplies  of  corn.  Recently  discovered  brick 
stamps  show  that  it  was  Commodus  who  built  the 
portico. 

From  an  artistic  point  of  view,  the  most  valuable 
of  the  recent  discoveries  is  the  almost  perfect  statue 
of  a  woman  sacrificing.  This  statue,  which  is  as- 
cribed to  the  Flavian  era,  was  found  only  a  fortnight 
ago.  A  small  nymphaeum  and  an  inscription  to  Ju- 
piter Optimus  Maximus,  as  well  as  another  mosaic 
near  the  theatre  and  a  further  female  statue  complete 
the  recent  additions  to  our  knowledge  of  Ostia. 

The  workmen,  of  whom  130  are  at  present  en- 
gaged, are  now  excavating  a  fuller's  shop,  which 
might  have  been — so  close  is  the  resemblance — the 
original  of  that  depicted  at  Pompeii.  One  other  dis- 
covery, an  ancient  lime  kiln  of  the  time  of  Antoninus 
Pius,  accounts  for  the  disappearance  of  much  that 
was  older,  and  shows  that  it  was  not  only  in  the 
Middle  Ages  that  marble  fragments  were  cast  into 
the  oven.  Attention  is  also  bemg  paid  to  the  better 
preservation  of  monuments. 


;ariiKx    ri;i 


Competitive   Designs  for   Houses 


THE  FOLLOWING  competitions  held  re- 
cently by  the  "Country  Life"  of  London  and 
"The  Bnckbuilder"  of  Boston  are  reproduced 
in  this  number  of  "Construction"  on  account  of  the 
meritorious  drawings  submitted.  We  wish  to  thank 
both  publications  for  their  courtesy  and  trust  the 
results  will  augur  well  for  similar  contests  being  held 
in  the  Canadian  field. 

In  the  competition  held  by  "Country  Life"  there 
were  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
seven  contestants.  The  cost 
of  the  house  was  to  vary  from 
three  to  four  thousand  pounds 
and  be  so  expressed  as  to  stand 
the  ordeal  of  being  transferred 
into  brick  and  mortar.  The 
judges  gave  the  following  re- 
port: 

"We  have  carefully  e.\- 
amined  the  designs  submitted 
in  the  'Country  Life'  competi- 
tion for  a  house  to  be  built  at 
Forest  Row,  Sussex.  Having 
taken  into  account  the  condi- 
tions laid  down,  and  in  par- 
ticular the  limits  of  size,  ac- 
commodation and  cost,  we 
make  the  following  awards: 
The  first  prize  of  £80  to  Mr. 
W.  Curtis  Green — (in  ac- 
cordance with  the  conditions, 
Mr.  Curtis  Green  is  appointed 
architect  for  the  carrying  out 
of  the  work)  ;  the  second  prize 
of  £40  to  MV.  Cyril  A.  Farey; 
the  third  prize  of  £20  to  Mr. 
A.   Winter  Rose;   the   fourth 


FIRST    PRIZE 
389 


prize  of  £10  to  Messrs.  Geoffry  Lucas  and  Arthur 
Lodge;  a  prize  of  books  to  the  value  of  £10  to  Mr. 
E.  Brantwood  Maufe;  a  prize  of  books  to  the  value 
of  £10  to  Mr.  Leslie  Mansfield;  the  prize  of  £20 
for  the  best  perspective  drawing  to  Mr.  Charles  Gas- 
coyne;  the  prize  for  the  best  model  submitted  has 
been  awarded  to  Mr.  Lionel  F.  Crane.  (The  condi- 
tions provided  that  this  prize  would  amount  to  £20 
if  more  than  twelve  models  were  sent  in.  As  only 
seven  were  received,  the 
amount  of  the  prize  is  £10, 
and  the  fourth  prize  mentioned 
above  has  therefore  been 
awarded.) 

"A  high  level  of  merit  is 
shown,  not  only  by  the  de- 
signs to  which  prizes  have 
been  awarded,  but  also  by 
many  others,  which  we  have 
recommended  for  reproduc- 
tion in  the  pages  of  'Country 
Life.' — E.  L.  Lutyens,  P. 
Morley  Horder,  Lawrence 
Weaver. 

"June  2nd,  1913." 
Mr.  Weaver,  in  comment- 
ing on  the  competition,  said 
that  the  problem  in  the  present 
competition  was  to  give  prac- 
tical and  dignified  shape  to  a 
country  house  of  moderate  size 
with  the  following  accommo- 
dation: Hall,  dining-room, 
drawing-room,  study,  six  bed- 
rooms and  one  or  two  dress- 
ing-rooms for  the  family,  two 
ser\ants"  bedrooms,   the  usual 


390 


CONSTRUCTION 


Sl-X'OXl]     I'Hlzr.     I'I..\N^ 


kitchen  offices,  a  garage  and  accommodation  for  an 
electric  light  plant.  Limits  of  cubical  content  and 
cost  were  included  in  the  competition,  and  allowed 
reasonable  latitude  in  the  employment  of  good,  but 
not  extravagant,  materials.     The  competitors  were 


also  required  to  design  the  garden.  The  designs 
now  illustrated  will  be  understood  the  better  if  the 
nature  of  the  site  is  understood.  Covering  rather 
more  than  two  acres  of  Ryst  Wood  and  oblong  in 
shape,  with  sides  almost  parallel,  it  measures  a  little 
more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  over  its  long- 
est dimension,  and  averages  about  seventy  yards  in 
width.  Its  main  axis  runs  from  northwest  to  south- 
east, and,  as  is  seen  by  the  garden  plans  reproduced, 
it  runs  to  a  point  at  its  southeast  end.  Tliere  is  a 
gentle  slope  upwards  to  that  end  from  the  approach 
road.  From  the  southern  end  of  the  site  there  are 
broad  views  over  the  Royal  Ashdown  Forest  golf 
course  southwards,  and  to  the  higher  forest  land  to- 
wards Hartfield  eastwards.  Three  great  chestnut 
trees  and  one  double  oak  are  important  features  of 
the  site,  and  they  obviously  needed  to  be  preserved 
as  features  of  the  garden  scheme.  To  the  northeast, 
and  covering  much  of  the  land  between  them  and  the 
approach  road,  is  a  charming  plantation  of  oaks  and 
firs.  Nature's  ready-grown  protection.  The  first 
consideration,  therefore,  was  for  the  right  placing  of 
the  house.  It  is  obvious  that  it  would  not  be  appro- 
priate to  build  it  close  to  the  road,  as  in  that  position 
the  fine  range  of  view  would  be  blotted  out  by  the 
trees.  It  also  seems  desirable,  in  order  to  secure 
the  utmost  possible  privacy  for  the  garden,  that  the 
carriage  road  to  the  house  should  creep  up  the  site 
at  one  edge  instead  of  being  earned  up  the  middle. 
With  regard  to  the  aspect  of  the  main  garden  front, 
the  choice  lay  between  the  southeast,  due  south,  or 
south  with  a  touch  of  west,  all  satisfactory. 


^r'.i^- 


-./COUNTRYHOUSE/^A  .WZ/y./;  ^HS^jEX 


m 


ml 


y  "Y^v^ 


K.NTKANl.  ]•;   lUdNT. 


sECOXLl   rRizi:. 


BY   CYRIL  F.AREV 


CONSTRUCTION 


391 


lilttrajm 


^??^1^^¥'' 


THIRn    PRIZR 


We  now  come  to  the  question  of  architectural 
treatment.  The  country  is  typical  of  the  genius  of 
Sussex  in  that  milder,  wooclen  mood  which  belongs 
more  especially  to  her  northern  borders.  It  is  as  un- 
like the  large  austerity  of  the  South  Downs  as  may 
well  be  conceived. 

Forest  Row,  from  which  Ryst  Wood  is  about  a 
mile  distant,  is  a  charming  village,  but  can  no  longer 
claim  any  aspect  of  remoteness.  People  are  swiftly 
discovering  that  in  its  neighborhood  are  some  of  the 
most  enchanting  sites  for  country  houses  which  can 
be  found  within  so  reasonable  a  reach  of  London. 
Other  houses  are  springing  up  near  by,  but  the  vari- 
ous sites  are  so  wiselv  hedged  about  with  restrictions 
that  no  one  house  will  spoil  the  view  of  another.  The 
competition  site  is  especially  well  guarded  in  this 
respect,  and  a  perpetual  open  outlook  is  assured  for 
the  windows  of  the  house.  It  seems,  however,  quite 
unnecessary  to  emphasize  that  vernacular  and  rural 
note  which  is  appropriate  to  a  house  hidden  away  in 
an  untouched,  unknown  neighborhood.  The  large 
majority  of  the  competing  architects  seem  to  have 
appreciated  this  point.  Although  no  indication  of 
any  desired  style  was  given,  most  of  them  sought  to 
achieve  balanced  and  sober  compositions  rather  than 
the  rambling  and  picturesque  type  associated  with 
the  Sussex  farmhouse.  In  this  they  have  followed 
the  increasing  tendency  to  invest  domestic  architec- 
ture with  those  characteristics  which  we  associate 
with  Georgian  times. 

One  definite  impression  I  take  from  a  study  of  the 
sheets  of  details  to  half-inch  scale  which  accompanied 
each  design  on  which  a  personal  word  may  be  al- 
lowed, seeing  that  it  is  impossible  to  reproduce  these 
large  drawings.  They  rather  lack  gaiety  and  life. 
It  IS  true  that  the  demure  eighteenth  century  manner 
which  most  of  the  competitors  have  adopted  demands 
sobriety  and  reserve  in  the  application  of  detail,  but 
it  does  not  ask  for  dulness.  We  may  require  of  all 
manners  of  building  appropriate  to  domestic  work 


that  the  detail  shall  actively 
please,  and  believe  that  dis- 
pirited   treatment,     like    the 
dank    words    which    Robert 
Louis  Stevenson  hated,  is  a 
crime  of  lese-humanile.  "Ev- 
ery gay,  every  bright  word  or 
picture,    like   every    pleasant 
air   of   music,    is    a   piece   of 
pleasure  set  afloat;  the  reader 
catches  it,  and  if  he  be  heal- 
thy, go  on  his  way  rejoicing; 
and  it  IS  the  business  of  art  so 
to  send  him,  as  often  as  pos- 
sible."     It    IS    reasonable    to 
extend   the  same  demand   to 
architectural  detail.     It  may 
be  restrained  in  quantity  and 
soberly  disposed,  but  that  is 
BY  .\.  w.  Riisi:.      no  reason  why  it  should  be 
lacking  in  an  intrinsic  vitality. 
The  interesting  character  of  the  garden  designs 
marks   the   attention   given   nowadays   to   the   unity 
which  should  subsist  between  the  house  and  its  sur- 
roundings.    The  elements  of  lawn  and  hedge,  pool 
and  pergola,  are  disposed  with  considerable  skill  in 
most  of  the  schemes,  but  it  has  not  been  forgotten 
that  the  garden  should  be  a  place  not  only  for  flowers 
but  for  the  kindly  fruits  of  the  earth.      Indeed  the 
competitors  seem  to  have  interpreted  the  conditions 
in    the    spirit    of    the 
well-known   command 
to  a  gardener: 

"Friend,  in  my  mountain- 
side demesne 

My  plain-beholding, 
rosy,  green 

And  linnet-haunted  gar- 
den-ground, 
still     the    esculents 
abound." 


Seccx,©        Rrr* 


Let 


THIRD    PRIZE    PLANS 


392 


CONSTRUCTION 


The  First  Prize  Design. — Mr.  Curtis  Green,  well 
known  among  his  professional  brethren  as  the  new 
President  of  the  Architectural  Association,  is  to  be 
congratulated  on  a  design  of  fine  architectural  qual- 
ity. The  placing  of  the  building  on  the  site  is  ideal, 
as  is  also  the  planning  of  the  carriage  road.  The 
planning  of  the  house  leaves  a  little  to  be  desired. 
The  reception-rooms  are  well  devised,  but  the 
kitchen  quarters  seem  not  to  have  been  thought  out 
carefully.  On  the  first  floor  the  bedrooms  are  well 
disposed,  but  those  in  the  flanking  wings  are  some- 
what small.  It  must,  however,  be  accounted  to  Mr. 
Green  for  righteousness  that  he  has  strictly  observed 
the  limits  of  cubical 
content  and  cost  laid 
down  in  the  condi- 
tions, and  this  cannot 
be  saicj  of  many  of 
the  designs  sent  in. 
The  elevations  are 
altogether  admirable. 
They  show  a  fine  re- 
ticence, a  dignity  of 
proportion  and  a 
right  adjustment  be- 
tween solid  and  void 
which  combine  to 
make  a  design  of  un- 
usual merit. 


water  apparatus.  Mr.  Green  did  not  submit  a  per- 
spective or  model  with  his  design.  Mr.  Lionel  Crane 
was  therefore  commissioned  to  make  a  model  so  that 
the  merits  of  the  design  might  be  more  clearly  shown. 
Photographs  of  the  model  are  now  reproduced,  and 
give  an  excellent  idea  of  the  house. 

Second  Prize  Design. — Mr.  Cyril  Farey,  to 
whom  has  been  awarded  the  second  prize,  submitted 
a  design  of  notable  interest  and  scholarship.  It 
shows,  indeed,  a  definite  classical  idea,  represented 
in  a  very  personal  way.  It  is  worthy,  in  fact,  of  the 
brilliant  reputation  of  Mr.  Farey,  who  last  January 
carried  off  the  Tite  prize  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects  for 
the  facade  of  a  royal 
palace.  Mr.  Farey's 
house  IS  not  so  well 
placed  on  the  site  as 
Mr.  Green's,  as  the 
carriage  approach  di- 
vides the  wild  garden 
into  two  halves.  On 
the  north,  or  entrance 
front,  a  little  court- 
yard is  provided,  sur- 
rounded by  a  clois- 
ter-like  arrangement. 
Three  alleys  of  this 

cloister  serve  as  pas- 
ATTIC  PL.\N. 


^-4e 


When  the  house  is  built,  it  will  take  its  place  faith- 
fully and  naturally  in  direct  descent  from  the  later 
phases  of  Sussex  domestic  architecture.  Its  walls 
will  be  of  hand-made,  sand-faced  bricks  of  various 
colors,  so  mingled  that  the  wall  surface  will  yield 
a  broken  and  lively  effect.  The  roof  will  be  cov- 
ered with  hand-made  tiles.  Mr.  Green  has  not  pro- 
vided for  anything  elaborate  within.  Cornices  and 
paneling  will  be  used  in  strict  moderation.  Elements 
which  minister  to  the  enduring  comfort  of  the  house, 
such  as  wood-block  flooring  throughout  the  ground 
story,  will  be  provided  with  no  sparing  hand,  and  the 
whole  house  will  be  warmed  by  a  low-pressure  hot 


FOURTH    I'RIZE   PLANS. 
I'.V   CF.dFFRY   LUCAS    AND   ARTHUR  LODGL 

sages  to  the  staircase  hall  and  sitting-rooms,  while 
the  remaining  alley  is  ingeniously  appropriated  to  the 
purposes  of  a  pantry.  Mr.  Farey,  however,  has 
broken  down  on  his  kitchen  plan.  The  arrangement 
of  the  bedrooms  is  perhaps  the  best  that  was  sub- 
mitted. The  elevations  are  of  great  dignity,  but  it 
is  doubtful  whether  the  dormer  windows  when  built 
would  look  so  well  as  they  appear  in  Mr.  Farey's 
cleverly  drawn  bird's  eye  view.  The  main  criticisms 
of  this  design  are  that  the  house  is  not  big  enough  in 
scale  for  the  plan  adopted,  that  the  courtyard 
entrance  is  an  admirable  feature,  but  would  need  to 
be  at  least  double  the  size  to  be  effective,  and  that 


CONSTRUCTION 


3Q3 


the  elevations  are  rather  un-Enghsh  in  feehng,  and  \voulcI 
hardly  look  comfortable  in  a  country  setting.  For  a  site  in  a 
near  London  suburb  their  character  could  scarcely  be  bet- 
tered, but  they  show  no  regard  for  any  building  tradition 
which  Sussex  knows.  Mr.  Farey  obsei-ved  his  conditions 
with  regard  to  cubic  content,  but  if  the  house  were  built  with 
materials  that  would  secure  a  proper  interpretation  of  the 
design,  it  is  unlikely  that  the  limit  of  cost  could  be  observed. 

Third  Prize  Design. — Mr.  Winter  Rose  is  also  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  having  given  to  his  scheme  a  definite  personal 
character,  which  lifts  it  markedly  above  the  average  level 
of  the  designs  submitted.  An  admirer  of  this  design,  in 
practical  proof  of  his  liking,  has  commissioned  Mr.  Rose  to 
plan  for  him  a  little  country  house.  The  competition  house 
is  placed  well  on  the  site,  and  its  planning  shows  original 
thought. 

All  the  important  rooms  have  a  south  aspect  overlooking 
the  garden,  and  all  servants'  cjuarters  and  bedrooms  face  to 
the  east,  so  that  neither  would  their  windows  overlook  the 
garden,  nor  would  the  sounds  of  domestic  activity  reach  the 
other  part  of  the  house.  In  the  disposition  of  the  reception- 
rooms  Mr.  Winter  Rose  has  provided  two  rooms,  the  hall 
and  the  dining-room,  of  unusually  bold  proportions.     They 


ENTFyvNCECOVI^- 


I'Ki/i:  MiJiii.i.. 

■NTKANCK    l-K()\T.    C.AKHKX    FKi>.\T    AMi    ri.A.VS. 
l:V     I.KlN'lX     CKANK. 


r  I  garage: 

h  A 


394 


CONSTRUCTION 


BOOK     PRIZE     BY     LKSr.IK     MANSFIELD. 

are  twelve  feet  high,  and  this  difference  in  scale  has 
a  large  effect  on  the  general  outline  of  the  elevations. 
A  gallery  has  been  arranged  on  a  mezzanine  floor  to 
the  library,  and  is  approached  by  a  little  circular 
stair.  This  would  serve  as  a  convenient  book  store 
and  a  pleasant  retreat  for  a  studious  owner.  The 
bedrooms  are  admirably  planned,  but,  with  an  un- 
usual generosity,  the  largest  room  is  allocated  to  a 
guest.  On  the  second  floor  there  are  not  only  two 
good  servants'  rooms,  but  an  extra  bedroom  in  excess 
of  those  laid  down  in  the  conditions  is  provided. 
The  elevations  of  the  house  have  a  distinctive  char- 
acter. In  some  respects  they  show  the  result  of  the 
increasing  attention  paid  to  the  classical  work  of  the 
early  nineteenth  century,  but  the  curved  gable  on  the 
south  side  does  not  rhyme  very  happily  with  the  rest 
of  the  design.  The  loggia  is  not  very  well  placed,  as 
there  is  no  direct  access  to  it  from  the 
house  except  from  the  servants'  quarters. 
Mr.  Rose's  garden  design  is  very  ambi- 
tious, and  the  great  lily  pond  seems  rather 
out  of  scale  with  the  house.  In  color,  the 
house  would  be  interesting,  for  Mr.  Rose 
specified  brick  walls  of  a  dark  orange 
color,  with  dark  grey  bricks  for  the  quoins 
and  other  dressings.  For  the  roof,  he  con- 
templated using  dark  grey  pantiles  of  the 
kind  which  at  present  seem  to  be  got  best 
from  Holland — a  state  of  things  which 
does  not  do  very  great  credit  to  the 
English  tile  maker. 


Fourth  Prize. — The  design  of 
Messrs.  Geoffry  Lucas  and  Ar- 
thur Lodge,  which  secured  fourth 
prize,  shows  a  very  practical 
plan.  The  reception-rooms  are 
all  in  the  main  block,  and  the 
kitchen  quarters  and  garage  in  an 
annex.  The  authors  have  taken 
the  opportunity  allowed  by  the 
conditions  of  putting  one  of  the 
family  bedrooms  in  the  attic. 
The  general  scheme  of  the  house 
is  so  satisfactory  that  it  is  a  pity 
it  has  not  been  invested  with  a 
greater  air  of  distinction.  The 
elevations  are  sound,  but  it  must 
be  confessed  they  are  also  dull. 
The  impression  given  is  that  with 
rather  more  time  and  thought  the 
design  would  have  been  much 
more  successful.  The  house  is 
put  in  the  right  place,  and  good 
use  IS  made  of  the  existing  trees, 
but  the  authors  are  a  little  opti- 
mistic if  they  suppose  that  yew 
hedges  would  flourish  under 
wide-spreading  oaks.  One  of 
,,  ^.,.  the  less  satisfactory   features  of 

the  garden  is  the  very  curly  drive, 
but  clearly  this  has  been  so  con- 
trived with  a  view  to  saving  the  maximum  number  of 
trees.  The  same  good  effect,  however,  would  have 
been  achieved  if  the  drive  had  been  brought  up  the 
northeast  boundary.  The  design  is  represented  by 
an  attractive  perspective  drawing,  which,  however, 
was  not  received  in  time  to  be  judged  qua  perspective. 
Bool(  Prizes. — The  design  submitted  by  Mr. 
Brantwood  Maufe,  to  which  a  prize  of  books  to  the 
value  of  ten  pounds  has  been  awarded,  has  consider- 
able merit.  The  garden  front  is  now  illustrated  by 
a  perspective,  drawn  by  Mr.  Charles  Gascoyne. 
Mr.  Maufe  has  devised  a  very  extended  plan, 
and  the  house  is  only  one  room  thick.  The  arrange- 
ment of  the  rooms  is  practical  enough,  except  that 
the  staircase  is  placed  too  much  at  one  end.  It  would 
be  necessary  to  walk  over  fifty  feet  to  get  from  the 
dining-room  door  to  the  foot  of  the  stairs,  and  the 


FIRST    PRIZE.    GARDEN    PLAN. 


CONSTRUCTION 


395 


traveller  would  have  to  pass 
through  the  sitting-hall.  The 
kitchen  premises  are  well  ar- 
ranged, and  the  garage  is 
joined  to  the  house,  being  di- 
vided from  it  on  the  ground 
floor  by  an  archway.  A 
very  good  point  in  the  bed- 
room plan  IS  that  the  six  fam- 
ily bedrooms  and  the  two 
dressing-rooms  all  face  south. 
The  garden  plan  is  character- 


Mr.  Leslie  Mansfield's  de- 
sign, to  which  a  book  prize 
has  also  been  awarded,  was 
represented  not  only  by 
plans,  but  by  a  very  neatly 
made  model,  of  which  photo- 
graphs are  now  reproduced. 
The  elevations  are  conceived 
in  rather  too  markedly  a  cot- 
tage spirit  for  a  house  of  such 
dimensions,  and  the  sloping 
roof  over  the  loggia  on  the 
garden  front  would  not  have 
a  very  happy  effect.  The 
best  feature  of  the  scheme  is  first  fi^* 

the  treatment  of  the  servants' 
quarters,  which  are  admir- 
ably practical,  and  the  little  kitchen  court  connecting 
the  house  with  the  garage  is  also  well  contrived. 
The  reception-rooms  are  spacious  and  well  placed, 
but  the  provision  of  bays  in  the  drawing-room  and 
library,  connected  by  a  set-back  loggia,  is  not  a  very 
mature  piece  of  design.  The  bedrooms  on  the  first 
floor  are  satisfactory,  and  the  servants'  bedrooms  are, 
as  in  most  cases,  on  the  attic  floor. 

Perspective  and  Model  Prizes. — The  perspective 
prize  has  been  awarded  to  Mr.  Charles  Gascoyne 
for  a  drawing  of  great  merit.  He  is  so  well  known 
as  the  interpreter  of  other  men's  designs  for  the  pur- 
poses of  the  Royal  Academy  Exhibition  that  it  is 
needless  to  discuss  his  technique  here.  It  is  sufficient 
to  say  that  he  combines  the  gifts  of  showing  the 
architecture  faithfully  and  of  presenting  it  in  a  pic- 
torial way,  which  is  none  the  less  attractive  for  being 


GROUND  f 

nooK   TRizK  I'.v  E.   r..   maufk. 


SECOND    PRIZE,    CARDKN     i'LAN. 


explanatory  of  the  design.  His  drawing  shows  the 
scheme  for  the  house  submitted  by  himself,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  George  Nott.  It  is  full  of  archi- 
tectural feeling,  and  the  entrance  front,  not  shown 
in  the  perspective,  is  especially  attractive.  The  house 
is  planned  as  a  right  angle,  and  the  forecourt  is 
formed  by  the  two  inner  sides  of  the  angle,  and  by 
wing  walls  ending  in  attractive  brick  posts.  It  is  a 
little  difficult  to  imagine  a  motor-car  manoeuvring  in 
such  a  confined  space.  The  ground  floor  plan  is 
satisfactory  in  respect  of  the  disposition  of  the  main 
reception-rooms,  which  are  flanked  by  a  pair  of  gar- 
den rooms  connected  with  the  house  by  pergolas.  It 
has  to  marked  defects.  One  is  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  lavatory  and  cloaks  lobby,  which  block 
what  would  otherwise  be  a  through  corridor  from 
the  main  hall  to  the  trades  entrance.  The  other  is 
the  provision  of  the  garage  immediately  ad- 
joining the  library.  One  rather  trembles  to 
think  what  the  student  in  the  library  would 
say  when  the  chauffeur  was  carrying  out 
some  small  repairs  to  the  car  on  the  other 
side  of  a  nine-inch  wall.  It  is  a  pity  that 
these  practical  points  were  not  better  thought 
out,  as  otherwise  the  design  would  have  de- 
served a  prize  other  than  that  awarded  to 
the  perspective.  The  garden  has  been  spa- 
ciously designed  with  a  very  pleasant  little 
yew-hedged  garden,  a  tennis  lawn  similarly 
enclosed  and  a  large  parterre  on  the  south 


396 


CONSTRUCTION 


■rillRI)    PRIZE. 


r.ARDKN    PI.AXS 


FOURTH    PRIZF.. 


side,  in  which  a  sunk  pool  forms  an  attractive  feature. 

The  prize  for  the  best  model  has  gone  to  Mr. 
Lionel  Crane,  and  two  photographs  of  it  are  now- 
reproduced.  Unfortunately,  its  pleasant  coloring 
can  only  be  imagined,  but  emphasis  must  be  laid 
upon  this  feature  of  it,  because  of  the  admirable  idea 
of  the  house  which  is  thereby  given. 

A  model  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  perspective  sketch 
in  the  solid,  and  the  merit  of  the  perspective  is  not  in 
the  meticulous  accuracy  with  which  it  shows  every 
brick,  but  in  the  faithfulness  and  charm  with  which 
it  gives  a  general  impression  of  the  building  por- 
trayed. In  the  model  of  a  country  house  the  main 
qualities  to  be  looked  for  are,  first  of  all,  accuracy 
of  scale,  but,  secondly,  an  artistic  quality  which 
commends  the  building  to  the  eye,  and  regarded  in 
this  light,  Mr.  Crane's  model  meets  all  the  require- 
ments. With  regard  to  the  design  which  it  interprets, 
Mr.  Crane  put  himself  out  of  court  by  setting  the 
house  at  the  edge  of  the  approach   road,   with   the 


result  that  the  splendid  views  to  the  south  would  be 
entirely  blotted  out  by  intervening  trees.  Even  if  it 
were  to  be  assumed  that  these  trees  would  be  cut 
clown — a  quite  incredible  assumption — the  south- 
ward rise  in  the  ground  would  be  enough  to  destroy 
the  possibility  of  a  view.  In  point  of  planning  the 
house  IS  satisfactory,  and  Mr.  Crane  has  provided 
a  good  balcony  on  the  garden  front,  with  doors  from 
two  of  the  bedrooms.  The  little  gables  treated  in 
white  roughcast  look  rather  spotty,  and  one  may  be 
somewhat  doubtful  about  the  wall  which  partly  en- 
closes the  forecourt  on  the  north  side.  Like  some 
other  competitors,  Mr.  Crane  takes  rather  an  opti- 
mistic view  as  to  the  ease  with  which  long  motor-cars 
can  be  manoeuvred  in  confined  spaces. 

The  pleasing  feature  of  this  competition  lies  in  the 
fact  that  the  first  prize  design  is  to  be  actually  con- 
structed; m  fact  work  has  already  been  started. 
The  competition  considered  as  a  stimulus  to  artistic 
skill  has  been  justified  by  the  results. 


r^^  i^ijrfiijry^i  I 


mm^ 


^■**«wnK  -— :r.       t 


I'RTzr;  piCRsi'r.cTivic  i'.y 


Competition   for   Two   Semi-Detaclied   Cottages 


Held   bv   '  I  he    Brickbiiilder,      Boston,    Mass. 


THE  problem  of  a  small  two-family  house  is 
one  which  has  been  so  often  treated  as  to 
render  anything  new  extremely  difficult  of 
attainment.  Moreover,  the  necessity  of  basing 
these  particular  designs  upon  the  use  of  stuccoed 
surfaces  of  largely  uniform  character  had  a  tendency 
to  restrict  the  designs  to  three  general  tj'pes,  namely, 
the  Old  Colonial,  the  English  country  house,  and 
the  Spanish.  Under  these  circumstances  the  variety 
of  solutions  submitted  and  the  general  high  order 
of  merit  was  a  m.atter  of  both  surprise  and  satisfac- 
tion to  the  jury.  The  results  of  this  competition  are 
an  excellent  indication  of  the  general  advance  in 
design  and  composition  to  which  the  younger  gener- 
ation of  American  architects  are  so  largely  contribut- 
ing, and,  in  particular,  testify  to  a  very  high  average 
of  good  taste  and  a  strong  feeling  for  simplicity. 
These  facts  rendered  the  duty  of  selecting  the  ten 
best  designs  one  of  particular  difficulty,  as  many  of 
the  drawings  submitted  were  of  almost  equal  excel- 
lence with  those  premiated. 

First  Prize.  Was  awarded  for  exceptional 
imagination  and  originality  in  the  use  of  the  material, 
this  being  the  primary  requisite  upon  which  the  judg- 
ment was  based,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  pro- 
gramme. This  drawing  also  showed  a  command  of 
composition  and  grouping  which  extended  even  to 


the  arrangement  of  the  accessories  in  connection  with 
the  rendering,  which  is  particularly  to  be  commended. 

In  plan,  this  project  is  less  practical  than  some  of 
the  others.  In  particular,  the  rooms  marked  "Den" 
are  too  small  to  be  used  for  this  purpose  and  might 
better  have  been  denominated  "Coat  Rooms, '  as 
their  real  use  seems  to  have  been  dependent  upon 
the  requirements  of  the  exterior  effect.  On  the  other 
hand,  this  plan  shows  staircases  with  square  landings, 
a  feature  largely  neglected  in  many  of  the  other 
plans,  where  winders  were  the  rule.  Certain  other 
features,  such  as  the  recessing  of  a  space  for  the 
kitchen  stove,  are  also  to  be  commended. 

Second  Prize.  Was  awarded  to  a  scheme  less 
interesting  in  design  than  the  one  already  mentioned, 
hut  showing  more  careful  study  m  the  arrangement 
of  the  plan  and  better  knowledge  of  livable  condi- 
tions. In  particular  the  grouping  of  the  service  in 
such  a  way  as  to  be  convenient  to  the  street  and  as 
not  to  interfere  with  the  use  of  the  garden,  is  a  point 
of  particular  value.  This  arrangement  concentrates 
the  plumbing  while  keeping  the  main  entrance  en- 
tirely separate  and  in  direct  communication  with  the 
garden  at  the  rear.  It  also  carries  out  the  intentions 
of  the  programme  with  reference  to  bedroom  facili- 
ties. There  is  no  doubt  that  this  would  give  greater 
practical  satisfaction  to  an  owner  than  the  first  prize. 


MKXTinN     DESIC.N    BY    L.    E.    VARIAN. 


Mi:\"Ti()\   DKsicx    i:n'  r.  r..   stevkn'son. 


397 


398 


CONSTRUCTION 


Z       3 

S    5 


CONSTRUCTION 


400 


CONSTRUCTION 


although  doing  less  for  the  advancement  of  architec- 
tural design.  The  exterior  is,  however,  better  than 
it  appears,  as  its  effect  is  marred  by  the  rendering. 

Third  Prize.  Was  given  to  a  simple  and  attrac- 
tive design.  It  would  be  improved  in  plan  by  divid- 
ing the  living  room  from  the  dining  room,  and  as  the 
cubage  was  well  within  the  requirements,  both  living 
and  dining  rooms,  together  with  the  bedrooms  above, 
might  have  been  enlarged  to  advantage.  While  this 
design  is  well  adapted  to  the  use  of  tile,  the  actual 
detail  of  the  construction  was  poorly  indicated  and 
showed  a  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  material  to  be 
employed.  The  perpendicularity  of  the  two  centre 
windows  is  also  disagreeable,  but  there  is  a  nice 
feeling  in  the  detail  of  the  door. 

Fourth  Prize.  Was  awarded  to  a  design  which, 
although  simple  and  well  considered,  was  somewhat 
lacking  in  originality.  In  plan  the  entrance  halls  are 
narrow  and  unsatisfactory,  owing  to  the  service  ar- 
rangement which  necessitated  a  closing  off  of  the 
staircase.  This  drawing  is  commended  for  good 
general  composition  and  excellent  presentation. 

The  six  drawings  following  the  prizes  have  been 
given  equally  honorable  mention  and  the  order  in 
which  they  are  discussed  bears  no  relation  to  then- 
respective  merits.  That  by  P.  C.  Dunham  shows  a 
simple  and  attractive  exterior  with  a  distinctly  home- 
like charm.  It  is  also  very  agreeably  presented  and 
in  particular  the  free-hand  rendering  of  the  plan 
eliminates  much  of  the  stiffness  which  characterizes 
the  presentation  of  other  drawings.  In  the  mention 
design  submitted  by  R.  H.  Bullard  is  shown  a  good 


livable  plan  with  proper  separation  of  service  yard 
from  garden.  Certain  practical  points  are,  however, 
forgotten.  In  particular,  no  kitchen  chimney  is  shown 
and  the  design  would,  therefore,  be  unsatisfactory  in 
parts  of  the  country  where  the  gas  stove  and  fireless 
cooker  are  not  in  general  use.  R.  L.  Stevenson's 
drawing,  while  attractive,  is  to  be  criticized  for  the 
treatment  of  the  tops  of  the  walls  of  the  bay  win- 
dows, which  in  actual  construction  would  result  in 
staining  and  disintegrating  the  stucco  surface.  The 
difference  in  the  two  doorways  is  out  of  keepmg  with 
the  otherwise  symmetrical  treatment  of  the  elevation. 
The  bay  windows  also  appear  to  be  incorrectly 
shown  in  perspective,  as  they  give  the  effect  of  rec- 
tangular projections  which,  in  point  of  fact,  would 
have  been  much  better  than  the  sloping  bays  shown 
in  plan.  The  mention  drawing  of  Lester  E.  Varian 
shows  a  simple,  straightforward  plan,  but  common- 
place and  lacking  in  originality  of  design.  The  pre- 
sentation is  also  unfortunately  complicated. 

The  Jury  of  Award  was  composed  of  Frank 
C.  Brown,  Boston;  Abram  Garfield,  Cleveland; 
William  H.  Schuchardt  Milwaukee;  Hugh  Tal- 
lant.  New  \'ork;  Waddy  B.  Wood,  Washington. 

The  problem  called  for  two  small  semi-detached 
cottages  located  in  a  town,  or  small  city,  and  costing 
not  over  $9,000.  The  cost  of  the  cottages  was  to  be 
figured  at  twenty  cents  per  cubic  foot.  First  consid- 
eration was  given  to  the  aesthetic  fitness  of  the  design 
to  the  material  employed,  second  adaptability  of  the 
design  to  the  constructive  requirements  of  the  ma- 
terial, and  third,  excellence  of  plans. 


MKXTii'N    iii:sio\   i:y   I',  r.  nrxiiwi. 


Mi'NTidX  DKsir.x  i:v  R.  II.  m'l.i.  \Rr). 


CONSTRUCTION 


Leaded  Glass  as  a  Decorative  Feature  in  English  Homes 


John    Y.    Dunlop.   A.B.I.C.C. 


ORNAMENTAL  MATERIAL  and  every 
sort  of  decorative  art  are  employed  to  add 
beauty  in  appropriate  settings,  and  the  English 
architects  have  been  able  to  avail  themselves  to  a 
great  extent  of  one  ornament — leaded  glass — the 
crowning  invention  of  the  Gothic  artist.  This  glass 
at  one  time  largely  influenced  the  design  of  the  finest 
buildings,  and  thus  was  able  to  reflect  a  glory  on 
them  which  nothing  else  has  approached.  The  pe- 
culiar excellence  of  this  material  over  other  decora- 
tions '?  fh?t  it  's  lum'.nous  and  the  h<?ht  which  comes 


streaming  through  the  window  conveys  to  the  eye 
the  strong  contrast  between  the  light  and  the  opaque 
masses. 

In  England  the  smallest  wayside  cottage  has  its 
lead  glass  windows,  which  in  the  most  of  cases  are 
designed  in  some  way  to  add  to  the  charm  of  the 
house.  Nowadays  there  is  a  tendency  to  increase 
the  use  of  this  material  for  decorative  purposes  which 
is  due  to  the  growing  use  of  casement  curtains  and  to 
the  prevailing  idea  of  the  up-to-date  housekeeper 
who  wants  to  do  awav  with  the  use  of  blinds. 


402 


CONSTRUCTION 


n<.;>.  III  AND  IV. 


LEADED   GLASS   AS   A   DECORATIVE   FEATURE. 


ENGLISH   HOMES. 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  r  I  O  N 


-)()o 


There  are,  of  course,  excellent  reasons  for  this 
change  in  window  decorations.  The  old-fashioned 
Venetian  blinds  are 
objectionable,  a  s 
they  collect  dust, 
which  can  only  be 
removed  with  great 
difficulty,  besides 
being  complicated 
and  always  getting 
out  of  order.  Heavy 
curtains  are  also  un- 
avoidably collectors 
of  dust,  and  especi- 
ally when  they  are 
hung  on  heavy  and 
insecurely  fixed  cor- 
nices with  heavy 
fringes  which  are 
imnossible  to  dust. 

The  recommend- 
ation of  leaded  glass 
or  partly  leaded 
slass  windows  ap- 
plied to  all  houses. 
It  was  not  a  protest 
against  this  material 
when  architects 
helped  on  this  over- 
whelming popular- 
ity of  clear  glass 
which  has  caused 
Its  wholesale  use. 
There  is  no  doubt 
that  the  necessary 
conditions  of  health 
are  air,  light  and 
warmth,  but  at  the 
same  time  we  must 
have  an  absence  of 


damp,  dirt  and  dust, 
the  window  decoration 


Therefore  it  is  evident  that 
is  an  essential  and  important 
part  of  the  problem 
of    house    arrange- 
ment. 

Dust  enters  our 
houses  through  the 
fresh  air  inlets  from 
without,  and  is 
formed  within  by 
the  wear  and  tear 
of  our  furniture  and 
the  combustion  of 
fuel  in  our  fire- 
places. Dust  is  de- 
posited everywhere, 
clings  to  our  cur- 
tains and  margins 
of  books,  and  is  of 
the  most  varied 
composition.  O  n 
this  account  the 
window  is  a  ques- 
tion upon  which  the 
architect  is  com- 
pelled to  spend  a 
certain  amount  of 
thought  so  that  the 
incoming  dust  may 
be  arrested. 

The  natural  out- 
come is  in  making 
the  window  decor- 
ative; in  the  small 
modern  building  we 
find  the  windows 
treated  in  three 
different  \v  ays: 
Glazed  with  clear 
glass       throughout; 


404 


CONSTRUCTION 


wholly  glazed  with  leaded  glass; 
partly  glazed  with  leaded  glass. 

Of  the  first  arrangement  we 
will  have  very  little  to  say;  still 
by  close  observation  we  must 
admit  that  it  is  very  popular  and 
that  it  IS  conducive  to  health. 
But  we  must  also  consider  the  es- 
sential aims  of  the  internal  ar- 
rangement of  the  house  which  are 
conducive  to  health  and  comfort. 

Our  windows  must  be  ar- 
ranged for  fittings  which  will  be 
convenient,  elegant  and  clean, 
and  which  will  give  a  soft  light 
and  free  passage  to  the  air.  They 
should  also  permit  of  a  good  view 
from  the  inside  and  not  from 
without,  thus  securing  the  same 
privacy  as  if  they  were  opaque. 
Opening  leaded  lights  so  far  as 
suitable  to  the  climatic  conditions 
are  very  satisfactory.  The  ulti- 
mate cost  may  be  a  little  more 
than  for  plain  glass,  but  it  is 
money  which  is  going  to  supply 
some  essential  for  the  comfort  of 
the  house,  and  every  penny  spent 
in  this  way  goes  to  make  the  home 
more  valuable  and  enjoyable. 

It  has  always  been  a  peculiar- 
ity of  English  architects  that  they  have  devoted  more 
attention  to  leaded  glass  than  their  colleagues  of  the 
other  isles.  There  must  have  been  a  period  at  which 
time  these  architects  worked  with  some  feeling  and 
sentiment  over  the  design  of  these  windows. 


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1 

The  typically  English  use  of 
leaded  glass  in  wayside  cottages 
is  shown  at  figs.  I.,  II.  and  III., 
in  each  of  which  the  design  con- 
tributes in  some  way  to  the  aes- 
thetic charm  of  the  house  Fig. 
IV.  shows  how  this  decoration 
gives  an  accent  to  the  front  of  an 
old  wayside  inn.  Fig.  V.  shows 
a  detail  of  the  southwest  gable 
and  Fig.  VI.  a  bow  window  on 
the  ground  floor. 

The  variety  of  the  geometrical 
patterns  chosen  breaks  the  plain 
lines  of  the  front  and  lends  a 
charm  apart  from  the  contrast  in 
color  which  the  designs  afford. 

Fig.  VII.  shows  an  internal 
view  of  a  dining-room  window, 
while  fig.  VIII.  furnishes  an  ex- 
ample of  a  window  in  the  hall- 
way. In  each  of  those  patterns 
the  quality  of  glass  determines 
the  color  from  which  has  been 
obtained  a  glowing  lustre  of  color 
comparable  only  to  the  beauty  of 
gems.  In  each  of  these  windows 
the  glass  is  fitted  into  frames,  for 
the  days  are  now  past  when  it  is 
considered  advisable  to  insert  the 
Erlass  into  grooves  in  the  stone- 
work of  windows.  These  frames  are  of  two  kinds: 
sash  windows  and  casements,  each  class  having  its 
peculiar  advantages  and  disadvantages.  Sash 
windows  are  essentially  British  in  their  origin  and 
development,    and    in    some    parts    of    the    country 


VsiSa     ■■■■!    ■' 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


403 


very  little  else  is  used.  Figure  IX.  shows  a  design 
with  leaded  glass  and  made  very  effective  by 
the  introduction  of  those  simple  ornamental  glazed 
panels.  In  the  most  of  domestic  architecture  the 
character  of  the  design  of  those  panes  of  glass  is 
more  impressi\e  when  kept  very  simple  in  treatment. 
A  simple  leaded  drapering  or  pattern  of  small  com- 


pass introducing  roses  of  a  deep  shade  furnishes  a 
pleasing  and  harmonious  effect. 

Another  point  to  be  considered  is  the  fact  that  the 
glass  for  this  work  should  be  fairly  thin,  as  no  advan- 
tage can  be  obtained  in  using  thick  glass  for  this  dis- 
tinctive decorative  feature  of  the  home,  while  the 
thin  furnishes  a  more  pleasing  effect  to  the  ensemble. 


DISCOVERY  has  just  been  made  that  the  orig- 
inator of  the  American  "skyscraper"  or  "gratteciel" 
was  not  an  American  architect  after  all,  but  a 
Frenchman,  a  Savoyard,  who  lived  three  centuries 
ago.  At  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  in  Paris  there 
is  preserved  a  \  olume  written  by  this  architect,  whose 
name  was  Jacques  Perret  of  Chambery,  in  1601, 
describing  a  skyscraper  of  the  author's  invention. 
"This  grand  and  excellent  pa\ilion,  in  which  one  can 
lodge  500  persons  in  comfort  and  luxury,"  was  to  be 
of  160  feet  frontage,  145  feet  in  width,  and  \vith 
walls  ten  feet  thick.  Perret  did  not  foresee  the  use 
of  iron  and  steel  as  building  materials.  The  edifice 
was  to  rise  twelve  stories  and  have  a  little  pavilion 
on  the  roof  surrounded  by  terraces,  and  was  thus  to 
reach  an  altitude  of  350  feet,  "which,"  says  "L'll- 
lustration,"  "is,  of  course,  hardly  to  be  compared 
with  the  gigantic  buildings  of  480  to  650  feet  which 
Pierre  Loti  saw  on  his  recent  visit  to  New  York.  At 
the  same  time,  Perret's  design  is  certainly  the  ancestor 


of  the  American  skyscraper  of  300  years  later — an 
audacious  idea  conceived  by  a  Frenchman." 

A  UA'IQUE  engineering  problem  is  the  construc- 
tion of  sufficient  houses  to  quarter  the  men  employed 
on  the  task  of  constructing  the  gigantic  tunnel  through 
the  Selkirk  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  at  Glacier, 
B.C.  One  of  the  problems  the  contractors  had  to 
face  was  the  drifting  snow  in  winter,  which  made  it 
well  nigh  impossible  to  proceed  with  the  \\ork  in  a 
satisfactory  manner,  so  they  conceived  the  plan  of 
building  a  village  on  stilts.  The  proposition  was 
placed  in  the  hands  of  a  well  known  architect  and 
he  was  asked  to  draw  up  plans  which,  when  finished, 
will  cost  $50,000.  The  floors  of  the  houses,  which 
will  be  of  substantial  construction,  are  to  be  eight 
feet  abo\e  the  ground;  the  streets  will  have  no  side- 
walks, but  will  have  a  walk  in  the  centre,  also  eight 
feet  above  the  ground  level  and  connected  with  the 
doors  of  the  houses  by  little  bridges. 


406 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


407 


UNIVERSAL  APPROVAL  is  accorded  the 
"Ancient  Monuments  Act"  passed  by  the  recent 
Parhament  in  London,  England.  The  late  Lord 
Avebury  led  the  way  in  bringing  the  subject  to  the 
notice  of  Parliament,  and  in  1882  Mr.  Shaw-Le- 
fevre  (now  Lord  Eversley),  as  First  Commissioner 
of  Works  in  Mr.  Gladstone's  Government,  passed 
the  first  Ancient  Monuments  Act.  It  extended  only 
to  monolithic  and  other  prehistoric  remains,  and  was 
purely  permissive  in  its  character.  The  owner  of 
such  a  monument  might  place  it  in  the  guardianship 
of  the  Commissioner  of  Works,  and  it  then  became 
an  offence  on  the  part  of  anyone  (including  the  own- 
er) to  injure  or  deface  the  monument.  In  1900  these 
provisions  were  extended  to  any  "structure,  erection, 
or  monument  of  historic  or  architectural  interest," 
with  the  exception  of  a  structure  occupied  (otherwise 
than  for  caretaking)  as  a  dwelling  house,  but  the 
application  of  the  Act  still  depended  upon  the  con- 
sent of  the  owners  of  monuments. 

The  fabulous  sums  offered  by  Americans  to  trans- 
port ruins  across  the  Atlantic  has  only  been  conjured 
up  to  raise  the  market  value  of  ancient  monuments. 
Another  serious  matter  is  the  purchase  of  old  struc- 
tures to  despoil  it  of  its  intrinsic  value  for  the  enrich- 
ment of  modern  buildings. 

The  London  "Times"  says  it  is  ob\  lous  that  in 
relation  to  such  traffic  the  mere  scheduling  of  monu- 
ments or  any  other  arrangement  de\oid  of  some  ma- 
chinery for  arresting  destruction  merely  attracts  the 
destroyer.  Hence  the  existence  of  the  Royal  Com- 
missions which  have  been  at  work  for  the  last  five 
years  examining  and  scheduling  the  places  of  historic 
interest  in  England,  Scotland  and  Wales,  and  which 
have  already  made  valuable  reports,  is  an  additional 
reason  for  protective  legislation.  At  the  same  time 
the  Commissions  form  a  nucleus  for  an  authoritative 
advisory  body  to  share  with  the  Commissioners  of 
Works  the  responsibility  of  restrictive  action. 

These  considerations  have  been  in  the  minds  of  the 
framers  of  the  new  Act,  which  not  only  amends  but 
consolidates  the  existing  law.  In  the  first  place,  it 
authorizes  the  purchase  of  monuments  either  by  the 
Commissioners  of  Works  or  by  the  Council  of  any 
county  or  borough,  or  the  Common  Council  of  the 
City  of  London;  but  such  a  purchase  can  be  carried 
out  only  by  agreement  with  the  owner.  The  gift  or 
devise  of  a  monument  to  the  same  bodies  is  also 
authorized.  The  alternative  machinery  of  guardian- 
ship is  then  provided,  as  in  the  existing  Acts,  and 
the  effect  of  guardianship  is  explained. 

By  constituting  the  Commissioners  of  Works  or 
the  local  authority  guardian';  of  iiis  moiiunient  the 
owner  does  not  divest  himself  of  any  right  of  pro- 
perty except  that  of  destruction,  active  or  passive; 
in  other  words,  the  guardians  of  the  monument  may 
restrain  the  owner  from  injuring  it,  and  may,  concur- 
rently with  the  owner,  do  any  w^ork  necessary  to 
maintain  and  protect  it. 

So  far  the  Act  follows  on  previous  lines,  and  can 
only  be  applied  with  the  consent  of  the  owner.     On 


ihis  stem  is  grafted  the  compulsory  machinery  of  the 
Act.  An  Ancient  Monuments  Board,  representative 
of  the  three  Historic  Monument  Commissions,  the 
Societies  of  Antiquaries  of  London  and  Scotland, 
and  other  artistic  bodies,  is  to  be  constituted  by  the 
Commissioners  of  Works,  and  upon  their  report  that 
any  monument  is  in  danger  of  destruction,  removal  or 
damage,  and  that  the  preservation  of  the  monument 
IS  of  national  importance,  the  Commissioners  may 
make  a  preservation  order,  placing  the  monument 
under  their  protection,  and  while  such  an  order  is  in 
force  the  monument  cannot  be  demolished,  removed, 
added  to,  or  altered  without  the  consent  of  the  Com- 
missioners. 

There  is  a  further  piece  of  machinery  designed  to 
keep  the  Commissioners  of  Works  acquainted  with 
the  area  of  their  work.  They  are,  after  notice  to  the 
owners,  to  prepare  and  publish  a  list  of  monuments 
of  national  importance,  and  when  a  monument  is  in- 
cluded in  this  list  the  owner  must,  under  a  penalty, 
give  a  month  s  notice  to  the  Commissioners  of  any 
proposed  work  of  demolition,  removal,  alteration,  or 
addition. 

The  influence  of  French  legislation  may  be  traced 
in  the  new  Act.  In  France  the  grip  of  the  State  on 
buildings  and  remains  of  interest  has  long  been  effec- 
tive. In  the  time  of  the  great  Napoleon,  the  acqui- 
sition of  any  private  building  merely  to  prevent  its 
destruction  was  authorized,  and  in  1837  a  Commis- 
sion des  Monuments  Historiques  was  ajjpointed  with 
the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  and  the  Fine  Arts 
as  its  president.  In  1 887  a  registration  of  monuments 
was  initiated,  and  powers  of  compulsory  acquisition, 
where  the  owner  objected  to  registration,  conferred. 
Nor  is  there  any  disposition  to  leave  this  machinery 
idle.  Three  general  inspectors  of  historic  monuments 
and  a  large  staff  of  architects  are  attached  to  the 
Commissions,  and  the  annual  grant  for  the  upkeep 
of  monuments  is  substantial,  amounting  to  as  much  as 
$600,000  in  one  year. 

CONSTRUCTIONAL  work  on  the  seven 
hundred  foot  terminal  pier  at  Deep  Water,  Nova 
Scotia,  is  progressing  rapidly.  Approximately  two 
thousand  reinforced  concrete  piles  are  being  driven 
into  the  sea-bottom  varying  from  eleven  to  twenty- 
three  tons  dead  weight.  The  work  is  carried  on  by 
means  of  a  one  hundred  and  twenty  foot  scow 
equipped  with  four  engines,  the  main  one  controlling 
the  carriage,  raising  and  lowering  the  sixteen  ton  steel 
hammer.  The  other  engines  are  used  for  driving  in 
the  great  "spuds"  whereby  the  scow  is  made  fast  to 
the  bottom.  These  "spuds"  are  thick  wooden  beams, 
95  feet  high,  two  of  which  are  placed  at  the  bow, 
and  a  third  at  the  stern.  At  the  forward  end  of  the 
scow  are  two  steel  derricks  whereby  the  concrete 
piles  are  lifted  into  place  and  then  driven  in  by  the 
hammer,  which  derricks  are  operated  by  the  engines 
on  the  scow.  The  carriage  at  the  forward  end  of 
the  pile-driver  is  placed  on  rollers  and  can  be  adjust- 
ed so  as  to  place  the  hammer  directly  over  the  pile 


408 


C  O  A'  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


which  has  been  lowered  into  the  water.  Two  pile- 
leads,  74  feet  high,  are  set  up  on  the  carriage  between 
which  the  hammer  is  worked.  Iron  rods  aie  driven 
into  the  ends  of  the  piles  and  these  in  turn  are  fitted 
into  hollow  pipes  at  the  bottom  of  the  hammer,  which 
is  then  slowly  lowered  until  it  rests  upon  the  wooder 
top,  placed  on  each  pile.  When  all  is  ready  the  pile- 
hoist  is  removed  and  the  hammer  begins  its  work 
driving  the  piles.  Reinforced  concrete  constitutes  the 
floor  laid  upon  the  tops  of  the  piles,  f  or  this  purpose 
two  lofty  wooden  towers  have  been  erected.  At  the 
bottom  of  these  will  be  placed  mixers  from  which 
the  concrete  will  be  sent  up  to  the  tops  of  the  towers 
and  thence  distributed  by  chutes.  The  shed  is  also 
of  concrete  with  steel  bars  embedded  in  it,  and  covers 
an  area  of.  1 36,000  sq.  ft.  There  will  be  two  stories, 
the  lower  being  devoted  to  the  handling  of  freight 
and  the  upper  to  the  handling  of  passengers.  Four 
railway  tracks  are  to  be  laid  down  on  the  pier,  two 
to  run  on  either  side  of  the  shed  and  two  to  run 
through  the  centre  of  the  building.  On  either  side 
of  these  central  tracks  will  be  roadways  for  horse- 
drawn  vehicles.  Accommodation  will  be  made  on 
the  lower  floor  for  railway  and  customs  offices.  The 
upper  floor,  which  will  be  taken  up  with  immigration 
offices  and  accommodation,  will  be  so  constructed 
that,  if  there  is  a  sufficiently  large  staff,  the  immi- 
grants from  two  liners,  one  on  each  side  of  the  pier, 
can  be  handled  together  with  ease.  The  shed  will 
be  fireproof  and  at  the  same  time  fire  escapes  will  be 
erected  in  the  case  of  any  local  conflagrations.  With 
the  exception  of  the  windows,  doors  and  strengthen- 
ing bars,  the  whole  building  will  be  of  concrete. 

ALL  ENQUIRIES  regarding  the  competition 
of  the  proposed  Government  buildings  at  Ottawa 
shall  be  addressed  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Works,  Ottawa,  Ont.,  and  all  such 
enquiries  must  be  typewritten  and  submitted  on  plain 
paper  without  heading  or  signature  and  must  be  re- 
ceived on  or  before  the  30th  day  of  October,  1913, 
they  will  be  answered  by  identical  communication  to 
all  competitors.  By  order,  R.  C.  Desrochers,  Secre- 
tary, Department  of  Public  Works. 


TO  ARCHITECTS 
MASONIC  TEMPLE,  TORONTO 

Competitive  designs  for  the  above  will  be 
received  up  to  noon  on  the  20th  clay  of 
January,   1914. 

The  Conditions  of  Competition  have  been 
prepared  by  a  competent  professional  adviser 
who  will  also  report  upon  the  merits  of  the 
various  designs. 

For  copy  of  Conditions  apply  to 

MR.  W.  H.  BEST, 

No.    181    Avenue   Road. 


THE  PEDLAR  PEOPLE,  Limited,  announce 
the  establishment  of  a  branch  factory  and  the  removal 
of  their  eastern  office  to  26  Nazareth  street,  Mont- 
real. The  office  telephone  is  Main  3328  and  ship- 
ping department  Main  8447. 


A  CATALOGUE  illustrating  the  various  light- 
ing fixtures  of  Parian  ware  has  been  issued  recently 
by  the  Gill  Brothers  Co.,  of  Steubenville,  Ohio. 
The  Canadian  selling  agent  for  this  ware  is  the 
Canadian  General  Electric  Co.  of  Toronto. 


A  (  OLUME  relating  to  the  by-law  for  regulat- 
ing the  erection  and  to  provide  for  the  safety  of 
buildings  in  the  city  of  Toronto,  passed  April  1st, 
1913,  has  been  issued,  bound  in  red  leather.  It 
contains  all  matters  enacted  by  the  council  of  the 
corporation  of  the  city. 

•'CANADA  TO-DAY,  1913,''  just  issued  m 
bound  form  by  Simpkin,  Marshall,  Hamilton  & 
Kent  Company,  is  alive  with  general  matters  relating 
to  the  progress  and  prosperity  of  the  Dominion.  It 
contains  over  four  hundred  illustrations  and  a  spe- 
cially designed  colored  map  of  the  various  provinces. 


THE  METHOD  of  burning  brick  by  producer 
gas  in  a  continuous  kiln  has  been  installed  in  the 
plant  of  the  Sun  Brick  Company  at  Toronto.  The 
bricks,  after  being  dried  by  radiated  heat,  are  placed 
in  one  of  a  series  of  chambers,  preheated  by  the  sur- 
plus heat  being  drawn  from  burning  and  cooling 
chambers  and  gradually  brought  to  a  degree  of  heat 
sufficient  to  ignite  the  gas.  By  means  of  an  electric 
pyrometer  system  the  exact  temperature  is  auto- 
matically registered  on  a  dial  which  permits  of  a  con- 
stant flow  of  gas,  thereby  furnishing  an  even  tem- 
perature throughout  the  chamber.  This  method  in- 
sures a  uniform  color  and  metallic  hardness  which 
IS  essential  in  the  making  of  first  class  products. 

THE  LAST  WORD 

in  the  art  of  manufacturing  High  Grade 
Surveying  and  Drawing  Instruments  has 
been  developed  in  the  Dietzgen  Instruments, 
the  possession  and  use  of  which  guarantees 
accurate  results. 

Scales,  Slide  Rules,  Diaughling  Equipment 
and  Accessories  of  a  complete  list  are  also  manu- 
factured by  us  and  sold  direct  to  the  Architect  and 
Engineer. 

BLUE   PRINTS 

made   from   tracings  a  specialty. 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO..    LTD.. 

116  Adelaide   St.    W.,   Toronto. 


QONSmJCTlQN 


VOL.  VI 


No.  11 


CONTENTS    FOR    NOVEMBKU,    1913 

EDITORIAL      411 

I'aiia.la's   -nianksKivins Td'oiilci   i;encia:    Hiispital Intulrvaljln    condition.s  in 

pill. In-  parks  (.f  Tarnntu. 

TORONTO    GENERAL     HOSPITAL        415 

CONVENTION.    O.A.A.,    AT    GRIMSBY     433 

CURRENT    TOPICS     436 

liHawa-Hnll     Tnwn     J'luinai;;     Cammissa.n (.'iiina-iitinli     af     the     SasUatchf  wan 

Arrliilp.-ts l:iiti>h    .■anip.-IJ  I  ir.ii    in   ,1 iati\e    paintins 1  iisr,.vi-,\-   <.r   plan    m 

l...n.lan    in    .Mantua 

TESTING    OF   CEMENT    AND   CONCRETE      438 

PRESIDENT'S     ADDRESS     AT     CALGARV         442 

ADDRESS    TO     ARCHITECTS     BY     SIR     GILBERT     PARKER       444 

ADDRESS   OF    WELCOME    AT    THE    R.A.I.C.    CONVENTION    445 

THE    MODERN     HOSPITAL                                                                                  446 

TRADE     NOTES     450 

F"!!!!   I^age  11  In  strut  ions 

TORONTO    GENERAL    HOSPITAL.    MAIN     FACADE  Frontispiece 

TORONTO    GENERAL    HOSPITAL.    MAIN     ENTRANCE          .       .  413 

TORONTO    GENERAL    HOSPITAL.    PERSPECTIVE                      414 

TORONTO    GENERAL    HOSPITAL.    OUT-PATIENTS'     DEPARTMENT     423 

"THE    VILLAGE     INN."    GRIMSBY.    ONT.                                                                           434 


H.    GAGXIER,    Limittnl    Publisher^ 

GRAPHIC    .ARTS     BUILDING.    TORONTO.    C.AN.4DA 


15HANCH    OFl'ICKS 


MONTREAL 


WINNIPEG 


CHICAGO 


NEW  YORK 


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11 

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DKTAIL  OI- 
MAIN    I-ACADE. 


TORONTO  GENERAL   HOSPITAL. 


riARLIXC   &    PEARSON. 
ARCHITECTS. 


n 


Canada's  Thanl^sgiving — A  cause  for  general 
gralilude  over  the  progress  of  the  present  vcar 
and  the  future  promise. 


SURVEY  ING  the  conditions  of  the  past  year, 
the  great  question  arose  on  Thanksgiving  day  whether 
or  no,  as  individuals  and  as  a  united  people,  the  times 
warranted  the  optimistic  opinions  offered  by  the  vari- 
ous prominent  men  throughout  the  Dominion  of 
Canada.  To  be  sure,  our  pessimistic  friend  was  ever 
present.  He  could  see  nothing  but  portending  dis- 
aster ahead.  Is  it  not  evidenced,  he  asked,  m  the 
scarcity  of  money,  the  large  number  of  unemployed, 
the  moneyed  institutions'  refusal  to  advance  loans  on 
real  estate,  the  drop  in  all  phases  of  commercial  ac- 
tivity, the  building  slump,  etc.,  etc.  We  have  medi- 
tated over  his  statements  and  after  a  conscientious 
endeavor  to  sift  the  various  arguments  to  the  very 
bottom,  we  are  convinced  more  than  ever  that  the 
clouds  are  breaking  and  that  we  have  great  reason  to 
be  thankful.  In  the  messages  from  the  Premiers  of 
the  Provinces  we  note  a  sentiment  of  confidence 
which  must  express  the  feelings  of  the  millions  under 
their  jurisdiction.  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  of  Quebec  con- 
gratulates the  Dominion  on  her  present  prosperity 
and  prays  that  the  industry  and  skill  of  the  people, 
the  productiveness  of  the  agricultural  and  dairy  lands, 
the  commerce,  the  industries,  the  output  of  its  forests 
and  mines,  all  will  continue  in  their  present  state  of 
activity.  The  acting  Premier  of  British  Columbia 
cites  the  j'ear  as  one  of  substantial  gam  in  commerce 
and  general  development.  He  believes  they  are  on 
the  eve  of  a  new  era,  a  condition  emanating  from  the 
successful  operations  at  the  Isthmus  of  Panama 
which  IS  focusing  upon  the  western  coast  the  atten- 
tion of  the  world.  From  Saskatchewan  the  Premier 
greets  us  with  the  statement  that  in  no  previous  year 
has  there  been  harvested  a  more  satisfactory  and 
bountiful  crop.  The  Premier  of  New  Brunswick 
claims  the  season  has  been  one  of  the  finest  in  many 
years;  the  harvest  has  been  bountiful;  prevailing 
prices  in  most  lines  satisfactory;  demand  for  labor 
good  and  the  remuneration  fully  up  to  if  not  in  ad- 


vance of  previous  years.  Such  optimism  is  true  and 
wholesome.  The  real  cause  for  cur  uneasiness  is  a 
failure  to  grasp  the  helm  firmly,  but  rather  be  content- 
ed with  a  shaky  and  dangerous  existence.  Let  the 
world  cry  hard  times  and  we  have  it,  but  let  each  in- 
dividual weigh  the  points  carefully,  consider  the  cause 
and  efiect,  and  he  will  soon  feel  his  pulse  tingling  with 
new  life.  For  some  time  the  building  trades  took  a 
slump — a  slump  not  from  the  standpoint  of  a  good 
successful  period,  but  measured  from  the  phenomenal 
record  of  1912.  When  it  is  appreciated  that  in  some 
cities  the  total  for  this  year  will  exceed  that  of  last 
and  that  in  most  of  the  remaining  places  the  amount 
IS  gradually  encroaching  on  the  total  for  the  preced- 
ing twelve  months,  then  it  is  advisable  at  least  for 
the  hard-times  look  to  disappear.  All  the  more  so 
when  you  realize  that  this  has  been  true  during  a 
period  of  general  depression  when  external  causes 
have  kept  the  world  in  a  state  of  fear  and  anxiety. 
Our  general  tendency  is  to  exaggerate  the  existing 
impressions  by  ignorantly  quoting  false  conditions 
elsewhere.  What  a  large  amount  of  wasted  sym- 
pathy has  been  expended  on  the  Western  people. 
The  poor  people,  with  their  heavy  crops,  their  gains 
in  commercial  life,  their  remarkable  industrial  growth. 
No,  we  feel  that  Postmaster-General  Samuel,  of 
London,  in  commenting  on  his  recent  extended  visit 
to  the  Dominion,  spoke  correctly  when  he  said:  "The 
impression  I  received  of  the  working  classes  through- 
out my  tour  was  that  on  the  whole  they  are  prosper- 
ous. The  sole  unemployment  existed  in  the  West  on 
acount  of  the  recent  financial  stringency.  These 
conditions  were,  however,  passing  away  in  conse- 
quence of  a  very  bountiful  harvest,  which  has  done 
much  to  restore  the  financial  equilibrium." 

The  little  lesson  of  economy  as  well  as  the  bridling 
of  real  estate  speculators  during  the  past  season  has 
made  a  profound  impression  on  us  all.  We  have 
grown  cautious  once  more  and  as  a  result  the  wheels 
of  progress  have  been  set  in  motion  towards  a  future 
prosperity  unparalleled  in  our  history.  And  if  we 
can  only  prove  ourselves  masters  of  this  new  era  there 
can  be  nothing  to  hinder  our  advancement  in  the 
direction  of  unsoiled  dignity  and  power. 


C  O  i\  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


Toronto  Ge/jera/  Hospital — The  high  concep- 
tion evolved  from  the  first  of  making  the  insti- 
tution practical  and  modern   in   ever])  respect. 


THE  FINISHED  product  of  a  large  undertak- 
ing creates  enthused  admiration  from  the  people  at 
large,  and  yet  how  many  of  us  stop  to  appreciate  the 
intricate  problems  met  durmg  its  erection.     The  new 
General  Hospital  illustrated  in  this  issue  stands  as  one 
of  the  best  types  m  modern  hospital  work.     It  is  cited 
by  authorities  in  the  various  countries  as  having  an 
exceptional  plan,  and  an  equipment  of  unusual  merit. 
It  reflects  the  aesthetic  ability  of  our  local  architect? 
and  the  practical  modern  methods  employed  by  our 
hospital  boards.     The  committee  in  charge  started 
the  undertaking  with  a  comprehensive  view  of  what 
the  present  and  future  needs  demanded.    Their  chief 
aim  was  to  erect  a  hospital  complete  in  every  phase 
of  the  work,  with  a  prominent  location,  practical  ar- 
rangement, modern  equipment,  a  stable  organization, 
proper  co-ordination  of  efforts  in  every  department, 
staffs  of  efficiency  and  the  best  facilities  possible  for 
student  education.     As  a  result  of  their  untiring  ef- 
forts the  architectural   firm  of  Darling  &   Pearson 
was  selected  to  prepare  the  plans.     Their  task  in- 
volved a  considerable  amount  of  of  preliminary  work. 
The  site  was  solidly  built,  cut  through  by  numerous 
streets  and  of  an  unsanitary  state.    After  the  removal 
of  over  two  hundred  houses  the  complete  area  was 
specially  treated  and  made  thoroughly  sanitary   in 
every  respect.     On  Tuesday,  April  I  1  th,  1911,  the 
Governor-General  of  Canada,  Earl  Grey,  laid  the 
corner  stone  of  the  Administration  building.      The 
magnitude   of   the    institution  was    impressively    ex- 
pressed at  that  time  and  assurance  was  given  that  the 
completed  work  would  be  second  to  none — a  fact 
fully  demonstrated  by  the  present  group  of  buildings. 
How  the  new  institution  was  started  is  set  forth  by  C. 
K.  Clarke,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Superintendent  Toronto 
General   Hospital,   in  his   treatise   on   the  historical 
phases  of  the  work.     Dr.  Clarke  states  that  two  years 
ago  the  Board  felt  the  urgent  need  for  a  change  of 
policy  in  the  whole  conception  of  the  institution,  in- 
cluding buildings,  equipment,  maintenance  and  ad- 
ministration.      Conditions    had    changed    and    the 
marked  advance  in  knowledge  as  to  what  constituted 
adequate   hospital    facilities   necessitated    an   adjust- 
ment.    The  Board  decided  to  make  no  further  ex- 
penditure in  patching  up  old  buildings,  but  that  pro- 
vision should  be  made  for  new  structures  and  equip- 
ment suitable  for  the  modern  and  scientific  treatment 
of  the  sick,  and  at  the  same  time  furnish  facilities  for 
educational  work  in  conjunction  with  the  University. 
Steps  were  taken  at  once  to  secure  the  co-operation 
of  every  one  interested  in  the  creation  of  a  new  hos- 
pital.    Among  the  donations  were  $250,000  from 
the  Government;  $200,000  from  the  city  of  Toron- 
to; $50,000  from  the  University  of  Toronto;  $100,- 
000  from  Cawthra  Mulock  for  the  out-patient  de- 
partment;   $100,000    from    Hon.    Mr.    Cox    for    a 
memorial    building;     $100,000    from    the    Massey 
estate,  and  $330,000  from  J.  C.  Eaton  for  the  erec- 


tion of  a  surgical  wing  and  memorial.  Generous  and 
spontaneous  contributions  came  from  every  source 
and  are  still  giving  evidence  of  the  great  interest 
which  this  humanitarian  project  has  awakened 
among  the  people. 

The  hospital,  which  provides  beds  for  approxi- 
mately seven  hundred  patients,  occupies  nme  acres 
of  land  in  the  heart  of  Toronto  within  easy  access  to 
every  part  of  the  city.  It  is  a  source  of  pride  to  the 
Torontonians,  as  it  reflects  the  progressive  spirit  of 
our  present  area.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  while  the 
work  has  been  carried  to  completion  in  a  mercenai 
age  where  the  bare  necessities  sometimes  obliterate  all 
else,  still  here  the  aesthetic  and  practical  are  so  hap- 
pily united  as  to  produce  a  dignified  and  artistic 
institution  endowed  with  the  very  highest  conception 
of  structural  ingenuity. 


n 


The  main  argument  in  favor  of  sacrificing  parts 
of  our  public  parks — Intolerable  conditioris 
should  be  eliminated,  not  concealed. 


IN  THE  OCTOBER  issue  of  Construction 
a  criticism  was  offered  against  the  scheme  before  the 
Toronto  City  Council  of  converting  certain  sections 
of  the  various  parks  into  homes  for  the  working 
people.  Our  attention  has  been  called  to  the  fact 
that  the  press  in  commenting  on  same  failed  to  express 
the  one  important  reason  for  such  drastic  action  by 
the  committee,  viz.,  an  endeavor  to  conceal  conditions 
intolerable  to  the  people  who  enjoy  the  parks.  It  is 
claimed  that  in  certain  places  the  rear  yards  and 
surroundings  are  of  such  a  nature  that  the  ground 
adjoining  is  never  used — and  in  order  to  obviate 
this  condition  the  happy  solution  offers  itself  of  build- 
ing artistic  workingmen's  homes,  the  front  of  which 
will  lend  an  attraction  to  the  park,  while  the  rear 
will  hide  from  the  public  the  filthy  and  unsightly 
features  already  existing.  Surely  the  press  has  been 
the  greatest  help  to  the  exponents  of  the  act  in  their 
failure  not  only  to  mention  but  to  dwell  upon  this 
point.  Two  reasons  present  themselves  of  the  in- 
justice of  such  a  change.  First,  the  present  need  of 
more  park  area.  The  argument  to  sell  strips  from  our 
existing  public  spaces  and  purchase  new  land  farther 
out  is  wholly  out  of  the  question.  The  city  should 
and  will  create  parks  in  new  sections  as  the  increase 
in  population  warrants,  but  she  must  not  take  from 
us  what  little  we  have  in  the  crowded  districts.  Sec- 
ond, if  conditions  are  unbearable  in  certain  sections 
then  we  must  eliminate  these  unwholesome  places  and 
not  conceal  them.  Would  it  benefit  the  poor  man  to 
have  an  attractive  home  and  be  compelled  to  suffer 
at  h's  very  door  a  situation  that  is  repulsive  enough 
to  prevent  the  parks  from  being  used  at  the  present 
time?  What  the  people  need  and  what  the  people 
must  have  is  more  opportunity  to  feel  the  magic 
power  of  nature.  To  take  one  foot  of  our  parkage 
system  is  a  crime  towards  the  poor  and  must  not  be 
allowed.  To  counteract  the  unsightly  views  let  the 
Citv  Council  purchase  the  parts  which  are  objection- 
able and  turn  them  into  inviting  lawns  or  athletic 
fields  which  will  be  a  godsend  to  the  people. 


HOSPITAL.    TnRnNT( 


IN    ENTRANCE   OF    ADMINISTRATION    BUILDING. 


riAKLI-NG    .V    I'KAKSON. 
.VKrillTKl'TS. 


413 


414 


The   Toronto   General    Hospital,    Toronto 


THE  HOSPITAL,  which  represents  the  result 
of  years  of  consistent  work  upon  the  part  of 
the  Trustees,  is  a  hving  monument  to  their 
untiring  energy  and  enthusiasm.  Accommodating 
seven  hundred  patients  and  occupying  nine  acres  of 
territory,  it  marks  a  decided  advancement  in  the 
hospital  growth  of  the  Dominion.  The  site  cost 
$600,000,  while  the  total  expenditure  for  buildings 
approximates  $3,000,000.  Towards  this  amount  is 
the  munificent  grant  of  $600,000  from  the  Univer- 
sity, authorized  by  the  Government  and  Legislature, 
$4C0,000  from  the  municipality  of  the  city  of  To- 
ronto, and  $1,000,000  from  private  citizens. 

The  block  plan  shown  on  this  page  pictures  the 
condition  of  the  property  when  purchased   by   the 
hospital.      In   order   to   complete   the  present   areas 
Christopher    street    was  extended    to    Elizabeth,    at 
which  thoroughfare  Hayter  was  stopped.     In  return 
for  this  new  portion  of  land  the  hospital  authorities 
presented  the  city  with  narrow  strips  extending  along 
Christopher  and  Eliza- 
beth streets.     This  ex- 
change   not    only    en- 
abled   the  hospital   to 
build  on  a  rectangular 
piece    of   ground,    but 
also    permitted   of    an 
ample  widening  of  the 
two   streets  mentioned 
above.     The  bill  per- 
mitting  the   Board   of 
Trustees    to    expropri- 
ate   the    property    for 
hospital  purposes  gave 
a  clear  title  to  the  parts 
of    Chestnut,    Centre, 
and  College  streets  ly- 
ing within  the  present 
boundaries. 

As  the  work  of 
wrecking  the  old 
buildings  on  the  hos- 
pital site  and  the  clean- 
ing up  of  the  debris 
progressed,     it     was 

found  necessary  in  order  to  put  the  ground  in  a 
thorough  sanitary  condition  to  plough  the  whole, 
using  hundreds  of  bushels  of  disinfectants.  The  tree 
doctor  was  called  in  and  all  trees  to  be  left  standing 
and  requiring  treatment  were  thoroughly  attended  to. 
To-day  the  north  facade  facing  College  street  is 
of  free  Renaissance  treatment,  which  is  rendered  the 
more  dignified  and  impressive  by  the  well  executed 
iron  fence,  the  main  gateways  being  accentuated  by 
brick  piers  of  unusual  dimensions,  surmounted  by  iron 
lanterns.  Another  impressive  feature  is  the  brick 
paved  court  surrounded  as  it  is  by  the  iron  fence  and 


HERBERT   HORNER 

having  for  its  central  point,  the  main  entrance  to  the 
hospital  buildings. 

To  the  left  of  the  entrance  is  the  corner  stone, 
which  was  laid  by  the  Governor-General,  Earl  Grey. 
on  April  I  1th,  191  1.  This  entrance  admits  to  the 
Administration  building,  the  centre  of  the  whole 
College  street  front.  The  Administration  building 
is  four  stories  high,  or  a  story  higher  than  the  wings, 
and  is  surmounted  by  a  tower  executed  in  terra  cotta 
and  finished  with  a  copper  dome,  thus  giving  greater 
prominence  to  the  central  feature. 

The  walls  are  faced  with  a  specially  manufactured 
brick  and  relieved  with  trimmings  of  British  made 
terra  cotta,  while  the  whole  is  further  relieved  by  the 
interesting  spacing  of  windows,  and  the  sub-division 
of  the  windows  themselves.  In  the  rear  the  buildings 
are  grouped  from  a  wide  open  quadrangle,  command- 
ing abundance  of  fresh  air  and  sunlight,  some  of  the 
windows  being  finished  with  green  shutters,  which  not 
only  form  a  pleasing  contrast  to  the  walls,  but  also 
suggest  on  a  hot  day  a 


HL"CK     PLAN     0|.-     PRIIPERTY     WHKX     rURCIIASEU.     RF.VEAI.IN'G 
ro\c.l->TEn   AREA   nv   THE    NEW    IIHSPITAE   SITE. 


delightfully  cool  and 
shady  effect  within. 
This  great  quadrangle 
is  smoothly  sodded, 
providing  abundance 
of  lawn  space  for  con- 
valescing patients  and 
is  beautified  by  shrub- 
beries, walks  and  flow- 
er beds.  The  court  be- 
ing almost  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  buildings, 
privacy  and  quiet  pre- 
vail, and  yet  abund- 
ance of  fresh  air  and 
sunlight  is  admitted, 
partly  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  connect- 
ing corridors  are  but 
one  story  high. 

The  buildings 
throughout  are  fire- 
proof, the  outer  walls 
being  of  solid  brick, 
the  floors  of  concrete  and  the  inner  dividing  walls  of 
hollow  terra  cotta  tiles  with  metal  lath  used  through- 
out. The  outer  walls  are  faced  with  a  specially 
manufactured  brick  obtained  by  the  careful  mixing 
of  different  clays  and  requiring  more  than  ordinary 
skill  in  firing  to  obtain  the  variety  of  color.  These 
bricks  are  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  length 
of  the  ordinary  brick.  800,000  square  feet  of 
porous  terra  cotta  were  used  in  partitions.  Most 
of  the  floors  are  of  a  cement  finish  with  red  Scotch 
battleship  linoleum,  laid  directly  on  the  cement, 
which  gives  a  firm  and  even  wearing  surface  that  is 


415 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


MAIN    I'.NTKAXCI', 


not  only  noiseless,  but  easy  to  walk  upon,  an  inef- 
fable boon  to  the  nurses  who  will  have  to  traverse  it 
almost  unceasingly  for  hours  both  day  and  night. 

The  walls  are  finished  at  the  floor  line  vs'ith  a 
smooth  and  jointless  base  of  terrazzo  composition  of 
marble  chips  and  cement.  Some  of  the  most  notice- 
able features  of  the  interior  are  that  all  moulding  and 
projections  have  been  omitted  wherever  possible, 
all  internal  and  external  angles  coved  or  rounded  as 
the  case  may  be,  and  all  doors  made  perfectly  plain 
and  without  panelling.  For  all  interior  painting  an 
enamel  specially  prepared  for  hospital  use  has  been 
employed,  all  wearing  surfaces  having  a  glossy  finish 
which  IS  as  readily  washed  as  marble. 

Visitors  to  the  hospital,  or  those  having  business 
to  transact,  will  enter  by  the  main  entrance  off  Col- 
lege street,  which  opens  directly  mto  the  main  rotunda 
and  waiting  room.  This  hall,  the  floor  of  which  is 
of  marble,  is  lighted  by  the  stained  glass  windows, 
which  coloring  offers  a  pleasmg  contrast  to  the  walls 
finished  in  a  soft  and  restful  gray.  On  the  left  is  the 
general  office;  on  the  right  the  information  bureau. 
Here  also  is  located  the  telephone  exchange  which 
will  be  in  direct  communication  with  all  parts  of  the 
buildings.  In  close  proximity  are  the  offices  of  the 
medical  superintendent,  superintendent  of  nurses, 
secretary,  and  steward,  also  the  board  room.  Upon 
entering    the    latter    room   one    is    impressed    by    the 


thoroughly  business  like  and  quiet  treatment  of  the 
interior.  Handsome  bookcases  extend  across  either 
end  and  the  balance  of  the  wall  space  is  panelled  in 
oak  to  the  height  of  ihe  doors,  above  which  point  the 
walls  are  of  a  dark  olive  green.  The  furniture  is  of 
fumed  oak  and  the  window  draperies  of  rich  dark 
material  combine  to  put  the  finishing  touch  to  a  most 
quiet  and  harmonious  interior. 

The  public  wards  throughout  the  building  are 
equipped  with  all  that  is  most  modern  and  up  to  date 
in  the  way  of  hospital  furniture.  The  beds  are  the 
best  that  money  can  buy  and  are  furnished  with  large 
ball  bearing  casters  of  rubber,  thus  greatly  facilitat- 
ing the  moving  of  patients  from  place  to  place  when 
necessary.  Beside  each  is  a  sanitary  bedside  table 
of  enamelled  steel  and  a  particularly  comfortable 
arm  chair  constructed  on  a  special  slant.  At  the 
head  of  the  bed  is  an  electric  bracket  of  white  enamel 
provided  with  a  specially  made  glass  shade  and  a 
fixture  for  the  attachment  of  the  physician's  examin- 
ation lamp.  The  artificial  lighting  of  the  \vards  is 
all  on  the  indirect  system,  which  gives  a  soft,  pleasing 
and  shadowless  light  and  can  be  regulated  at  will  in 
three  different  intensities.  Close  to  each  bed  is  a  large 
window,  the  transoms  having  ventilators  specially 
arranged  to  avoid  draughts. 

All  through  the  building  is  the  silent  nurse-call 
system  is  installed.     Each  ward  bed  is  provided  with 


CONS  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


417 


:<V    VliVur    AT    -MAIN    K.VTRAXCE. 


a  cord  bell  push  which  lights  a  bull's-eye  on  the 
indicator  board  in  the  head  nurse's  table,  showing 
from  which  patient  the  call  comes.  Should  the  nurse 
be  temporarily  absent  from  the  ward,  her  attention  is 
attracted  by  a  red  light  over  the  ward  door  which 
lights  up  simultaneously  with  the  bull's-eye.  As  the 
nurse  answers  the  call  she  touches  a  button  at  the 
bed  which  extinguishes  both  bull's-eye  and  red  light. 

Each  group  of  private  and  semi-private  wards  has 
its  own  indicator  on  the  nurse's  table  in  the  hall  out- 
side and  every  door  has  its  own  red  light.  This 
system  also  facilitates  inspection,  as  a  supervisor  mak- 
ing rounds  from  the  corridor  can  see  at  a  glance  if 
any  of  the  patients  in  either  public  or  private  wards 
are  requiring  attention. 

The  whole  building  is  thoroughly  \entilated  with 
fresh  air  in  quantities  sufficient  to  change  the  entire 
air  in  the  wards  every  ten  minutes  and  in  bathrooms, 
lavatories  and  operating  rooms  every  six  minutes. 

Spacious  and  airy  verandahs  are  provided  on  each 
floor,  laid  with  tiles  and  in  direct  communication  with 
outside  staus  to  be  used  in  case  of  fire  or  other  emer- 
gency. These  verandahs  are  a  priceless  factor  in  the 
welfare  and  recovery  of  patients  and  even  those  con- 
fined to  bed  may  be  wheeled  into  the  fresh  air  with 
perfect  ease  and  comfort,  owing  to  large  rubber 
casters  on   the  bedsteads  before   mentioned. 

.All    bathrooms,    la\atories    and    nurses'    wash-up 


rooms  are  supplied  with  up-to-date  sanitary  fixtures, 
mostly  of  vitreous  ware,  many  of  which  have  been 
specially  designed  and  made  to  order.  The  floors 
and  trimmings  of  these  rooms  are  of  grey  Tennessee 
marble,  and  the  glossy  enamel  used  on  the  walls 
reduces  the  labor  of  the  inevitable  sanitary  cleaning 
to  a  minimum. 

The  operating  rooms  are  eleven  in  number  and 
are  found  in  the  main  building  and  almost  every 
other  building  of  the  group.  Most  of  these  are 
lighted  from  the  north,  the  windows  running  nearly 
the  whole  height  and  width  of  that  side  of  the  room. 
The  floors,  and  in  most  cases  the  walls,  are  of  spe- 
cially imported  tiles.  Each  suite,  consisting  of  oper- 
ating room,  anesthetizing  room,  sterilizing  room  and 
doctors'  wash-up,  has  its  own  special  system  of  ven- 
tilation. The  equipment  generally  is  of  a  very  high 
order  of  merit  and  has  been  brought  to  such  a  pitch 
of  perfection  that  already  it  is  being  adopted  as  a 
standard  for  comparison,  and  purchased  by  other 
institutions.  A  very  useful  adjunct  is  found  in  the 
copper  hoppers  with  a  grating  at  the  bottom,  designed 
for  the  reception  of  both  waste  water  and  soiled 
dressings. 

The  sterilizing  rooms  are  fitted  up  with  sterilizers 
for  hot  and  cold  water,  utensil  and  instrument  steril- 
izers and  autoclaves  for  the  sterilization  of  dressings. 
The  proper  use  of  this  outfit  means  that  nothing  is 


418 


CONSTRUCTION 


PART  OF 
BASEMENT 

PLAN. 
TORONTO 
GENEFL^L 
HOSPITAL, 
TORONTO. 


DARLIKG    & 

PEARSON. 

ARCHITECTS 


a: 


k*.!^ 


L.PGICAL     BUii.Dl 


ME  .  OBSTtTPiCS.  EMERGEWT.  OUT-  pAT/tNT; 
PATnOUOGlCAL.  SLDG' 


CONSTRUCTION 


m 


PART  OF 
BASEMENT 

PLAN, 
TORONTO 
GENERAL 
HOSPITAL, 
TORONTO. 


DARLING    & 

PEARSON, 

ARCHITECT? 


420 


CONSTRUCTION 


PART  OF 

GROUND 
FLOOR 
PLAN, 
TORONTO 
GENERAL 
HOSPITAL  , 
TORONTO. 


DAKI.IM,    S 
I'KAK^llN. 
MvCII  ITFA'r> 


CONS  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


421 


PART  OF 
GROUND 
FLOOR 
PLAN, 
TORONTO 
GENERAL 
HOSPITAL, 
TORONTO. 


DAUI.INi;    & 
I'K ARSi   X, 


J,.   ■_.,„ 


422 


CONSTRUCTION 


UINI.N'G    ROOM.    NURSKS    HOME. 


permitted  to  come  in  contact  with  the  operating  field 
which  IS  not  absolutely  sterile. 

The  ether  room  holds  everything  possible  for  the 
administration  of  one  of  the  greatest  of  all  blessings 
— the  anesthetic,  and  the  apparatus  of  all  kinds  is 
as  complete  as  it  is  possible  to  be.  No  pains  have 
been  spared  in  equipping  the  doctors'  wash-up  and 
dressing  rooms  with  everything  to  promote  their  com- 
fort and  welfare.  In  two  or  three  instances  shower 
baths  are  found.  These  will  be  thoroughly  appreci- 
ated by  weary  men  who  have  been  standing  perhaps 
for  hours. 

The  diet  kitchens  are  conveniently  situated  adja- 
cent to  the  wards  and  private  rooms  on  the  different 
floors  and  are  thoroughly  equipped  with  the  newest 
and  best  appliances.  Each  kitchen  has  its  gas  range, 
steam  table,  dish  sterilizing  sink,  refrigerator,  and 
cupboards.  From  these  diet  kitchens  the  individual 
trays  are  served,  most  of  the  food  being  brought 
cooked  in  bulk  from  the  main  kitchen.  The  main 
kitchen,  which  is  located  in  the  Timothy  Eaton  wing, 
the  dimensions  being  fifty-four  by  thirty-two  feet, 
is  lighted  by  three  large  skylights.  The  floors  are  of 
terrazzo  and  the  walls  are  lined  with  tile  to  the 
height  of  six  feet.  By  the  system  of  ventilation  em- 
ployed, the  air  of  this  room  will  be  changed  every 
six  minutes,  rendering  it  impossible  for  the  odors  of 


the  cooking  to  penetrate  other  parts  of  the  building. 
This  is  doubly  assured  by  the  fact  that  the  vents  of 
all  steam  cookers  are  earned  through  above  the  roof. 

Too  much  praise  cannot  be  accorded  to  the  equip- 
ment, which  IS  in  many  ways  the  only  thing  of  its 
kind  in  Canada.  There  are  four  coal  ranges  for  the 
fine  roasting,  two  dry  steam  roasters  capable  of  hold- 
ing one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  each,  for  the 
heavier  work.  The  broiling  is  done  by  charcoal  and 
three  fifty-gallon  steam  kettles  will  be  used  for  the 
hea\y  boiling  of  vegetables  and  meats.  In  the  two 
steam  vegetable  cookers  may  be  seen  the  latest  thing 
in  kitchen  apparatus,  the  prepared  vegetables  being 
enclosed  in  heavy  steel  compartments  into  \vhich  high 
pressure  steam  is  admitted  and  brought  into  direct 
contact  with  the  vegetables  with  incomparable  re- 
sults. Two  twenty-five-gallon  cereal  cookers,  two 
seventy-gallon  urns — one  for  coffee  and  one  for  tea 
— warming  tables,  working  tables  and  coffee  roasters 
complete  the  stationary  equipment. 

Opening  out  of  the  kitchen  is  the  bakery,  fur- 
nished with  two  ovens  each  having  capacity  for  1 40 
loaves.  Connecting  the  kitchen  uath  the  corridor  is 
the  serving  pantry,  in  which  are  steam  tables,  egg 
boilers,  plate  warmers,  and  hot  food  trolleys,  de- 
signed for  the  transportation  of  hot  food  to  the  diet 
kitchens.     These  latter  are  the  only  ones  of  the  kind 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


423 


KI'TIOX      RCIOM.      NTKSK: 


in  Canada  and  are  equipped  with  a  storage  battery 
which  IS  connected  with  heating  plates  in  the  sides  of 
the  wagon.  The  food  may  thus  be  kept  at  any  de- 
sired temperature.  Close  to  the  serving  pantry  is  the 
ice  cream  room,  containing  two  twenty-five  quart  ice 
cream  freezers  and  also  ice  crushers.  This  room 
also  accommodates  the  machinery  for  peeling  vege- 
tables. Near  to  the  kitchen  is  the  entrance  by  which 
all  food  supplies  are  received  into  the  building,  and 
close  at  hand  is  a  line  of  refrigerators  which  are 
cooled  by  brine  pumped  from  the  power  house  and 
consisting  of  a  range  of  cold  storage  rooms  kept  at 
a  temperature  varying  from  slightly  above  freezing 
to  ten  degrees  below  zero. 

The  first  building  on  University  avenue  south  of 
College  street  is  the  Shields  emergency,  the  gift  of 
Misses  Agnes  and  Jane  Shields  in  memory  of  then- 
brother.  Connecting  this  building  to  the  south  with 
the  main  group  is  the  receiving  lobby,  opening  direct- 
ly on  to  the  large  partially-covered  ambulance  court, 
which  is  suitably  screened  from  the  street  by  a  brick 
wall  with  two  gates. 

On  admission  the  patient  is  taken  to  one  of  the  two 
accident  wards  where  all  minor  injuries  are  treated, 
from  where,  should  an  operation  be  necessary,  the 
preparations  are  made.  The  anesthetic  is  given  in  an 
adjoining  room,  after  which  the  patient  is  taken 
directly  into  the  operating  room.     Two  more  rooms 


complete  the  suite,  the  surgeon's  room  and  the  steril- 
izing department.  Here,  as  in  the  main  building,  the 
standard  equipment  prevails.  A  specialty  of  this 
operating  room  is  the  artificial  lighting,  which  is 
accomplished  by  a  battery  of  powerful  electric  lights, 
focused  on  the  field  of  operation.  Thus  the  table  is 
flooded  with  light,  insuring  the  absence  of  shadow 
on  any  part  of  the  operation  field — a  system  which  is 
the  only  one  of  its  kind  in  Canada.  One  observation 
stand  is  provided  for  visiting  surgeons  or  students, 
for  whom  sterilized  gowns  will  be  provided. 

In  this  building  are  ten  wards,  public,  private  and 
semi-private,  containing  in  all  twenty-one  beds. 
1  hese  afford  temporary  accommodation  as  recovery 
rooms  for  operative  cases  or  for  very  serious  acci- 
dents. True  to  its  name,  the  emergency  operating 
room  will  be  in  readiness  day  or  night.  Completing 
the  equipment  of  this  department  the  same  donors 
have  given  two  of  the  finest  automobile  ambulances 
procurable,  machines  fitted  with  two  pneumatic 
stretchers,  and  a  cabinet  containing  all  appliances 
possible  for  first  aid.  The  garage  which  belongs  to 
the  main  hospital  groujo  has  a  capacity  for  three  am- 
bulances, and  is  fitted  with  small  machine  shop  for 
minor  repairs. 

It  should  be  mentioned  here  that  it  was  the  original 
intention  of  the  donors  to  erect  this  building  inde- 
pendent of  the  General  Hospital,  but  to  Dr.  Powell 


424 


CONSTRUCTION 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  /  O  N 


425 


426 


CONSTRUCTION 


belongs  the  credit  of  having  it  incorporated  in  the 
same  scheme  as  now  executed.  To  the  south  of  the 
Shields  emergency,  connected  with  it  by  the  receiving 
lobby,  is  the  out-patients'  department,  the  gift  of  Mr. 
Cawthra  Mulock.  The  main  entrance  to  this  build- 
ing is  off  University  avenue,  where  patients  are  ad- 
mitted at  certain  times  and  receive  medical  and  sur- 
gical treatment  free  of  charge,  if  unable  to  pay  a 
nominal  fee.  This  building,  which  has  a  forecourt 
tile  paved  with  a  shelter  at  either  end,  is  able  to  treat 
upwards  of  600  patients  per  day.  The  door  opens 
directly  into  the  large  waiting  room,  which  is  excep- 
tionally fine.  It  is  square  in  plan  and  surrounded  on 
three  sides  by  a  cloister  having  a  vaulted  ceiling, 
from  which  open  the  various  rooms  for  the  reception 
of  gynecological  and  surgical  patients.  Here  also 
IS  the  dispensary  where  prescriptions  are  filled.  The 
plan  is  repeated  on  the  second  floor,  leaving  the  main 


i.KX  Kl< Al.    \\  . 


ih'atii-:nt> 


hall  open  to  the  roof,  through  which  it  derives  most 
of  its  light.  Off  the  gallery  over  the  cloister  open 
rooms  for  the  treatment  of  medical,  eye,  ear,  nose 
and  throat  patients  in  addition  to  the  history  room, 
where  the  out-patients'  records  are  kept.  The  accom- 
modation and  equipment  in  this  building  are  ex- 
tremely good  and  the  department  includes  two 
operating  rooms,  one  on  each  floor,  where  minor  oper- 
ations are  performed.  This  building  is  connected 
by  a  closed  corridor  with  the  pathological  building, 
which  IS  a  University  as  well  as  a  Hospital  depart- 
ment. 

All  cases  are  admitted  to  the  hospital  by  the  re- 
ceiving lobby,  the  only  exception  being  the  private 
patients,  who  are  taken  immediately  to  their  own 
building.  From  the  receiving  lobby  the  patients  pass 
directly  to  the  medical  wing  basement  by  way  of  a 


covered  corridor,  where  they  are  received  by  the 
physician  in  charge,  who  makes  his  examination  and 
diagnosis  and  personally  admits  the  patient.  Small 
observation  wards  are  provided,  where  cases  of  sus- 
pected contagious  diseases  are  kept  until  the  diagnosis 
is  determined.  In  close  proximity  are  found  fumi- 
gating rooms  so  that  patients  and  their  clothing  may 
be  cared  for  specially  before  going  to  the  wards  if 
occasion  requires. 

The  Medical  wing  is  the  building  to  the  extreme 
west  of  the  College  street  group.  Here  are  six  wards 
containing  in  all  one  hundred  and  twenty  beds,  in 
addition  to  which  there  are  smaller  wards  containing 
thirty-six  beds  for  purposes  of  classification.  In  this 
building  IS  a  large  hall  to  be  used  as  demonstration 
and  class  room,  as  well  as  a  recreation  room  for  the 
nurses. 

All  the  X-ray  work  of  the  hospital,  emergency 
hospital  and  out  patients' 
department  is  to  be  done  m 
a  special  department,  which 
IS  located  in  the  basement  of 
this  wing.  There  are  five 
X-ray  machines  and  every 
accessory  for  exact  scientific 
work,  such  as  X-ray  treat- 
ment, locating  bullets  and 
other  foreign  bodies,  taking 
exact  heart  measurements, 
studying  bone  diseases,  the 
setting  of  fractures,  etc. 
The  orthodiarscope  com- 
pletes the  equipment,  this 
instrument,  the  only  one  of 
its  kind  in  Canada,  having 
been  designed  and  specially 
made  for  this  Hospital. 
This  machine  projects  a 
parallel  beam  of  X-ray;  the 
operation  through  which  the 
ray  passes  may  be,  as  in  the 
camera,  increased  or  dimin- 
ished in  size  at  the  will  of 
"'"^''  the  operator,  and  the  whole 

moved  in  any  direction  in 
the  vertical  plane;  by  this  means  the  movements  of 
the  heart  or  digestive  organs  can  be  outlined  on  the 
photographic  plate.  Adjoining  this  department  is 
the  photographic  laboratory,  where  X-ray  plates  'will 
be  developed  and  photography,  microphotography 
and  even  cinematography  will  be  carried  on.  The 
arrangement  for  filing  and  classifying  the  thousands 
of  X-ray  plates  is  a  very  complete  one. 

Across  the  corridor  from  the  X-ray  treatment 
room  is  located  the  Hydrotherapeutics  department. 
Here  the  equipment  is  as  modern  and  complete  as  it 
is  possible  to  make  it.  For  severe  burns,  acute  and 
alcoholic  delirium,  there  are  continuous  baths  pro- 
vided in  which  running  water  is  kept  at  a  constant 
temperature;  in  severe  cases  patients  are  immersed 
for  days  at  a  time.  The  Nauheim  baths  are  provided 
for  those  suffering  from  heart  and  other  diseases;  m 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


these  baths  the  water  is  impregnated  with 
gases  of  various  kinds.  In  the  electric  baths 
the  water  acts  as  a  resistant  between  the  two 
terminals;  when  the  patient,  who  is  m  all 
probability  suffering  from  some  nervous  dis- 
ease, is  immersed  in  the  water  a  proportion 
of  the  current  passes  through  the  body. 
Vapor,  hot  air,  and  electric  light  cabinets  aw 
provided  for  special  treatments.  The 
shower,  needle  and  spray  baths,  together  with 
all  douches  and  hip  baths,  are  controlled  by 
a  system  of  levers  from  a  station  in  the  centre 
of  the  room. 

Access  to  this  and  the  X-ray  Department 
IS  from  College  street;  a  special  entrance  is 
provided  for  the  purpose.  A  general  wait- 
ing room,  history  room  and  offices  complete 
the  suite. 

Next  in  order  is  the  Administration  build- 
ing.    In  the  basement  is  located  a  large  lec- 
ture room  for  the  use  of  University  students, 
also  for  the  giving  of  clinics  to  the  practition- 
ers throughout  the  city.     On  the  ground  floor 
are  thirty-six  beds  for  semi-public  patients  of 
all  classes;   on  the  second   floor   are  public 
wards  containing  forty-four  beds.    This  floor 
IS  for  the  treatment  of  the  eye,  ear,  nose,  throat,  and 
has  two  operating  rooms  to  one  suite.     On  the  third 
floor  are  public  wards  containing  forty  beds  with 
ample  provision  for  the  treatment  of  gynecological 
cases.     On  the  top  floor  of  this  building  are  the  in- 
ternes'   quarters,    with    accommodation    for    twenty- 
seven  doctors,  although  the  number  employed  by  the 
hospital  will  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  forty.    Every- 
thing here  is  exceptionally  comfortable.     Large,  airy 
sitting  and  dming  rooms,  pleasant,  well  fur- 
nished   bedrooms,    all   combine    to    make    a 
delightful  home,  while  the  verandah  to  the 
south    forms   a   noteworthy    feature.      Easy 
access  is  also  provided  to  the  roof,  which  will 
be  used  extensively. 

The  Surgical  wing,  occupying  the  eastern 
end  of  the  College  street  group,  was  donated 
by  J.  C.  Eaton  in  memory  of  his  father.  In 
an  extension  to  this  building  are  the  mam 
kitchen  as  described  before,  the  orderlies' 
quarters  and  the  servants'  dining  rooms:  on 
the  first,  second  and  third  floors  are  found  s'x 
wards  containing  one  hundred  and  twenty 
beds,  besides  which  are  smaller  wards  having 
twenty-one  beds.  Each  floor  has  its  own 
suite  of  operating  rooms,  all  of  which  are  of 
ample  size  and  well  lighted.  In  this  build- 
ing, as  in  the  medical  wing,  the  roofs  are  de- 
voted to  the  use  of  the  convalescing  patients. 
The  push-button  elevators  running  to  these 
roofs  are  fitted  with  every  modern  safety 
appliance  and  are  long  enough  to  admit  any 
hospital  bed  or  stretcher.  One  great  advan- 
tage of  the  push-button  elevator  is  that  it  can 
be  operated  by  anybody  with  perfect  safety, 
it  being  impossible  to  start  the  car  until  all 


<I-:ST    ROOM. 


hatch  doors  and  the  doors  on  the  car  itself  are  closed. 
The  Nurses'  Home  is  situated  to  the  south  of  the 
Surgical  Wing,  with  which  it  has  direct  communica- 
tion by  a  covered  corridor.  Neither  pains  nor  ex- 
pense have  been  spared  in  the  effort  to  render  this 
beautiful  building  an  ideal  home  for  nurses  and  to 
surround  them  with  every  comfort  possible.  The 
home  is  five  stories  high  and  basement.  On  the 
ground  door  are  the  dining  room  and  reception  room. 


4_'S 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


429 


Of  the  latter  special  mention  may  be  made,  as  it  is 
unusually  spacious,  with  two  fine  bay  windows  fin- 
ished in  oak  panelling.  There  is  a  fireplace  at  either 
end,  and  the  walls  are  finished  in  soft  green;  the 
barrelled  ceiling  is  relieved  with  plaster  ornament. 
This  room  opens  on  to  a  large  verandah,  which  over- 
looks the  nurses'  tennis  courts  and  flower  gardens. 
The  entrance  proper  is  by  way  of  the  large  court  to 
the  west.  On  this  same  floor,  but  remote  from  the 
general  quarters,  are  the  rooms  devoted  to  the  Super- 
intendent of  Nurses  and  her  assistants. 

The  upper  floors  are  given  over  to  bedrooms  and 
lavatories,  each  nurse  having  her  own  room.  These 
rooms  are  tastefully  furnished,  there  being  a  pleasing 


stones  high,  with  basement,  and  has  accommodation 
for  one  hundred  and  fifty  patients.  Here  the  general 
equipment  is  of  the  same  high  standard  as  that  em- 
ployed throughout  the  institution.  The  main  kitchen 
has  been  arranged  for  gas  and  steam  cooking  only, 
while  all  apparatus  is  of  Russia  iron  with  nickel  trim- 
mings. The  stocks  and  soups  are  made  in  copper 
steam-jacketed  kettles  lined  with  a  coating  of  pure 
block  tin  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  thick.  The 
service  tables  are  of  polished  steel,  while  scullery 
and  kitchen  sinks  are  of  cold  rolled  copper.  This, 
with  a  full  equipment  of  vegetable  cookers,  ranges, 
broilers,  vegetable  peelers,  etc.,  go  to  make  up  a  most 
complete    installation.       The    demonstration    room. 


rowER    HOISE. 


variety  of  decoration  employed  throughout.  The 
lavatories  are  exceptionally  well  arranged  with  a 
view  to  comfort  and  privacy,  each  bath  and  basin 
having  its  own  cubicle.  Here  also  the  nurses  have 
the  advantage  of  the  push-button  elevator. 

The  private  patients'  building  lies  to  the  west  of 
the  nurses'  home,  and  stands  in  a  commanding  posi- 
tion, overlooking  the  major  portion  of  the  hospital 
grounds.  The  approach  to  this  building  is  from 
Christopher  street,  where  a  fine  gateway  marks  the 
entrance  to  a  large  court  on  which  the  building  faces. 
This  building  is  of  the  same  general  construction 
and  design  as  the  remainder  of  the  group.     It  is  five 


which  is  across  the  corridor  from  the  kitchen,  is  for 
the  purpose  of  teaching  the  nurses  the  art  of  dietary 
cooking.  Here  the  equipment  is  a  duplicate  of  the 
kitchen,  only  on  a  smaller  scale.  There  are  in  addi- 
tion, however,  twenty-fi\e  small  gas  stoves  which 
are  used  for  the  purpose  of  individual  instruction. 
These  two  rooms  are  exceptionally  high  and  well 
lighted,  the  floors  and  walls  to  the  height  of  six  feet 
being  of  white  tile.  The  refrigerators  are  conveni- 
ently located,  and  together  with  the  diet  kitchen 
refrigerators  are  cooled  by  brine  pumped  from  the 
|)ower  house.  The  equipment  of  the  diet  kitchen, 
consists  of  steam  tables,  ranges,  etc. 


430 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


431 


A  notable  feature  of  the  whole  institution  is  the 
doctors'  call  system,  which  consists  of  twenty-nine 
stations,  each  station  consisting  generally  of  four 
series  of  five  different  colored  lights,  the  whole  con- 
tained in  a  rectangular  white  enamel  casing  and  sus- 
pended from  the  ceiling  usually  at  the  intersection  of 
the  corridors.  These  lights  are  controlled  from  thi' 
telephone  switch-board  in  the  main  building,  where 
the  operator,  by  pressing  a  button,  flashes  a  signal 
simultaneously  to  all  stations.  The  doctor  upon  see- 
ing his  signal  is  expected  to  telephone  the  operator. 
The  main  entrance  leads  into  a  reception  room, 
which  is  panelled  in  oak  and  burlap  to  the  height  of 
about  SIX  feet.  The  walls  above  the  panelling  are 
tastefully  decorated,  while  the  barrelled  ceiling  is 
freely  ornamented  in  plaster. 

The  general  office,  at  which  all  enquiries  are  made, 
IS  conveniently  located  to  this  room.  A  pair  of  oak 
doors  open  into  the  main  corridor,  which  is  in  direct 
communication  with  the  two  staircases,  the  two  push- 
button elevators  and  ambulance  entrance.  The  bed- 
rooms are  entered  from  this  corridor,  this  plan,  except 
for  the  ambulance  entrance,  being  repeated  on  the 
upper  floors. 

All  the  bedrooms  in  this  building  have  oak  floors, 
with  wood  base,  and  the  plaster  walls  are  painted 
with  a  special  egg  shell  finish  enamel  to  the  height 
of  the  picture  moulding,  the  ceilings  being  done  in 
a  soft  cream  white.  The  general  lighting  is  by  the 
indirect  method,  a  bracket  being  supplied  over  each 
bed.  In  each  room  is  installed  a  standing  basin,  and 
in  the  majority  of  cases  there  is  a  bathroom  to  each 
pair  of  rooms.  There  is  direct  telephone  communi- 
cation between  each  room  and  the  office.  The 
chintz  hangings  are  careful  reproductions  of  fabrics 
from  either  the  Adam  or  early  periods  in  England. 
There  is  a  soft  harmony  of  colors  which  give  a  pleas- 
ing and  restful  effect.  A  number  of  the  best  rooms 
are  furnished  throughout  in  the  Adam  style;  some 
few  are  of  an  old  ivory  finish,  while  the  balance  are 
in  cream.  The  furniture  includes  bed,  dressing 
table,  cheval  glass,  somnoe,  easy  chair,  and  a  chaise 
lounge  (the  two  latter  having  covers  to  match  the 
hangings),  a  large  central  rug  completes  the  set. 

On  the  top  floor  are  located  the  two  operating 
rooms,  with  their  dependencies,  the  balance  of  the 
floor  being  reserved  for  obstetrical  cases. 

In  the  southern  half  of  the  basement  is  located  the 
mai  nkitchen,  demonstration  kitchen,  storerooms,  re- 
frigerators, elevator  machinery,  etc.,  while  the  north 
end  is  given  over  to  the  help.  Nice  bedrooms  and 
sitting  rooms  are  here  provided. 

The  servants'  building,  the  first  building  south  of 
College  street  on  Elizabeth  street,  lies  directly  to  the 
south  of  the  goods  and  servants'  entrance.  It  is 
separated  from  the  main  kitchen  only  by  a  paved 
delivery  yard.  This  building  is  three  stories  high 
with  basement  and  has  accommodation  for  sixteen 
female  servants  and  twenty-two  male  servants.  On 
the  first  floor  are  two  nicely  furnished  sitting  rooms. 
The  building  is  comfortably  arranged  and,  as  in  the 
nurses'  home,  all  bedrooms  have  outside  shutters. 


The  Obstetrics  building,  which  is  three  stories  in 
height  with  basement,  is  entered  from  Elizabeth 
street  and  is  also  connected  to  the  main  group  by  a 
covered  corridor.  This  building,  in  construction,  de- 
sign, and  equipment  is  up  to  the  same  Toronto  Gen- 
eral Hospital  standard.  The  out-patients'  depart- 
ment IS  located  in  the  basement  and  entered  by  a 
separate  entrance  at  the  south  end,  while  the  upper 
floor  gives  accommodation  for  fifty-nine  patients. 

The  vital  centre,  the  heart  of  this  great  system — 
the  power  house — is  situated  on  the  northwest  corner 
of  Christopher  and  Elizabeth  Streets.  Under  this 
roof  we  have  the  source  of  all  heat,  light  and  power 
used  in  the  institution.  The  pipes  and  electric  wires 
are  carried  to  the  various  buildings  through  consider- 
ably more  than  a  third  of  a  mile  of  tunnels.  These 
tunnels  connecting  the  different  buildings  are  of  con- 
crete and  carried  underground.  Otherwise  they  fol- 
low the  line  of  the  corridors. 

The  power  house  is  divided  into  three  sections, — 
the  boiler  room,  the  engine  room  and  the  laundry. 
The  two  former  are  approximately  on  the  same  level, 
or  about  !6  feet  below  the  sidewalk,  while  the  latter 
IS  the  height  of  an  ordinary  story  above  the  side- 
walk. It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  that  the 
boiler  and  engine  rooms,  extending  as  they  do  above 
the  street  level,  afford  good  opportunity  for  abun- 
dance of  light  and  ventilation. 

The  boiler  room  contains  four  Babcock  &  Wilcox 
boilers  in  two  batteries  and  having  a  total  capacity 
of  1,800  horsepower;  they  are  equipped  with  the 
most  modern  automatic  smoke  consuming  stokers,  the 
fuel  being  supplied  to  the  stokers  by  an  electrical 
overhead  crane  and  dump  bucket. 

In  the  engine  room  are  located  four  125  k.w. 
steam  turbine  generators,  delivering  current  at  125- 
250  volt,  three  wire  system.  These  machines,  be- 
sides supplying  all  electricity  required  for  light,  fur- 
nish power  for  elevators,  for  the  39  large  ventilating 
fans,  for  the  air  washers,  the  nurse  call  system,  the 
electro-theraupeutics,  the  laundry,  and  all  minor 
electrical  apparatus.  For  emergency  service  there 
has  been  installed  a  1 50  k.w.  motor  generator  set. 
The  power  for  the  motor,  coming  from  an  outside 
source,  is  550  volts,  25  cycle,  3  phase.  The  genera- 
tor side  of  the  machine  is  the  same  voltage  as  the 
steim  generators. 

The  entire  apparatus  is  controlled  from  the  main 
switch-board;  for  each  machine  there  is  mounted  the 
standard  equipment  of  ammeters,  volt  meters,  circuit 
breakers,  controlling  switches,  etc.  From  this  board 
separate  feeders  are  carried  to  each  of  the  various 
buildings,  all  lighting  being  operated  on  the  125-250 
volt  circuit  and  all  power  on  the  250  volt  circuit, 
which  is  taken  from  the  two  outside  lines.  Full 
records  of  current  consumption  are  kept  on  record — 
the  total  voltage  for  each  machine  being  recorded, 
while  a  graphic  recording  watt  meter  indicates  the 
total  load  for  any  period  during  operation. 

The  buildings  are  heated  by  a  svstem  of  forced 
circulation  of  hot  water,  direct  radiation  being  em- 
ployed   throughout ;    the    radiators   are   of   a    special 


43: 


CONSTRUCTION 


hospital  type,  sections  far  apart  and  perfectly  plain. 
The  water  so  circulated  is  heated  by  the  exhaust 
steam  from  the  generators.  The  steam  turbo-driven 
impellers,  which  are  in  duplicate,  ensure  a  positive 
circulation  of  water,  no  matter  at  what  temperature 
it  may  be. 

There  is  also  a  pump  and  receiver  for  condensa- 
tion returned  from  the  live  steam  lines  which  supply 
heat  for  the  steam  tables,  cooking  apparatus,  steril- 
izers, etc.,  together  with  the  indirect  heating  coils 
employed  for  warming  the  air  which  by  the  various 
fans  is  forced  into  the  different  parts  of  the  buildings. 
It  should  be  mentioned  here  that  air  washers  are  in- 
stalled wherever  air  is  drawn  from  the  outside  and 
used  for  purposes  of  ventilation.  These  washers  con- 
sist of  a  series  of  water  sprays,  through  which  the  air 
is  drawn.  This  method  insures  a  positive  cleansing 
of  all  air  used  for  purposes  of  ventilation. 

The  usual  installation  of  boiler  feed  pumps,  feed 
water  heater,  sump  pumps,  etc.,  complete  the  installa- 
tion of  the  power  plant  proper,  the  exhaust  from  these 
latter  pumps  going  direct  to  the  feed  water  heater. 

The  upper  floor  is  occupied  by  the  laundry.  Here 
there  is  a  plant  which  is  as  complete  as  is  possible  to 
make  it.  The  most  noticeable  machine  is  the  com- 
pound flat  ironer,  capable  of  forty  thousand  pieces  a 
week.  In  addition  to  this  there  are  four  body  ironers, 
one  shirt  ironer,  two  extractors,  four  washing  ma- 
chines, which  with  the  metal  dry  room,  rotary 
tumbler  dryer,  blueing  and  soap  tanks  complete  the 
equipment. 


The  soiled  linen,  entering  the  building  at  a  separ- 
ate entrance,  follows  one  continuous  circuit  during 
the  various  processes  of  cleansing,  until  it  reaches  the 
sorting  room.  From  here  it  is  delivered  to  the  differ- 
ent departments.  In  this  way  the  clean  work  never 
comes  in  contact  with  the  soiled. 

Adjoining  the  power  house  is  an  addition  contain- 
ing the  refrigeration  plant.  The  brine  pumps  and  ice 
tanks  are  located  here,  while  the  ammonia  compressor 
is  in  the  engine  room.  The  plant  has  a  capacity  of 
two  tons  of  ice  and  eight  tons  of  refrigeration  per 
day,  the  ice  being  used  throughout  the  institution, 
while  the  refrigeration  is  for  the  refrigerators  located 
in  the  surgical  wing  and  private  patients'  building. 

In  close  proximity  are  located  the  workshops,  the 
machine  shop  having  the  usual  equipment  of  lathe, 
drill  press,  forge,  work  benches,  etc.,  while  the  car- 
penter and  paint  shops  are  conveniently  arranged. 

A  large  greenhouse  is  also  provided  for  the  care 
of  many  flowers  which  make  the  gardens  attractive. 

The  completed  work  affords  a  solid  unit  compris- 
ing all  the  departments  essential  to  the  ideal  institu- 
tion of  the  present  time.  Nothing  interfered  in  the 
endeavors  of  the  board  to  make  the  final  result 
efficient  in  every  phase  of  hospital  work  and  accord- 
ingly to  give  Toronto  one  of  the  finest  of  its  kind  in 
the  new  world.  How  successfully  this  has  been 
accomplished  is  judged  by  the  enthusiastic  and  un- 
stinted praise  of  foreign  critics,  who  are  unanimous 
in  their  favorable  comment  in  respect  to  the  plan  as 
well  as  the  equipment. 


\<\:.\K    \li;\\. 


\1IM  I  .\  IM  K  \riilN 


The   Ontario   Association   of  Architects 


To  ATTEND  the  ordinary  annual  meeting  or 
convention  of  an  association  is  one  thing;  to 
attend  such   an   annual  meeting   as  tliat   held 
this  year  by  the  Ontario  Association  of  Architects 
IS  quite  another  thing.     It  was  so  filled  with  dnersity 
of  places   and  of   interests   that   the   charm    of    the 
gathering  seemed  to  grow  rather  than  to  lessen  as  it 
progressed.     Let  us  begin  at  the  beginning.     Most 
of  those  in  attendance  left  Toronto  by  the  C.P.R. 
train  at  9.30  on  the  morning  of  Wednesday,  October 
15th.     The  time  in  the  train  went  so  quickly,  thanks 
to  cheery  badinage,  that  the  hour  appeared  to  have 
fewer  than  the  normal  number  of  minutes  in  its  make- 
up.    At  the  Hamilton  station  the  incoming  members 
were  met  by  local  members 
who  formed  a  sort  of  small 
body  guard  to  escort  the  ar- 
rivals to  "The  Wentworth 
Arms."      Here  the  profes- 
sional interest  of  the  mem- 
bers was  at  once  aroused, 
for  was  not  the  old  Love  ring 
House    being    transformed, 
under  the  able  hands  of  an 
architect,  into  a  comfortable 
modern    hostelry    in    which 
happily    there    was    to    be 
found  something  of  the  quiet 
spaciousness  of  inns  of  old- 
en days!    A  meeting  of  the 
dying  Council  was  held  in  a 
cozy  quarter  of  the  hotel, 
and,  after  that,  the  welcome 
sound  of  the  luncheon  gong 
was  heard.     The  members 
of  the  architectural  profes- 
sion then  demonstrated  that 
amongst  their  capacities  they 
included  the  art  of  demoli- 
tion.     In  other  words,   full 
justice  was  done  to  the  ex- 
cellent  fare  provided. 

Luncheon  over,  the  an- 
nual meeting  was  called  to 
order  by  the  President  of 
the  Association,  Mr.  C.  P. 

Meredith,  and  under  his  gracious  chairmanship  the 
members  showed  the  most  admirable  spirit,  no  matter 
how  keenly  at  variance  they  may  have  been  upon 
any  point  under  discussion  for  the  time  being.  The 
main  topic  for  consideration  was  the  revision  of  the 
by-laws,  and  for  that  purpose,  as  well  as  for  many 
others  during  the  deliberations  from  day  to  day,  re- 
course was  had  to  the  services  of  Mr.  A.  Monro 
Grier,  K.C.,  the  Solicitor  and  Counsel  of  the  Asso- 
ciation. His  methods  were  such  that  it  seemed  al- 
most as  if  he  belonged  to  some  profession  whose  aim 
in  life  was  to  bring  men  together  and  exhibit  their 
several  good  points  rather  than  to  keep  them  apart  by  B 

433 


exploiting  their  failings.  His  reading  of  the  by-laws 
was  of  such  a  quality  that  it  seemed  almost  heretical 
to  suggest  that  there  were  any  flaws  in  them.  The 
gaiety  of  the  occasion  was  considerably  heightened 
when  a  member  who  had  moved  an  amendment  was 
asked,  after  some  discussion  had  taken  place  upon 
it,  if  he  wished  to  take  a  vote  upon  it,  and  replied 
that  he  would  like  to,  if  he  knew  it  would  carry! 
During  the  session  at  Hamilton  an  exceedingly  in- 
teresting e\ent  took  place  in  the  birth  of  the  Hamilton 
Chapter  of  the  Association.  It  was  welcomed  most 
heartily  and  long  life  and  prosperity  were  wished 
for  it. 

At  5.10  the  members  took  a  special  car  on  the 
Hamilton,  Grimsby  and 
Beamsville  electric  line  for 
the  "Village  Inn,"  Grimsby, 
where  the  annual  banquet 
was  to  be  held  that  night. 
When  the  members  trooped 
into  the  spacious,  comfort- 
able dining-room  for  the 
banquet  the  scene  was  grate- 
ful to  the  eye  and  appetiz- 
ing to  the  palate.  The  feast 
was  enjoyed  by  all,  and  it 
was  not  only  a  material 
feast,  as  food  for  the  mind 
and  soul,  some  substantial, 
some  lighter,  was  provided 
by  the  speakers.  The  list 
of  toasts  was  not  long. 
Amongst  the  members  who 
spoke  were  the  following: 
Mr.  Meredith,  who  of 
course  presided;  Mr.  Wick- 
son,  Mr.  Acton  Bond,  Mr. 
Fennings  Tavlor,  Mr.  F.  S. 
Baker,  Mr.  Ellis,  Mr.  A. 
H.  Gregg.  "Our  Country" 
was  responded  to  by  Mr. 
A.  Monro  Grier  in  a  splen- 
did burst  of  oratory,  and  a 
fine  fighting  speech  was  de- 
livered by  Rev.  Dr.  Lyle  in 
defence  and  praise  of  the 
Drama.  Mr.  C.  W.  Jefferys  spoke  as  President  of 
the  Ontario  Society  of  Artists;  Mr.  W.  B.  Wolsey 
on  behalf  of  the  Engineers'  Club;  M'r.  Reed  re- 
sponded in  fitting  and  sympathetic  ternis  for  the 
Press.  The  proceedings  wound  up  with  "Auld 
Lang  Syne"  and  "God  Save  the  King." 

The  deliberations  of  the  Association  were  con- 
tinued the  next  morning,  Thursday,  October  16th, 
in  the  "Village  Inn,"  amongst  the  morning's  proceed- 
ings being  the  election  of  new  members  of  Council  to 
take  the  place  of  those  retiring.  The  following  is 
the  Council  for  1913-14;  President,  C.  H.  Acton 
ond,   Toronto;    First  Vice-president,    Herbert   E. 


434 


C  O  A'  6'  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


43? 


Moore,  Toronto;  Second  Vice-president,  L.  Fen- 
nings  Taylor,  Ottawa;  Treasurer,  J.  P.  Hynes, 
Toronto;  Registrar,  Franklin  E.  Belfry,  Toronto; 
Councillors,  Colborne  P.  Meredith,  Ottawa;  J.  W. 
Powers,  Kingston;  W.  R.  Gregg,  Toronto;  W.  W. 
Stewart,  Hamilton;  Chas.  E.  Langley,  Toronto. 

That  morning  the  members  imposed  upon  the  good 
nature  of  Mr.  C.  W.  Jefferys.  It  was  thought  desir 
able  that  the  record  of  the  annual  meeting  should  be 
enhanced  with  sketches  of  the  "Village   Inn,"   and 


tages  near  by,  where  genius,  in  the  shape  of  old 
porches  and  old  mantel  pieces  were  to  be  seen.  The 
occupants  of  the  dwellings  were  politeness  itself  in 
allowing  the  visitors  to  wander  through  their  rooms, 
and  the  members  noted  these  visits  as  amongst  the 
most  interesting  items  of  the  outing. 

The  concluding  note  of  the  occasion  was  a  visit  to 
Grimsby  Beach,  which  included  not  only  an  oppor- 
tunity to  see  the  natural  beauties  of  that  spot,  but 
also  the  chance  to  walk  through  a  neighboring  vine- 


COLONIAL 

DOORWAY'  AT 

GRIMSBY,  ONT. 


'.  w.    Ti-;i'i"Ki'''~ 


WfJ^A> 


of  an  old  doorway  in  the  main  street  of  the  village, 
and  it  was  calmly  suggested  to  Mr.  Jefferys  that  he 
supply  the  sketches.  Behold,  therefore,  whilst  the 
members  do  nothing  but  argue  and  discuss  in  meeting 
assembled,  the  President  of  the  Ontario  Society  of 
Artists,  seated  on  a  verandah  opposite,  his  back 
propped  up  against  the  wall,  drawing  the  "Village 
Inn."  How  faithfully  he  lived  up  to  his  own  high 
standard  of  work  can  be  seen  by  any  and  all  who 
examine  his  sketches  which  enrich  this  article. 

After  lunch,  visits  were  paid  to  houses  and  cot- 


yard  and  pluck  and  devour  bunches  of  luscious 
grapes  at  the  gatherer's  own  sweet  will.  The  task  of 
gathering  was  greatly  lightened  by  the  efficient  help 
of  the  two  children  of  the  newly  elected  President, 
who,  with  their  happy  laughter,  also  made  the  scene 
more  joyous. 

Let  us  close  our  reminiscence  here,  with  the  mem- 
ory of  the  quiet  of  that  autumn  shore,  beautiful  with 
the  pines  and  poplars  a  decorative  foreground  to  the 
uprising  hills  beyond;  beautiful  with  the  sunset  glory 
of  the  waters  of  L.ake  Ontario. 


436 


CONSTRUCTION 


OONSTRUCTICW 

A-  JOURNAL-  FORTHE  •  ARCHITECTURAL 

ENGINEERING    AND  •  CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS  •  OF    CANADA 


FREDERICK    REED.  Ed.tor 

H.  GAGNIER.  LIMITED.  PUBLISHERS 

Comer    Kich!nond    iiml    Slipppard    Streets. 
Toronto,  -  -  CanaQa 

BRANCH   OFFICES: 

MONTREAL-171  St.  James  Street 

WINNIPEG.  MAN.     13  Ror«l  Bank  Building 

CHICAGO     People's  Gas  Building 
NEW    YORK-156  Sth  Avenue 


CORRESPONDENCE — All  correspondence  should  be  addressed 
to  •■COXSTKI'CTIOX."  Corner  Richmond  and  .Sheppard 
."Streets.    Toronto.    Canada. 

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Entered    as   Second   Class   Matter 
Canada. 


in   the   Post   Office   at   Toronto, 


Vol.6    Toronto,  November,  1913    No.  1  1 


CURRENT  TOPICS 

THE  PRELIMINARY  MEETING  of  the 
Ottawa-Hull  Town  Planning  Commission  was  held 
in  Ottawa,  October  2nd.  The  following  members, 
which  constitute  the  Commission,  were  present:  H, 
S.  Holt,  chairman,  and  Sir  Alexander  Lacoste  of 
Montreal;  Frank  Darling  and  R.  Home  Smith  of 
Toronto;  Hon.  W.  T.  White  and  Mayor  Ellis  of 
Ottawa,  and  Mayor  Dupuis  of  Hull.  The  meeting 
was  given  up  to  a  general  discussion  of  the  lines  along 
which  the  Commission's  work  should  proceed.  The 
members  wished  two  points  clearly  stated,  viz.,  that 
there  would  be  no  conflict  between  the  new  Commis- 
sion and  the  Ottawa  Improvement  Commission;  that 
in  outlining  a  plan  for  the  development  of  the  capital 
an  endeavor  would  be  made  to  lay  down  a  scheme 
for  a  distinctly  Canadian  city.  The  Commission  will 
lake  some  time  for  studying  conditions  before  getting 
clown  to  the  detailed  work. 


THE  ORDINARY  method  of  using  open 
stoves,  burning  coke,  to  heat  and  dry  buildings  in 
course  of  construction,  has  been  forbidden  by  the 
German  Government.  The  vitiation  of  the  air 
caused  by  escaping  gases  is  considered  detrimental 
to  the  health  of  workmen,  and  a  new  law  requires 
that  all  such  stoves  be  connected  by  pipes  to  chimneys 
or  to  some  point  outside  of  the  building. 


THE  ANNUAL  CONVENTION  of  the 
Saskatchewan  Association  of  Architects  was  held 
in  Saskatoon  on  October  25th.  Some  forty 
members  were  present  to  enjoy  the  hospitable 
reception  offered  by  the  city  and  enter  into  the 
important  matters  brought  before  the  Assem- 
bly. One  of  the  problems  taken  up  by  the 
Association  was  the  question  of  technical  schools  for 
the  building  trades.  These  schools  were  thoroughly 
endorsed  by  the  Association.  In  order  that  boys  in- 
tending to  enter  the  building  trades  could  receive  a 
liberal  education  along  the  line  of  their  chosen  work, 
it  was  thought  advisable  that  technical  schools  should 
be  established  in  connection  with  the  collegiate 
schools.  The  secretary  was  finally  instructed  to  take 
the  matter  up  with  the  Provincial  Government. 

In  a  brief  address  F.  C.  Clemesha  of  Regina, 
president  of  the  Association,  expressed  the  apprecia- 
tion of  the  members  of  the  architectural  profession  in 
Saskatchewan  for  the  arrangements  that  had  been 
made  for  them  by  the  local  chapter.  He  referred 
also  to  the  hospitality  of  the  Saskatoon  club,  which 
had  made  the  visitors  honorary  members  for  the  day, 
and  also  to  the  kindness  of  the  University  authorities 
in  placing  an  auditorium  at  their  disposal.  He  spoke 
feelingly  of  the  recent  death  of  Mr.  John  Storey,  of 
Regina,  who  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  pro- 
fession. 

A  very  enioyable  banquet  was  held  in  the  dining 
room  of  the  Saskatoon  Club,  at  which  function  sixty 
architects  felt  the  great  bond  which  brought  them  to- 
gether in  hearty  fellowship.  The  hall  was  profusely 
decorated  with  red,  white  and  blue,  which  formed 
an  admirable  setting  for  this  impressive  gathering. 
A  feature  of  the  banquet  was  the  menu.  By  each 
plate  was  laid  a  roll  of  blue  prints,  on  which  ap- 
peared the  menu,  the  toast  list  and  some  clever 
sketches,  besides  a  number  of  conundrums  on  techni- 
cal subjects.  Among  those  who  proposed  and 
answered  the  various  toasts  were  the  newly  elected 
Dresident,  W.  G.  Van  Egmond,  Mayor  Harrison. 
F.  A.  Fevell,  Dr.  Murray,  Denis  Shannon,  R.  S. 
Bvers.  Professor  Grieg.  Commissioner  ^  orath.  R. 
M.  Thompson  and  F.  C.  Clemensha. 

During  the  afternoon  session  the  officers  of  the 
Association  for  the  ensuing  year  were  elected  as  fol- 
lows: President,  W.  G.  Van  Egmond,  Regina; 
"Secretary-Treasurer,  F.  C.  Clemesha,  Regina; 
Vice-presidents,  R.  G.  Bunvard,  Moose  Jaw,  and 
A.  G.  Creighton,  Prince  Albert;  Council,  A.  R. 
Greig,  Saskatoon;  D.  W.  Webster,  Saskatoon;  A. 


CONSTRUCTION 


437 


L.  Favell,  North  Battlefoid.  Moose  Jaw  was  the 
unanimous  choice  of  the  convention  as  the  next  place 
of  meeting. 

THE  FOLLOWING  Scheme  of  Competition 
for  the  Scholarship  in  Decorative  Painting  at  the 
British  School  at  Rome,  has  been  offered  by  the 
Commissioners  for  the  Exhibition  of  1 85  i .  The 
Scholarship  will  be  of  the  value  of  two  hundred 
pounds  per  annum,  and  will  be  ordinarily  tenable 
for  three  years.  Candidates  must  be  British  subjects, 
and  less  than  thirty  years  of  age  on  1st  July,  1914. 
The  Competition,  which  will  be  conducted  by  the 
Faculty  of  Painting  of  the  British  School  at  Rome, 
will  be  in  two  stages: — A.  An  open  examination: 
B.  A  final  competition,  open  to  not  more  than  four 
candidates  selected  from  those  competing  in  the  open 
examination. 

A.  The  Open  Examination:  Competitors  in  this 
examination  should  submit  the  following  works: — 
1 .  Not  less  than  four  drawings  of  the  nude  figure 
from  the  life;  2.  One  painting  of  a  head,  and  one 
painting  of  a  figure  from  the  life  in  oil  or  tempera ; 
3.  Two  figure  compositions  in  color  suitable  for  wall 
decoration  (not  larger  than  thirty  inches  by  twenty- 
two  inches)  ;  4.  Sketches  of  designs  for  decorative 
purposes,  which  should  include  some  architectural 
studies. 

Competitors  should  notify  the  Honorary  General 
Secretary,  British  School  at  Rome,  54  Victoria 
Street,  London,  S.W.,  of  their  intention  to  compete 
in  this  examination  as  early  as  possible,  and  in  any 
case  not  later  than  24th  January,  1914,  and  with 
such  notification  must  enclose  a  certificate  of  birth, 
or  a  declaration  as  to  age  and  nationality,  duly 
attested  by  two  responsible  persons.  The  works  sub- 
mitted for  the  Open  Examination  should  be  ad- 
dressed to  the  Honorary  General  Secretary,  British 
School  at  Rome,  care  of  Messrs.  Chapman  Bros., 
241  King's  Road,  Chelsea,  London,  S.W.,  and  de- 
livered at  that  address  not  later  than  31st  January, 
1914.  The  words  "Scholarship  in  Decorative 
Painting"  should  be  clearly  marked  on  the  outside 
of  each  package.  The  names  and  addresses  of  com- 
petitors must  be  clearly  written  on  the  back  of  each 
drawing,  painting,  etc.  The  works  must  be  sent  un- 
framed  and  unglazed,  and  must  be  forwarded  at  the 
candidates'  expense.  The  works  will  be  returned  to 
candidates  at  their  own  expense.  The  Faculty  wili 
undertake  no  responsibility  in  the  case  of  any  damage 
or  loss. 

B.  The  Final  Comjietition:  This  competition  will 
be  held  in  London  from  27th  April  to  20th  June, 
1914,  and  will  be  open  to  not  more  than  four  candi- 
dates selected  from  those  competing  in  the  Open 
Examination.  The  subiect  will  consist  of  a  design 
for  a  wall  decoration  to  fill  a  given  space  for  a  given 
purpose,  and  to  a  given  scale.  Eight  weeks  will  be 
allowed  for  the  execution  of  the  design,  and  during 
that   time  candidates   will   be   provided   with   studio 


accommodation,  and  given  an  allowance  of  two 
pounds  per  week  for  models.  The  successful  candi- 
date in  this  competition  will  be  recommended  for 
appointment  to  the  Commissioners'  Scholarship. 

The  Faculty  reserve  to  themselves  the  right,  at 
their  absolute  discretion,  to  alter  any  of  the  condi- 
tions, periods,  dates  or  times  herein  specified,  and  to 
decline  to  hold  the  Final  Competition,  or  to  select 
any  candidate  for  it,  or  to  make  any  recommendation 
for  the  Scholarship.  The  Faculty  also  reserve  to 
themselves  the  right  to  publish  photographic  repro- 
ductions of,  or  exhibit,  any  of  the  works  submitted 
by  competitors. 

SIR  LAURENCE   COM  ME,  Clerk  to  the 

London  County  Council,  London,  England,  con- 
tributes to  "The  Sphere"  an  account  of  a  remarkable 
discovery  recently  made  in  the  Corte  Reale  or 
Reggia  at  Mantua.  "It  is  a  thought  worth  bearing 
in  mind,"  says  Sir  Laurence,  "that  foreign  cities 
have,  and  have  had,  a  better  opinion  of  London  than 
Londoners  themselves.  Somehow  or  another  a  Lon- 
doner IS  always  a  Little  Londoner.  There  are  many 
instances  of  foreign  opinion  in  the  past  looking  upon 
London  as  one  of  the  great  world  cities,  but  no 
instance,  perhaps,  quite  so  interesting  as  the  London 
County  Council  has  just  succeeded  in  recovering 
from  Mantua.  Mantua  itself  has  all  the  romance 
of  Italy  associated  with  it — scenery  that  Dickens 
described  as  only  Dickens  could  describe,  a  history 
which  goes  back  to  the  wonderful  Etruscan  period 
which  can  appeal  to  us  through  the  verses  of  Virgil, 
which  came  through  the  vicissitudes  of  the  mediaeval 
struggles  following  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
and  which  in  the  late  fifteenth  century  made  Mantua 
one  of  the  great  homes  of  European  art.  It  was  then 
ruled  by  the  eighth  member  of  the  house  of  Gonzaga, 
Gian  Francesco  III.  (1484-15  19)  whose  wife  was 
Isabella  d'Este.  On  July  24,  1523,  Isabella,  in 
pursuance  of  her  policy  to  embellish  Mantua  with  all 
the  best  products  of  contemporary  art,  asked  the 
Mantuan  Ambassador  at  Venice  to  obtain  drawings 
of  notable  cities  as  materials  for  frescoes  in  her  loggi. 
One  of  the  cities  chosen  under  this  instruction  was 
London,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  scheme 
was  carried  out  in  its  entirety.  About  ten  years  ago 
many  town  plans,  including  one  of  London  in  fresco, 
were  discovered  in  what  were  known  as  Isabella's 
apartments  in  the  Reggia.  and  through  the  kindness 
of  the  Director  of  the  Reggio  Archivio  the  London 
County  Council  obtained  a  photograph  of  the  Lon- 
don plan,  which  by  permission  of  the  Council  was 
exhibited  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  London  Topo- 
graphical Society.  The  outline  of  the  city  wall 
agrees  closely  with  Norden  s  drawing  of  1  593,  be- 
tween which  date  and  that  of  Isabella's  request  to 
her  Ambassador  there  was  practically  no  alteration 
in  the  city's  exterior  appearance.  We  can  therefore 
on  the  whole  accept  this  fresco  as  a  representation 
of  London  in  the  early  sixteenth  century." 


Testing  of   Cement   and   Concrete 


PROFESSOR  BRYDONE.JACK 


MR.  PRESIDENT  and  members  of  the 
Royal  Architectural  Institute  of  Canada:  It 
IS  not  my  intention  to  give  you  to-day  any- 
thing in  the  form  of  a  lecture,  but  I  propose  making 
a  few  rambling  remarks  upon  the  manufacture  and 
tests  of  cement  and  concrete  for  use  in  building 
construction.  It  may  be  as  well  at  the  start  to  let  you 
know  that  my  remarks  will  be  brief,  as  of  course  it 
would  be  impossible  to  go  fully  into  the  subject  in 
the  short  space  of  time  at  my  disposal.  I  propose 
outlining  briefly :  1 .  The  history  of  the  discovery 
of  cement;  2.  The  general  process  of  manufacture; 
3.  The  interpretation  and  meaning  of  results  obtained 
by  the  standard  tests  of  cement:  4.  The  effect  of 
alkali  on  concrete;  5.  The  use  of  oil. 

History. 
The  use  of  cement  and  concrete  extends  back  to 
a  period  long  before  the  Christian  era.  Lime  must 
have  been  used  by  the  Egyptians  thousands  of  years 
before  Christ,  as  the  stones  of  the  pyramids  were 
apparently  laid  in  mortar  of  common  lime  and  sand, 
while  it  is  thought  by  some  that  the  Egyptians  under- 
stood the  principle  of  mixing  lime  and  clay  together 
to  make  a  real  cement.  Concrete  was  made  by  the 
Romans  several  centuries  before  Christ,  and  they 
discovered  that  volcanic  ash  or  puzzolan,  when  mixed 
with  slaked  lime,  made  a  cement  with  hydraulic  pro- 
perties. 

In  the  first  century,  Vitruvius  describes  a  method 
of  making  concrete  with  lime,  and  gave  the  following 
formula:  12  parts  of  puzzolan,  well  pulverized; 
6  parts  of  quartz,  well  washed;  9  parts  of  rich  lime 
recently  slaked;  to  which  is  added  6  parts  of  frag- 
ments of  broken  stone,  porous  and  angular,  when 
intended  for  a  pise  or  a  filling  in. 

From  the  downfall  of  the  Roman  Empire  to  the 
last  half  of  the  eighteenth  century,  little  appears  to 
have  been  done  in  the  manufacture  of  cement,  but 
the  cement  mortars  and  concretes  of  the  early  Ro- 
mans were  so  hard  that  in  the  eighteenth  century 
experimenters  endeavored  to  discover  the  supposedly 
lost  art. 

In  1  756  John  Smeaton  discovered  that  an  argil- 
laceous limestone  produced  a  lime  that  would  set  and 
harden  under  water;  but  no  immediate  appreciation 
of  this  knowledge  appears  to  have  resulted. 

Natural  cement  was  first  discovered  by  Parker 
in  I  795,  as  a  result  of  an  attempt  to  equal  or  excel 
Roman  cement,  and  in  1  796  he  took  out  an  English 
patent.  Natural  cement  was  not  produced  in  Amer- 
ica, however,  until  1818,  when  Canvass  White  dis- 
covered a  rock  suitable  for  the  manufacture,  and  this 
was  the  principal  cement  used  for  a  long  time,  the 
maximum  yearly  production  being  about  ten  million 


barrels  in  1899,  which  has  decreased  rapidly  since 
then,  due  to  the  superior  qualities  of,  and  the  reduc- 
tion of  cost  in  Portland  cement. 

The  art  of  manufacturing  Portland  cement  was 
discovered  in  1824.  TTie  cement  was  called  "Port- 
land" on  account  of  its  resemblance  to  a  building 
stone  obtained  from  the  Isle  of  Portland.  It  was  not 
until  1855,  however,  that  much  progress  was  made 
in  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  in  England. 

In  America,  Portland  cement  was  first  manufac- 
tured in  I  824,  but  it  was  not  used  to  any  great  extent 
until  1880.  Mr.  D.  O.  Sayler  is  regarded  as  the 
founder  of  the  Portland  cement  industry  in  America. 
He  experimented  on  it  from  1871  to  1875,  and 
marketed  the  cement  in  1875. 

The  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  now  is  ap- 
proximately  one   hundred   million   barrels  per  year. 

Manufacture. 

Natural  cement  is  the  product  resulting  from  the 
burning  and  subsequent  pulverization  of  an  argil- 
laceous limestone  or  other  suitable  rock  in  its  natural 
condition. 

Portland  cement  is  the  product  resulting  from  the 
process  of  grinding  an  intimate  mixture  of  calcareous 
and  argillaceous  materials,  calcining  the  mixture  to 
incipient  fusion  and  grinding  the  resulting  clinker  to  a 
fine  powder.  It  contains  no  materials  added  after 
calcination,  other  than  small  amounts  of  certain  sub- 
stances used  to  regulate  its  setting  properties. 

The  distinguishing  characteristics  between  Port- 
land and  natural  cement  are:  1.  Portland  cement  is 
manufactured  by  the  use  of  an  artificial  mixture, 
grinding  before  burning,  and  calcination  to  incipient 
fusion;  2.  Natural  cement  is  manufactured  by  the 
use  of  a  single  variety  of  material,  unground,  and 
burned  at  a  low  heat;  3.  Portland  cement  is  heavier, 
slower  setting  and  has  greater  strength  than  natural 
cement.  Portland  cement,  then,  may  be  considered 
as  a  mixture  of  calcium  carbonate  and  aluminum  sili- 
cate, ground  fine,  calcined,  and  then  re-ground,  for 
commercial  use. 

The  processes  of  manufacture  differ  with  the  na- 
tural state  in  which  these  materials  are  found,  but  the 
operation  consists  essentially  of:  1.  Pulverizing  and 
mixing  the  two  ingredients;  2.  Heating  to  a  tempera- 
ture near  the  melting  point;  3.  Grinding  this  product 
to  a  fine  powder. 

There  are  two  principal  methods  of  manufacture, 
known  as  the  wet  and  the  dry  processes.  In  the  wet 
process  the  materials  are  mixed  and  ground  in  the 
wet  condition  and  introduced  into  the  kilns.  In  the 
dry  process  the  materials  are  mixed  dry  and  intro- 
duced into  the  kilns  in  a  dry  state.  After  the  cal- 
cination in  the  kilns  the  clinker  is  ground  in  the  same 
manner  for  both  processes. 

The  exact  proportions  of  ingredients  for  Portland 


438 


COXSTRUCTI  O  i\ 


cement  are  determined  by  their  chemical  composi- 
tion, a  usual  ratio  being  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  cal- 
cium carbonate  and  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  aluminum 
silicate. 

Due  to  the  many  forms  of  these  substances  as 
found  in  nature,  there  is  a  large  range  of  choice  for 
raw  materials.  Some  of  the  combinations  used  are 
as  follows:  I.  Cement,  rock  and  limestone;  2. 
Limestone  and  clay;  3.  Limestone  and  shale;  4. 
Marl  and  clay;  5.  Chalk  and  clay;  6.  Limestone 
and  slag. 

Fine  grinding  before  burning  is  one  of  the  secrets 
of  successful  manufacture. 

For  calcining  the  mixture  of  finely  ground  material 
the  rotary  kiln  is  principally  used.  This  consists  of  an 
inclined  steel  tube  from  sixty  to  two  hundred  feet 
long,  the  diameter  usually  being  from  six  to  twelve 
feet.  The  tube  is  lined  with  fire-brick,  and  is  set  on  a 
slight  slope  in  such  a  manner  that  it  can  be  rotated  on 
its  axis.  The  fuel  used  for  calcining  is  usually  either 
powdered  coal  or  petroleum,  and  is  fed  to  the  kiln 
at  its  lower  end  by  piping.  The  ground  materials 
for  the  cement  are  fed  to  the  kiln  at  the  upper  end 
by  a  spiral  conveyor  enclosed  in  a  water- jacketed 
pipe.  The  degree  of  calcination  is  governed  by  the 
supply  of  raw  material,  the  speed  of  rotation  of  the 
kiln,  and  the  quantity  of  fuel.  The  temperature  for 
burning  is  between  2,700  and  3,000  deg.  Fahr. 

At  a  certain  point  in  its  descent  the  raw  material 
becomes  semi-vitrified,  and  forms  into  irregular  balls 
or  clinkers.  These  roll  around  and  around,  and 
finally  fall  out  red  hot  at  the  lower  end.  They 
arnge  in  size  from  sand  to  one  inch  in  diameter.  This 
clinker  is  of  a  greenish  black  color  with  a  faint  glisten. 

The  output  of  a  kiln  varies  with  the  length  and 
diameter  from  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  twelve  hun- 
dred barrels  per  twenty-four  hours.  After  coming 
from  the  kiln  the  clinker  is  first  cooled  and  then 
crushed  in  rolls  or  some  form  of  crusher.  It  is  then 
ground  fine  by  passing  through  ball  and  tube  mills. 

The  rotary  kiln  has  been  used  largely  for  the  dry 
process  of  manufacture,  but  it  is  also  used  for  the  wet 
process  even  in  cases  where  the  slurry  (or  mixture  of 
raw  materials  and  water)  contains  as  much  as  forty 
per  cent,  of  water.  For  use  of  the  rotary  kiln  in  the 
wet  process  the  slurry  is  pumped  into  the  end  of  the 
rotary  and  dried  by  the  same  flame  used  for  calcina- 
tion, but  considerably  more  fuel  must  be  used.  Be- 
fore the  introduction  of  the  rotary  kiln  all  cement 
was  calcined  in  stationary  kilns,  which  were  either 
intermittent  or  continuous  in  action.  The  labor  cost 
with  stationary  kilns  is  much  higher  than  with  rotary 

kilns. 

/  esiiti^. 

Cement  is  used  to  such  an  extent  in  engineering 
structures  and  in  building  construction,  and  the 
strength  and  stability  of  structures  depend  so  much 
on  the  quality  of  the  cement  used  that  it  is  imperative 
to  have  all  cement  tested  before  using  in  any  import- 
ant work. 

In    selecting    samples    for    testing    purposes    care 


should  be  taken  to  get  representative  samples  for  each 
lot  in  a  shipment.  The  sample  for  testing  is  gener- 
ally taken  in  one  of  three  ways:  1.  An  average 
sample  from  several  packages;  2.  Separate  samples, 
each  from  a  single  package,  tested  separately;  3. 
One  sample  from  a  single  bag.  Obviously  the  test 
of  a  sample  taken  from  one  bag  is  unfair,  and  inac- 
curate, and  should  not  be  permitted.  The  separate 
testing  of  a  number  of  samples  each  taken  from  a 
single  bag  involves  a  large  amount  of  unnecessary 
work,  though  in  some  cases  it  may  be  necessary  in 
order  to  test  the  uniformity.  The  average  sample 
from  several  bags  is  usually  the  best  method,  and  on 
large  shipments  approximately  every  bag  in  thirty  or 
forty  should  be  opened  and  sampled. 

The  cement  taken  from  each  bag  should  be  the 
average  of  its  entire  contents,  since  the  cement  on  its 
exterior  is  more  liable  to  influences  tending  to  change 
its  properties  than  that  on  the  interior.  The  bag 
should  be  sampled  from  surface  to  centre,  using 
either  a  sampling  auger  or  a  long  narrow  scoop. 

The  tests  which  are  regarded  a.i  the  most  suitable 
for  the  acceptance  of  cement  are  as  follows: — 
I.  Chemical  analysis;  2.  Specific  gravity;  3.  Fine- 
ness; 4.  Activity,  or  time  of  setting;  5.  Tensile 
strength  of  neat  cement  and  mortar;  6.  Soundness. 

1.  Chemical  Analysis:  The  average  analysis  of  a 
good  Portland  cement  is  as  follows: — Silica,  twenty- 
one  to  twenty-four  per  cent. ;  alumina,  six  to  eight 
per  cent. ;  iron  oxide,  two  to  four  per  cent. ;  lime, 
sixty  to  sixty-five  per  cent.;  magnesia,  one-half  to 
two  per  cent.;  sulphuric  acid,  one-half  to  one  and 
one-half  per  cent.;  carbonic  acid  and  water,  one  to 
three  per  cent. 

Significance  of  Chemical  Analysis:  C  hemic  si 
analysis  may  render  valuable  service  in  the  detection 
of  adulteration  of  cement  with  considerable  amounts 
of  inert  material,  such  as  slag  or  ground  limestone. 
It  IS  of  use,  also,  in  determining  whether  certain  con- 
stituents believed  to  be  harmful  when  in  excess  of  a 
certain  percentage,  as  magnesia  and  sulphuric  anhy- 
dride, are  present  in  inadmissible  properties. 

The  determination  of  the  principal  constituents  of 
cement — silica,  alumina,  iron  oxide  and  lime — is  not 
conclusive  as  an  indication  of  quality.  Faulty  char- 
acter of  cement  results  more  frequently  from  imper- 
fect preparation  of  the  raw  material  or  defective 
burning  than  from  incorrect  proportions  of  the  con- 
stituents. Cement  made  from  very  finely  ground 
material,  and  thoroughly  burned,  may  contain  much 
more  lime  than  the  amount  usually  present,  and  still 
be  perfectly  sound.  On  the  other  hand,  cements  low- 
in  lime  may,  on  account  of  careless  preparation  of 
the  raw  material,  be  ol  dangerous  character.  Fur- 
ther, the  ash  of  the  fuel  used  in  burning  may  so 
greatly  modify  the  composition  of  the  product  as 
largely  to  destroy  the  .ignificance  of  the  results  o'^ 
analysis. 

2.  Specific  Cra\itv  It  is  usuallv  specified  that  the 
specific  gravity  for  Poitland  cement  sh  Hild  not  be 
less  than  3.1 . 


440 


CONSTRUCTION 


Significance:  A  lower  specific  gravity  may  indi- 
cate adulteration  and  hydration. 

Fineness:  Specifications  for  Portland  cement 
usually  state  that  a  residue  of  not  more  than  five  per 
cent,  by  weight  should  be  left  over  a  No.  100  sieve 
after  shakmg,  and  not  more  than  twenty-five  per  cent, 
on  a  No.  200  sieve.  A  No.  100  sieve  contains  100 
meshes  per  lineal  inch  and  1  0,000  meshes  per  square 
inch.  A  No.  200  sieve  contains  200  meshes  per 
lineal  inch  or  40,000  per  square  inch.  The  diameters 
of  the  wire  are  .0045  inch  for  No.  1 00,  and  .0024 
inches  for  No.  200. 

Significance:  It  is  necessary  for  the  cement  to  be 
very  finely  ground,  as  the  coarse  particles  in  cement 
are  practically  inert,  and  it  is  only  the  extremely  fine 
powder  that  possesses  adhesive  and  cementing 
qualities. 

Time  of  Setting:  It  is  usually  specified  that  initial 
and  final  set  for  Portland  cement  should  take  place 
between  the  limits  of  thirty  minutes  and  ten  hours 
after  mixing.  The  initial  and  final  sets  are  deter- 
mined by  purely  arbitrary  standards. 

The  initial  set  is  said  to  occur  when  a  needle  1  mm. 
in  diameter  and  weighing  300  grammes  ceases  to 
penetrate  more  than  35  mm.  into  a  cake  of  neat 
cement  40  mm.  thick.  The  final  set  is  said  to  occur 
when  the  needle  no  longer  penetrates  the  cement. 

Significance:  It  is  essential  that  initial  set  does  not 
take  place  too  rapidly  except  in  special  cases — as  the 
process  of  crystallization,  or  hardening,  is  said  to 
begin  then,  and  a  disturbance  may  produce  a  loss  of 
strength. 

Tensile  Strength:  The  test  of  tensile  strength  con- 
sists in  mixing  cement  and  water,  or  cement,  sand  and 
water,  into  a  paste,  forming  it  into  test-specimens, 
called  briquettes,  which  are  allowed  to  set,  and 
harden,  under  definite  conditions,  and  then  deter- 
mining the  amount  of  force  necessary  to  cause  rup- 
ture in  tension  at  the  expiration  of  fixed  intervals  of 
time. 

The  obiect  of  the  test  is  to  obtain  a  measure  of 
the  strength  of  the  material  as  used  in  actual  work. 
In  construction  a  concrete  is  often  subjected  to  every 
conceivable  form  of  stress,  except  possibly  that  of 
torsion,  while  the  testing  is  confined  almost  exclu- 
sively to  tension.  This  condition  is  the  outcome  of 
both  theoretical  and  practical  considerations.  While 
it  is  impossible  to  formulate  definite  ratios  between 
the  ultimate  strength  of  cement  under  different 
forms  of  stress,  nevertheless  the  tensile  is,  more  or 
less,  a  measure  of  the  compressive,  transverse,  ad- 
hesive and  shearing  values,  and  furthermore  investi- 
gations have  apparently  shown  that  the  strength  of 
cement  in  tension  is  more  susceptible  to  any  good  or 
bad  influences  operating  on  the  material,  and  hence 
furnishes  a  better  criterion  of  its  value  than  tests  made 
in  any  other  manner,  the  results  of  the  tensile  test 
thus  giving  the  most  reliable  basis  for  computing  the 
values  of  the  strength  under  other  forms  of  stress. 

The  practical  considerations  favouring  the  adop- 
tion of  this  form  of  strength  test  are  the  small  and 
easily   handled    test-specimens,    the    lower   stress,    as 


compared  with  compression  tests,  necessary  to  cause 
rupture,  and  also  the  fact  that  uniformity  in  the 
preparation  of  the  specimens  is  only  necessary  in  a 
small  portion  of  the  specimen,  namely  the  breaking 
section,  while  accurate  test-pieces  for  the  other  deter- 
minations must  be  homogenous  and  uniform  through- 
out their  entire  mass. 

Although  in  practice  cement  is  invariably  mixed 
with  an  aggregate,  tests  are  usually  made  on  both 
neat  cement  and  sand  mixture.  The  objection  to  the 
use  of  test  pieces  of  neat  cement  is  that  they  are  not 
similar  to  the  conditions  of  practice,  while  the  reason 
that  sand  tests  are  of  comparatively  recent  origin  is 
that  the  sand  introduces  another  variable  in  the  in- 
fluence exerted  by  its  character. 

For  Portland  cement  the  following  strength  should 
be  found: — Neat:  24  hours'  moist  air,  150  to  200 
pounds  per  square  inch  or  over;  7  days'  moist  air, 
450  to  550  pounds  per  square  inch  or  over;  28  days' 
moist  air,  550  to  650  pounds  per  square  inch  or  over. 
1  part  cement,  3  parts  sand:  7  days,  150  to  200 
pounds  per  square  inch  or  over;  28  days,  200  to  300 
pounds  per  square  inch  or  over. 

Soundness:  By  soundness  is  meant  that  property 
which  resists  any  force  tending  to  cause  disintegra- 
tion or  lack  of  permanency  in  the  structure. 

The  test  for  soundness  is  one  of  the  most  important 
tests  of  cement  and  one  of  the  hardest  to  interpret. 
A  sample  of  cement  may  pass  all  the  other  tests  with 
ease;  but  if  it  is  unsound  it  will  eventually  disinte- 
grate on  the  work.  It  is  misleading  as  well  as  worth- 
less, because  the  disintegration  may  not  appear  for 
a  considerable  period. 

The  main  cause  of  disintegration  in  cement  is  an 
excess  of  lime,  either  free  or  loosely  combined,  which 
has  not  had  an  oportunity  of  becoming  sufficiently 
hydrated.  Unsoundness  may  also  arise  from  an  ex- 
cess of  magnesia,  alkalies  or  sulphides. 

The  usual  tests  for  soundness  are  as  follows: 
Accelerated  test — placing  a  pat  of  cement  in  boiling 
water  for  a  definite  period,  or  keeping  pat  in  an 
atmosphere  of  steam  for  a  definite  period. 

Normal  Test:  Keeping  a  pat  of  cement  in  air  at 
normal  temperature  for  at  least  twenty-eight  days, 
or  keeping  pat  in  water  at  normal  temperature  for 
at  least  twenty-eight  days. 

In  both  cases  the  object  is  to  find  out  if  there  is 
any  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  pat  to  disintegrate. 
Evidently  it  is  usually  impossible  to  wait  for  the 
Iwenty-eight  days  before  accepting  the  cement,  and 
the  accelerated  tests  are  usually  taken  as  at  least  a 
suide  to  the  acceptance  of  the  cement  at  the  start. 

Failure  may  be  revealed  in  the  pat  by  cracking, 
checking,  swelling  or  disintegration;  or  by  all  of 
ihese  combined.  A  cement  remaining  of  constant 
volume  without  cracks,  checks  or  swelling,  may 
usually  be  accepted  as  a  sound  cement. 

The  above  outline  represents  the  usual  commercial 
lests  made,  while  there  are  a  great  many  other  special 
tests  which  may  be  made. 

In  the  interpretation  of  all  cement  tests  it  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  cement  should  be  judged  from 


CONSTRUCTION 


441 


the  results  of  all   tests  made,   and  not   from  the  m- 
dividual  case. 

It  can  be  said  that  any  failure  m  the  normal  pat 
tests,  or  any  mdication  of  normally  low  sand  strength 
or  neat  strength  is  sufficient  to  \\arrant  the  rejection 
of  the  shipment  without  other  evidences  of  poor 
quality. 

There  are  two  additional  points  to  which  I  would 
like  to  call  your  attention  briefly: — 1.  The  action  of 
alkalies  on  cement  and  concrete;  2.  The  use  of  oil 
mixed  concrete. 

This  would  seem  appropriate  in  the  first  case,  due 
to  the  great  use  of  concrete  in  building  work  in 
Western  Canada,  in  places  where  alkali  is  present  in 
quantity,  and  may  come  in  contact  with  foundation 
walls,  etc. 

In  the  second  case,  where  we  find  damp  founda- 
tions and  cellars,  oil  mixed  concrete  may  be  used  to 
advantage  under  small  pressures  and  with  very  little 
additional  expense  to  prevent  moisture  and  dampness. 

Effect  of  Alkali:  It  has  been  found  in  several 
localities  that  alkali  water  has  affected  concrete  work, 
as  instanced  by  the  disintegration  of  the  cement, 
mortar,  and  of  the  joists  and  coating  of  a  sewer  in 
Great  Falls,  Montana.  This  disintegration  is  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  the  action  of  alkali.  Other  in- 
stances have  also  occurred  in  various  localities. 

The  matter  was  investigated  by  Professors  Burke 
and  Pinckney,  of  the  Montana  Agricultural  College, 
the  following  conclusions  being  reached: — 

"I.  The  disintegration  of  cement  by  alkali  salts 
IS  principally  due  to  reactions  between  these  salts  and 
the  calcium  hydroxide  necessarily  present  in  set 
cement. 

"As  a  result  of  these  reactions  relati\ely  insoluble 
new  compounds  are  formed  in  the  body  of  the  cement 
structures. 

"It  has  been  shown  that  these  new  compounds 
have  greater  weight  and  require  greater  space  than 
the  calcium  hydroxide  replaced. 

"In  order  to  obtain  the  necessary  space  the  new 
compounds  force  apart  the  particles  of  the  cement, 
thus  weakening  or  breaking  the  binding  material. 

"  1 .  The  compounds  resulting  from  these  reactions 
with  the  \arious  destructive  salts  are  as  follows: — 

"a.  With  sodium  sulphate  the  resulting  com- 
pounds are  sodium  hydroxide,  which  is  soluble  and 
therefore  is  removed  by  leaching,  and  gypsum,  which 
IS  relatively  insoluble,  and  therefore  accumulates  in 
place  of  the  calcium  hydroxide. 

"b.  With  magnesium  sulphate  the  resulting  com 
pounds  are  magnesium  hydroxide  and  gypsum,  both 
of  which  are  insoluble  and  accumulate  in  place  of 
the  calcium  hydroxide. 

"c.  With  sodium  carbonate  the  soluble  sodium 
hydroxide  and  the  insoluble  calcium  carbonate  are 
formed.  In  this  case  there  is  little  increase  in  the  space 
required,  but  the  silicates  and  aluminates  are  also 
attacked  and  dissolved.  This  solvent  action  is 
especially  marked  upon  the  silica.  This  loss  of  silica 
must  weaken  the  cement,  but  there  is  little,  if  any, 
crumbling  due  to  expansion. 


"2.  The  additional  material,  requiring  increased 
space,  consists  in  part  of  dry  matter  and  in  part  of 
combined  water,  which  is  taken  up  by  the  cement 
during  its  exposure  to  the  alkali  solutions. 

"a.  This  increase  in  dry  matter  is  brought  about 
by  the  formation  of  the  sulphates,  magnesium  hydrox- 
ide, and  carbonates,  as  shown  by  the  reactions  given 
in  paragraph  1,  a.,  b.  and  c. 

"b.  Part  of  this  increased  amount  of  combined 
water  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  new  compounds, 
gypsum,  magnesium  hydroxide,  etc.,  require  more 
water  for  crystallization  than  did  the  calcium  hydrox- 
ide which  they  replaced.  This  further  assists  in  the 
disruption  of  the  cement. 

"c.  A  part  of  this  increased  amount  of  combined 
water  is  due  merely  to  the  continued  action  of  water 
upon  the  incompletely  hydrated  cement.  This  amount 
should  serve  to  set  free  more  calcium  hydroxide,  and 
thus  to  a  certain  extent  repair  the  damage  due  to  loss 
of  the  binding  material  and  to  expansion. 

"II.  A  certain  weakening,  not  a  disruption  of 
the  cement,  is  due  to  the  loss  of  a  portion  of  the  bind- 
ing material,  crystallized  calcium  hydroxide,  which  is 
merely  dissolved  and  removed  in  solution. 

"III.  In  order  for  destructive  action  to  become 
marked  the  alkali  solutions  must  percolate  through 
the  cement  work,  or  at  least  must  penetrate  beyond 
the  surface. 

"IN''.  When  the  action  is  strictly  confined  to  the 
surface,  as  when  briquettes  of  neat  cement  are  im- 
mersed in  a  still  solution,  the  tensile  strength  may  be 
increased.  In  such  cases  the  expansive  action  closes 
up  the  pores,  making  the  surface  more  nearly  imper- 
vious and  preventing  the  alkali  from  penetrating 
further. 

"V.  When  cracks  are  started  by  the  expansive 
action  due  to  alkali  salts,  wetting  and  drying,  or 
freezing  and  thawing,  will  hasten  the  destruction  of 
the  cement  by  extending  the  cracks  already  started. 

"VI.  Any  measures  that  hinder  the  penetration 
of  the  alkali  solutions  into  the  interior  of  the  cement 
will  delay  the  destructi\'e  action.  For  this  purpose 
both  soap  and  aluminum  sulphate  have  been  tried  in 
laboratorj'  tests  and  have  been  found  to  afford  some 
protection.  The  soap,  however,  in  itself  had  a 
slightly  injurious  effect  on  the  tensile  strength  of  the 
cement. 

"The  efficiency  of  these  and  other  waterproofers 
IS  being  further  studied  and  results  will  be  reported 
in  a  later  bulletin."  (Above  quotation  being  found 
on  pages  130  and  131,  Bulletin  No.  81,  Montana 
Agricultural  College.) 

I  might  add,  however,  that  the  denser  a  concrete 
IS  made,  the  less  it  is  subject  to  the  attacks  of  the 
alkali,  as  the  alkali  cannot  penetrate  into  the  con- 
crete, but  closes  up  the  outer  pores,  thus  preventing 
further  disintegration.  Oil  mixed  concrete  might 
also  be  advantageously  employed  to  protect  the  con- 
crete. In  regard  to  oil  mixed  concrete,  it  has  been 
found  that  five  to  ten  per  cent,  of  the  clunch  of 
petroleum  residuum  oil  mixed  with  the  concrete  \vi\\ 
render   it    impervious    to   moisture,    and    waterproof 


442 


CONSTRUCTION 


under  small  heads.  This  can  be  made  by  mixing  the 
cement  mortar  and  addmg  oil,  the  oil  being  measured 
as  a  percentage  of  the  cement. 

The  specifications  for  the  residuum  oil  are  as  fol- 
lows:—  1.  The  oil  shall  have  a  specific  gravity  of  not 
less  than  .930.  nor  more  than  .940  at  25  deg.  C. ; 
2.  It  shall  be  soluble  in  carbon  disulphide  at  air 
temperature  to  at  least  ninety-nine  and  nine-tenths 
per  cent.;  3.  It  shall  contain  not  less  than  one  and 
one-half  per  cent.,  nor  more  than  two  and  one-half 
per  cent,  of  bitumen  insoluble  paraffine  naphtha;  4.  It 


shall  yield  not  less  than  two  and  one-half  per  cent, 
nor  more  than  four  per  cent,  of  residual  coke;  5. 
When  twenty  grammes  of  the  material  is  heated  for 
five  hours  in  a  cylindrical  tin  dish,  two  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter  and  one  inch  high,  at  a  constant 
temperature  of  163  deg.  C,  the  loss  in  weight  shall 
not  exceed  twenty  per  cent. ;  6.  The  viscosity  when 
heated  to  a  temperature  of  50  deg.  C.  and  main- 
tained at  that  temperature  for  three  minutes,  the  vis- 
cosity shall  not  be  less  than  forty  nor  more  than 
forty-five  degrees. 


GKOrP    OF    DEI.Er.ATKS    AXIi    FRIKNIlS    ATT  I'X  UI  N  i;    TllK    K.A.I.C.    (( JXVKN'  IK  l\. 


President's  Address  at  Calgary 


.1-  H.  G.  RUSSELL 


MR.  ACTING  MAYOR  and  Gentlemen,— 
On  behalf  of  the  Institute,  I  thank  you 
heartily  for  your  cordial  welcome  to  Cal- 
gary. It  IS,  I  can  assure  you,  a  great  pleasure  for  us 
to  be  here,  to  meet  here  in  the  westerly  city  of  the 
federated  bodies  belonging  to  the  Institute,  and  al- 
though we  hope  it  will  not  be  very  long  before  we 
have  the  British  Columbia  architects  to  join  in  with 
us.  We  will  be  very  glad  when  they  will  be  in  a 
position  to  join  us.  but  I  may  say  they  have  been 
trying  hard  to  get  the  Act  passed  through,  but  they 
are  experiencing  some  trouble,  as  Mr.  Lines  has  told 
us,  in  getting  together,  to  make  it  strong  enough  for 
the  Legislature  to  do  what  is  best  to  do. 

I  think  it  has  been  said  that  Calgary  is  one  of  the 
most  progressive  cities  in  Canada  and  no  doubt  in 
some  respects  you  are.  You  have  gone  towards  the 
town  planning  part  of  it  so  far,  and  in  that  respect 
you  are  further  ahead  than  any  other  city,  and  taken 
such  steps  that  it  would  be  well  for  others  to  follow. 
When  a  city  is  in   its  making  is  the  time  when   its 


beautifying  should  be  considered  instead  of  leaving 
it  until  the  place  gets  too  old,  like,  for  instance,  the 
city  of  Wninipeg. 

At  our  last  meeting  in  Ottawa  some  person  kindly 
said  that  he  thought  the  Winnipeg  convention  of 
1910  was  the  most  enthusiastic  we  had  had,  but  I 
am  inclined  to  think  that  if  he  was  here  to-day  he 
would  think  that  Calgary  was  as  enthusiastic  as  it 
was  possible  to  be.  I  suppose  it  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  you  are  further  west  and  more  up  in  the  clouds 
and  have  a  little  more  ozone  to  breathe  than  us  fur- 
ther east.  We  will  take  that  as  the  reason  now.  I 
would  not  want  our  eastern  brethren  to  think  we  are 
egotistical  at  all,  because  we  have  a  very  high  feeling 
for  them  and  their  work,  but  they  must  begin  to  real- 
ize very  shortly,  if  not  now,  that  the  west  are  far 
ahead  of  the  east.  We  are  better  organized  than  in 
the  east,  Quebec  being  the  only  province  in  which 
they  ha\'e  the  Registration  Act.  Down  in  the  Mari- 
time Provinces  the  members  of  the  profession  are  not 
strong  enough  to  form  a  body,  there  being  very  few 


CONSTRUCTION 


443 


in  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia;  so  I  am  afraid 
it  will  be  a  long  time,  perhaps  never,  before  they  will 
have  any  registration  that  far  east. 

This  last  year,  although  really  the  sixth  year  of 
our  Association,  is  in  some  respects  the  first  year, 
since  we  had  a  new  charter  at  the  last  meeting  and 
it  was  at  that  meeting  that  we  organized  the  federated 
societies  of  architects  comprising  the  five  Provinces — 
Quebec,  Ontario,  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  and 
Alberta.  I  might  say,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of 
getting  the  lists  of  members  together  so  that  we  could 
form  committees,  we  did  not  get  very  much  work 
done,  so  that  it  was  really  a  kind  of  formative  period 
this  last  year.  That  has  been  overcome  now  and  we 
hope  that  the  new  Council  will  find  something  for 
everyone  to  do.  That  is  the  only  way  to  make  a 
success  out  of  it — to  find  something  for  everyone  to 
do,  and  let  everyone  become  an  enthusiastic  member. 

I  might  say,  our  by-laws  require  to  be  amended. 
Before  we  could  really  commence  operations,  at  the 
meeting  in  June  last  held  in  Montreal,  there  was  a 
draft  made  of  these  by-laws  and  I  think  a  copy  was 
sent  to  every  architect  who  was  a  member  of  the 
Association,  and  you  will  be  asked  to  take  this  ques- 
tion up  to-morrow  and  I  would  like  to  impress  upon 
every  person  that  it  is  a  very  important  thing  to  have 
a  good  set  of  by-laws,  and  I  earnestly  trust  you  will 
all  give  your  best  consideration  to  the  matter. 

Mr.  Lines  truly  said,  I  think,  when  talking  about 
the  profession  at  large,  the  work  they  had  to  do  and 
what  an  architect  is  supposed  to  know,  and  also  Mr. 
Brocklebank  when  he  said  he  thought  we  met  here 
together  to  protect  the  public,  I  think  the  public  are 
becoming  better  acquainted  \vith  our  work  and  our 
aims. 

Our  assistance  as  an  Institute  has  been  sought  dif- 
ferent times  during  the  past  year.  Even  in  British 
Columbia  they  asked  us  to  name  assessors  for  then- 
recent  competition  for  a  hospital  in  Victoria,  and  they 
followed  by  selecting  one  of  our  members  as  assess- 
or, and  I  understand  through  him  that  they  had  a 
very  successful  competition. 

We  have  also  been  asked  by  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment to  assist  them  in  drawing  up  a  programme 
in  selecting  for  the  new  Court  House  buildings  in 
Ottawa,  and  I  might  add  that  this  is  one  of  the 
largest  things  the  Government  have  undertaken  for 
a  long  time,  and  we  are  hoping  for  a  successful  com- 
petition. The  Government  were  ready  to  meet  us 
at  every  point  and  showed  a  great  deal  of  interest  in 
the  getting  up  of  the  programme. 

There  is  one  thing  I  might  mention  in  connection 
with  the  work  that  they  have  done  by  Mr.  White, 
that  when  he  was  selected  by  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment he  was  only  asked  to  lay  out  a  plan  of  the  new- 
grounds  and  suggestions  as  to  the  way  he  would 
locate  the  buildings  on  those  grounds,  and  he  asked 
to  be  allowed  to  consult  some  architects  in  connection 
with  the  work,  and  he  got  in  communication  with  Sir 
Acton  Webbs  and  they  got  up  the  drawings  which 
perhaps  some  of  vou  have  seen  published.  I  might 
say  to  those  going  into  the  competition,  please  do  not 


take  the  elevation  as  shown  as  any  criterion  of  what 
the  Government  requires.  The  design  as  submitted 
to  the  Government  was  classic  in  character,  as  classic 
as  some  people  would  like,  but  the  present  buildings 
are  entirely  Gothic  and  it  will  be  left  to  the  competi- 
tor as  to  what  he  thinks  best  to  work  out. 

The  Quebec  Association  have  appointed  Mr. 
Marchand  of  Montreal  as  one  of  the  members  of  the 
new  Council,  and  he  was  appointed  by  the  Govern- 
ment, and  as  he  had  been  appointed  one  of  the 
assessors  by  the  Government,  we  have  now  two  mem- 
bers of  the  Council  on  the  Board  of  Assessors,  and 
Mr.  Colcutt  of  London,  England,  was  the  third 
assessor  appointed  by  the  Royal  Institute  of  British 
Architects. 

A  great  honor  was  done  Mr.  Baker  a  short  time 
ago.  He  was  asked  to  go  over  and  address  the  Insti- 
tute of  British  Architects  on  Canadian  Architecture 
in  London,  England.  Perhaps  most  of  you  have 
seen  the  synopsis  of  the  paper  Mr.  Baker  ga\e  there. 
He  was  very  heartily  welcomed  in  London  last  Janu- 
ary and  had  a  very  pleasant  time.  I  might  say  that 
during  his  visit  to  London  that  time  he  got  into  com- 
munication and  saw  Lord  Strathcona  in  connection 
with  a  scholarship  in  architecture,  and  he  got  Lord 
Strathcona  to  promise  to  give  $  1 2,500.00  if  he  would 
raise  the  other  $12,500.00,  to  provide  a  fund  of 
$25,000.00  to  be  invested  and  have  a  travelling 
scholarship  on  architecture  each  year.  I  may  say  we 
tried  during  last  summer  and  spring  to  get  about  a 
hundred  and  forty  gentlemen  in  Canada  to  subscribe 
this  other  $12,500.00,  but  we  were  not  very  success- 
ful. I  guess  the  money  stringency  had  something  to 
do  with  it.  We  only  had  two  responses  out  of  some 
two  hundred  letters  sent  out  asking  for  the  money,  but 
the  Council  at  its  last  meeting  decided  that  we  get 
Mr.  Baker  to  approach  Lord  Strathcona  to  supply 
the  whole  $25,000.00  and  that  is  what  is  being  done 
now. 

There  was  a  movement  started  by  some  of  the 
members  in  the  east  to  ask  the  Government  to  sub- 
scribe or  put  aside  a  certain  amount  of  money  to 
establish  a  travelling  scholarship  in  architecture  and 
in  each  one  of  the  allied  arts.  Personally  I  think 
the  Government  ought  to  do  this  because  they  are 
spending  money  for  the  country  in  a  way  they  should 
not,  and  I  think  we  should  appoint  a  committee  to 
interview  the  Government  on  the  matter.  It  has  been 
impressed  upon  them  before  and  it  \vould  not  be  anv 
thing  new  to  them,  and  they  would  be  readv  for  it. 
I  think  that  is  one  thing  that  should  be  taken  care  of. 

I  think  we  also  require  a  Publicitv  Committee  to 
keen  our  public  press  fullv  informed  as  to  our  aims 
and  obiects.  With  the  different  Provincial  Acts  that 
have  been  passed,  the  profession  has  been  raised  to 
a  higher  standard  in  the  eyes  of  the  public,  and  every 
year  our  work  grows  harder  and  we  are  really  sup- 
posed to  be  expert  in  all  the  trades  under  the  sun  and 
to  know  a  little  of  too  many  things. 

A  member  was  saying  to  me  to-day  we  ought  to 
try  and  unload  a  lot  of  things  which  are  shoved  on 
to  our  shoulders  at  the  present  time.      It  is  a  hard 


CONSTRUCTION 


thing  to  do.  The  architecture  of  the  country  is  going 
ahead  every  year;  in  fact,  I  do  not  think  we  have 
to  take  a  back  seat  now  with  any  place  on  the  face 
of  the  earth  so  far  as  that  goes.  I  think  we  have 
some  buildings  in  Canada  to-day  that  would  be  a 
credit,  no  matter  where  they  were  placed. 

I  do  not  think  I  will  say  much  more.  We  have  a 
lot  of  business  to  attend  to,  and  I  am  a  great  deal  like 
the  medical  doctor  who  had  a  friend,  a  very  worthy 
friend,  who  was  a  doctor  of  divinity.  The  medical 
doctor  one  day  by  mistake  had  a  visitor  call  on  him. 
After  getting  admittance,  he  said  to  the  doctor,  "you 
have  changed  a  good  deal  since  I  heard  you  preach 
last."  The  doctor  said  "preach;"  the  visitor  said 
"yes,"  and  went  on,  "why,  are  you  not  the  doctor 
that  preaches?"  and  he  said  "no,  I  am  the  doctor 
that  practises."     That  is  about  the  way  I  feel. 

AT  the  R.A.I.C.  banquet  held  in  Calgary,  Sep- 
.  tember  1 5th,  Sir  Gilbert  Parker  gave  the  fol- 
lowing toast : 

"^  ou  who  represent  the  whole  Dominion,  you 
who  are  making  the  people  realize  and  understand 
that  culture  and  beauty  go  hand  in  hand  with  utility. 
the  rewards  that  you  receive, — that  is  the  satisfaction 
of  your  own  ideals  and  the  satisfaction  of  the  eternal 
elements  of  beauty,  these  are  the  greatest  and  most 
precious  rewards  that  you  can  gain  in  all  the  failures 
and  successes  of  your  career. 

"The  man  who  can  rise  to  the  highest  summits 
in  the  profession  of  architecture  would  rise  to  the 
same  eminence  in  any  other  profession  or  walk  of  life 
to  which  he  was  attracted;  because  he  had  been  suc- 
cessful in  the  one,  so  would  he  become  capable  and 
efficient  in  whatsoever  other  sphere  of  life  his  lot 
might  be  cast.  As  an  instance  of  this  I  remember 
that  Paderewski,  the  famous  pianist,  once  told  me 
that  there  was  a  time  when  his  fingers  forever  seemed 
paralyzed,  and  he  made  up  his  mind  that  he  would 
give  up  music,  and  enter  the  field  of  politics  in 
Vienna.  Had  the  eminent  virtuoso  thus  changed  his 
profession,  he  might  have  risen  to  as  lofty  a  height  in 
the  world  of  politics  as  he  has  done  in  the  world  of 
music. 

"I  have  a  profound  regard  for  the  profession  of 
the  architect,  and  am  indeed  glad  to  have  the  oppor- 
tunity of  saying  a  few  words  to  men  of  your  ilk. 

"I  expect  shortly  to  visit  Montreal  in  order  to 
deliver  an  address  at  McGill  University  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  that  well- 
known  seat  of  learning. 

"I  have  chosen  for  my  subject  on  that  occasion 
'The  Arts,'  for  I  feel  that  in  most  new  countries  art 
does  not  have  the  same  encouragement  that  it  has  in 
the  older  lands.  Architecture  has  made  wonderful 
strides  in  this  country,  because  it  has  adapted  the 
methods  and  beauty  of  the  great  artistic  countries 
such  as  Rome  and  Greece  to  the  exigencies  of  a 
utilitarian  age. 

"I  would  like  to  see  a  department  of  fine  arts 
established  in  every  university  m  Canada,  and  I  am 


very  glad  to  know  that  McGill  University  has  lately 
founded  such  a  department. 

"Regarding  the  copyright  bill,  which  was  intro- 
duced into  the  British  Parliament  during  the  last 
session,  and  concerning  the  passing  of  which  I  have 
done  my  utmost,  in  spite  of  a  good  deal  of  opposition 
even  from  my  own  party ;  I  happened  to  belong  to 
a  party  which  is  at  present  not  in  power  in  the  old 
land,  and  it  was  my  duty  on  nearly  every  occasion 
to  oppose  legislation  proposed  by  the  party  in  power. 
When,  however,  the  copyright  bill  was  introduced 
into  the  House  I  felt  that  I  could  not  oppose  it,  be- 
cause for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  British  politics 
there  was  protection  for  the  musician,  and  for  the 
first  time  there  was  protection  for  the  architect. 

"There  were  members,  many  of  my  own  party, 
who  strenuously  opposed  the  passing  into  law  of  this 
bill.  Members  would  not  protect  the  composer  from 
the  pirating  of  his  \vorks,  neither  would  they  protect 
the  architect  from  his  works  being  copied.  In  spite 
of  opposition,  I  frequently  rose  in  the  House  and 
spoke  in  favor  of  the  measure,  pointing  out  that  such 
a  bill  would  assist  and  protect  the  writer,  musician 
and  architect  as  no  other  act  of  legislation  had  ever 
done  before.  Perseverance  told  in  the  end,  for  the 
measure  finally  passed  the  House  of  Lords  and  re- 
ceived the  Royal  assent. 

"Architecture  is  the  first  expression  of  the  human 
race,  then  come  painting,  sculpture  and  music.  Your 
position  is  not  less  to-day,  for  your  profession  appears 
to  me  to  be  one  that  is  getting  nearer  to  the  people 
themselves  than  any  other  profession  in  your  country. 
Pictures  are  getting  fewer,  for  most  of  the  valuable 
masterpieces  hang  upon  and  adorn  the  walls  in  the 
houses  of  millionaires,  hidden  away  from  the  sight 
of  the  man  in  the  street.  But  your  fine  buildings  are 
every  day  made  an  education  to  the  poorest  of  the 
poor. 

"The  splendid  edifices  that  your  skill  and  genius 
erect  will  last  for  all  to  see  them,  and  learn  the  splen- 
dour of  their  beauty.  Historic  places  such  as  the 
ancient  cathedrals  of  the  old  land  and  on  the  Con- 
tinent, mansions  erected  in  the  far  away  ages  by  the 
nobilitv  of  England,  and  fashioned  by  the  hand  of 
men  like  Christopher  Wren  and  Grindley  Gibbons, 
will  last  and  endure  when  paintings  and  perchance 
music  may  have  passed  into  oblivion.  Take  your 
profession  seriously;  look  upon  it  as  a  profession  that 
tends  abo\e  all  others  to  ele\ate  and  educate  the 
minds  of  men  and  women. 

"I  have  to  construct  just  as  you  have  to  do,  for 
every  book  of  mine,  such  as  it  is.  is  an  attempt  at 
architecture.  We  are  one  in  our  failures  and  suc- 
cesses. You  who  represent  the  \vhole  Dominion, 
and  make  the  people  realize  and  understand  that  cul- 
ture and  beauty  go  hand  in  hand  with  utility,  the 
rewards  that  you  receive,  namely  the  satisfaction 
of  your  own  ideals  and  the  satisfaction  of  the  eternal 
elements  of  beauty;  these  are  indeed  the  greatest  and 
most  precious  rewards  that  you  can  gain  in  all  the 
failures  and  successes  of  your  career." 


C  O  A'  S  r  R  U  C  T  I  O  A' 


THE  FOLLOWING  address  of  welcome  was 
extended  to  the  delegates  by  Roland  W. 
Lines,  President  of  the  Alberta  Association 
of  Architects: 

Gentlemen, — Mr.  Tregillus  has  welcomed  you  to 
the  City  of  Calgary,  so  that  it  is  my  important  duty 
to  welcome  you  on  behalf  of  the  Alberta  Associa- 
tion of  Architects,  and  I  have  very  great  pleasure  in 
having  that  privilege,  and  trust  you  will  have  an 
enjoyable  visit. 

Those  who  are  visitors  here  will  no  doubt  enjoy 
themselves,  and  we  of  course — we  always  have  a 
good  time.  We  feel  greatly  honored  by  the  Insti- 
tute of  Canadian  Architects  because  the  Institute  is 
a  premier  organization  for  the  advancement  of  archi- 
tecture in  this  country,  and  therefore  it  is  an  organ- 
ization which  we  should  all  feel  proud  to  belong 
to.  Alberta,  although  it  is  one  of  the  youngest  of 
the  provinces,  has  the  honor  of  being  the  second  to 
recognize  the  necessity  for  registration  of  architects. 
In  1905  and  1906  we  passed  a  bill  through  the  Pro- 
vincial House  in  Edmonton  making  it  necessary  for 
all  architects  practising  at  that  date  in  the  Province 
of  Alberta  to  become  registered.  Architects  who. 
subsequent  to  that  date,  wished  to  practise  had  to 
prove  to  the  Examination  Board  of  the  Alberta  As- 
sociation their  ability  to  practise.  So  that,  gentle- 
men, in  future  we  shall  only  have  duly  qualified 
men  practising  in  the  Province. 

This  example,  I  am  pleased  to  say,  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  several  other  Provinces,  and  very  soon  I 
hope  we  shall  have  every  Province  in  the  Dominion 
with  a  Provincial  charter,  and  therefore  have  regis- 
tration throughout  the  whole  Dominion,  and  in 
addition  to  that,  I  hope  to  see  all  the  provincial 
associations  affiliated  with  the  Royal  Architectural 
Institute  of  Canada.  That  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant things  on  which  we  have  set  our  hands,  and 
although  it  was  commenced  only  two  years  ago,  a 
great  deal  has  been  done.  It  has  been  done  under 
the  guidance  and  influence  of  the  Royal  Architec- 
tural Institute,  and  it  will  only  be  completed  when 
we  have  every  Province  in  the  Dominion  with  a 
Provincial  charter  and  everyone  federated  with  the 
Royal  Architectural  Institute  of  Canadian  Archi- 
tects. When  that  is  complete,  we  shall  have  an 
organization  which  we  should  be  very  proud  of, 
because  it  will  have  a  great  future,  and  it  will  control 
matters  of  award  in  architecture  throughout  the 
whole  Dominion. 

The  Royal  Architectural  Institute  of  Canada  is 
about  beginning  its  career  as  a  federation  and  has  yet 
most  of  its  work  to  do,  a  greater  part  at  any  rate, 
but  there  can  be  no  question  if  all  the  members  of 
the  Institute  are  fired  with  the  zeal  for  the  advance- 
ment of  our  profession,  we  shall  one  day  have  a  great 
organization,  and  there  will  be  no  limit  to  what  we 
shall  be  able  to  do. 

There  are  several  suggestions  I  should  like  to 
make,  and  I  would  like  to  see  the  Royal  Architec- 
tural Institute  carry  them  out  later.  They  can  be 
discussed  to-day,  I  think,  and  one  of  the  first  points 
is  the  nationality  of  members  of  our  Association  and 


of  the  Royal  Institute.  This  is  a  great  problem  and 
should  be  very  carefully  considered.  We  are  hav- 
ing a  number  of  men  join  and  practising  in  our 
country  who  are  not  naturalized  citizens,  and  I  think 
it  requires  a  great  deal  of  consideration. 

Then  there  is  the  question  of  standardizing  ex- 
aminations throughout  the  whole  of  the  Dominion  so 
that  it  will  be  just  as  easy  or  just  as  difficult  for  a 
man  to  become  a  registered  architect  passing  an  ex- 
amination in  Quebec  as  in  Alberta. 

Then  there  is  the  scheme  for  the  promotion  of 
study  for  architectural  students,  and  also  for  the 
general  enlightenment  and  education  of  the  public 
in  architectural  subjects. 

Mv  opinion  is  that  the  Royal  Architectural  Insti- 
tute should  give  all  the  assistance  and  guidance  that 
is  required  by  some  of  the  Provincial  associations 
who  have  agreed  to  obtain  their  charter.  There  are 
some  of  them  in  very  awkward  positions  and  require 
a  little  advice.  They  have  not  been  able  to  get  their 
charter,  and  it  is  very  necessary  that  they  do  get  their 
charter  before  they  can  become  federated  with  the 
Roval  Institute  of  Canadian  Architects. 

It  has  occasionally  been  said  that  an  association 
of  architects  applying  for  a  Provincial  charter  is  an 
organization  formed  for  the  aggrandizement  of  its 
own  members.  As  to  this,  I  think  all  of  us  should 
give  serious  consideration,  and  I  think  I  speak  for 
all  of  us  when  I  say  that  this  is  not  the  case. 

Registration  for  practising  as  an  architect  makes 
it  necessary  for  a  man  to  become  educated  in  archi- 
tectural matters,  and  this  will  lead  to  very  much 
better  architecture  in  the  future.  As  a  natural  con- 
sequence of  this,  we  get  a  greater  number  of  more 
ouahfied  and  more  enthusiastic  men  in  our  profession, 
and  we  shall  have,  as  an  actual  result  a  far  greater 
number  of  well  designed  and  finer  buildings,  which 
will  be  ruite  a  national  asset. 

In  no  profession  is  it  more  necessary  that  the  prac- 
titioner should  be  highly  trained.  An  author  wall 
write  a  book,  and  after  it  is  written,  if  it  is  considered 
no  good  it  IS  generally  thrown  away  and  nobody 
troubles  about  it.  Another  instance,  a  doctor  makes 
a  mistake  on  a  patient  and  it  is  spoken  about,  but  it 
IS  altoffether  different  with  an  architect.  An  archi- 
tect making  a  mistake  builds  a  building  that  is  a 
monume'it  to  him  for  generations,  and  it  stands  there 
for  evervbodv  to  see,  and  is  in  the  public  view.  So 
that  vou  will  see,  it  is  necessary  that  an  architect 
should  be  hishly  trained  so  that  should  there  be  any 
e' rnrs    thev  should  be  limited  as  much  as  possible. 

.Also  vou  must  remember  the  commercial  impor- 
tance and  the  wealth  of  anv  country  is  the  trade  in 
its  buiH'nss  and  its  history  is  written  in  its  architec- 
tute.  It  is  therefore  very  necessary  that  the  men 
who  aie  ffoinflf  to  portray  the  wealth  and  history  of 
this  coiintrv  should  be  well  trained,  as  well  trained 
as  can  be  found  anvwhere  in  the  world  and  get  as 
sood  an  education  as  possible,  and  it  is  to  this  end 
we  are  forming  our  associations.  It  is  necessary  for 
us  to  take  an  active  interest  in  the  furtherance  of  our 
profession  and  the  welfare  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
Canadian  Architects. 


The   Modern   Hospital 


THE  following  digest  is  taken  from  "The  Mod- 
ern Hospital,"  edited  by  J-  A.  Hornsby  and 
R.  E.  Schmidt,  which  treats  of  its  architecture, 
its  equipment  and  its  administration.  The  preface 
considers  in  turn  the  charity  hospital,  the  charitable 
and  private  hospital  combined,  and  the  prnate  hos- 
pital, devoting  considerable  space  to  the  financial 
aspect.  Following  this  is  part  one,  dealing  with  the 
hospital  architecture,  which  purposes  to  place  the 
various  kinds  of  building  materials,  devices  and  ar- 
rangements before  those  interested  in  the  building 
and  management  of  hospitals.. 

The  Site.  Unsuitable  sites  hamper  the  growth  of 
the  institution.  The  more  the  location  and  surround- 
ings of  a  hospital  approach  those  desirable  for  a  high 
class  residence,  so  much  more  will  the  site  be  desir- 
able. Ample  air;  distance  from  neighboring  build- 
ings, from  the  dust  of  the 
streets,  from  steam  rail- 
roads, street  traffic,  electric 
raihsays  and  manufactur- 
ing plants — are  all  exceed- 
ingly important  to  the  pa- 
tients. Inasmuch  as  most 
hospitals  must  be  main- 
tained within  the  limits  of 
large  cities,  close  to  then- 
activities,  they  are  built  on 
restricted  ground  areas.  In 
such  cases  the  fresh  air  and 
ventilating  devices  must  be 
more  highly  organized 
and,  naturally,  more  ex- 
pensive to  install  and  oper- 
ate. On  account  of  the 
relatively  high  price  of 
land,  city  hospitals  fre- 
quently are  built  on  the 
masse  or  block  plan.  The 
difficulty  with  this  is  to  ar- 
range the  building  in  such 
a  manner  that  every  room 
will  receive  direct  sun-rays  during  some  time  of  the 
day.  This  is  practically  an  impossibility,  and  it  is, 
therefore,  desirable  to  plan  so  that  the  wards  and 
rooms  of  the  sick  will  receive  as  much  sunlight  as 
possible.  The  auxiliary  rooms,  such  as  pantries, 
chart  rooms,  and  linen  rooms,  are  then  placed  on  the 
north  side  of  the  building.  Many  of  the  hospitals 
in  which  the  best  work  has  been  done  in  this  country 
are  built  on  such  plans;  but  where  a  semiblock  or 
semipavilion  plan  is  possible  it  is  usually  more  desir- 
able. The  appearance  of  such  a  plan  is  that  of  a 
number  of  barrow  strips,  sometimes  joined  solidly 
and  sometimes  by  cut-offs  or  necks.  On  such  a  plan 
all  of  the  wards  can  usually  be  arranged  to  receive 
direct  sun-rays  during  some  hours  of  the  day,  and 
only  so  much  of  the  northerly  side  of  the  building 


_|_J_ 


K:.^    KJ 


:> 


IS  arranged  into  patients'  living  space  as  may  be  abso- 
lutely necessary,  or  for  such  as  eye  wards,  where 
sunlight  is  not  so  necessary. 

Planning  the  Hospital.  A  unit  in  proportion  to 
the  size  of  the  proposed  hospital  should  be  designed 
and  one  of  these  incorporated  in  the  whole  plan  for 
each  department,  such  as  male  medical,  female 
medical,  male  surgical,  female  surgical,  maternity, 
private  rooms,  etc.,  each  one  as  far  as  possible  self- 
contained  so  as  to  keep  the  nurse  close  to  her  patients, 
and  make  it  unnecessary  to  leave  the  unit  while  on 
duty;  the  surgical  units  should  have  a  surgical  dress- 
ing-room, the  maternity  department,  a  nursery,  labor 
rooms,  and  accessories,  and  each  of  the  others  their 
special  requirements.  The  units  must  be  in  easy 
communication  with  the  kitchen,  the  general  labora- 
tory, the  operating  department,  and  other  common 
divisions.  A  unit  should 
have  the  following  rooms: 
(  1  )  The  ward  or  private 
room:     (2)     toilet    room; 

(3)  nurses'    toilet    room; 

(4)  serving  room  or  diet 
kitchen;  (5)  a  quiet  room 
for  one  bed;  (6)  bath 
room;  (7)  utility  or  sick 
room;  (8)  cabinet  for  lin- 
en; (9)  cabinet  for  medi- 
cine; (10)  station  for 
nurses.  If  the  units  can  be 
made  large  enough, one  or 
more  of  the  following  will 
be  of  advantage :  (  1  1  )  A 
solarium;  (12)  a  recep- 
tion alcove  or  room. 
Where  two  or  more  units 
are  close  together,  Nos.  3, 
4,  5,  II  and  12  may 
sometimes  be  arranged  so 
that  they  can  be  used  m 
common.  The  accom- 
panying plans.  Fig.  I.,  il- 
lustrate combinations  of  two,  three,  four  and  more 
units  and  the  manner  in  which  they  are  customarily 
assembled  to  obtain  different  capacities. 

Floor  Construction.  The  invention  of  reinforced 
concrete  and  reinforced  tile  has  produced  a  fireproof 
construction  which  increases  the  cost  of  a  hospital 
only  from  ten  to  twenty  per  cent,  above  the  cost  of 
one  in  which  wood-construction  floors  are  to  be  used. 
Two  types  are  shown.  Fig.  II.,  the  first  of  which 
contains  a  woven  wire  fabric  in  the  lower  layer  of 
concrete  in  short  spans  and  rods  in  longer  spans;  it 
also  requires  a  strong  concrete  layer  on  its  upper 
surface,  firmly  united  to  the  tile.  The  second  type 
shows  two  parts  to  the  construction,  the  reinforced 
concrete  joist  and  the  hollow  tile  between ;  this  is  onlv 
a  filling  and  may  be  cut  out  or  formed  into  channels 


u 


"Y 


CIlMllIXATinNS    OF    UNITS 


-146 


CONSTRUCTION 


447 


for  the  reception  of  pipes  and  conduits.  The  steel 
beams  and  girders  connected  together  with  hollow- 
clay  tile  IS  undoubtedly  the  best  type  and  too  well 
known  to  require  illustration. 

Area  for  Patient.  The  minimum  area  and  cubic 
contents  per  bed  permitted  in  Chicago  at  the  close  of 
1912  were  80  square  feet  and  800  cubic  feet.  A 
new  law  with  factors  for  adults,  children,  and  infants 
will  be  submitted  to  the  legislature  of  the  State  of 
Illinois  in  the  coming  ses- 
sion. A  similar  law  ^vlll 
probably  be  enacted  for 
the  State  of  Ohio.  The 
factors  are  as  follows: — 
Minimum  square  feet  of 
Roor  space  per  person :  Pri- 
vate rooms,  adults  90,  chil- 
dren 75,  babies  55  ;  wards, 
adults  80,  children  65, 
babies  45.  Minimum  cubic 
feet  of  air-space  per  per- 
son: Private  rooms,  adults 
900,  children  675,  babies 
500;  wards,  adults  800, 
children  600,  babies  400. 

Figure    III.    shows    the 
author's  conception  of  an 

ideally  arranged  kitchen  and  its  auxiliaries,  with 
minimum  height  of  ceiling  twenty  feet.  There  is  an 
areaway  ten  feet  wide  on  each  side  of  the  kitchen; 
the  windows  go  almost  to  the  ceiling,  and  the  win- 
dow glass  is  in  three  independent  sash,  each  capable 
of  being  raised  or  lowered  independent  of  the  others, 
for  purposes  of  light,  air,  and  additional  ventilation 
as  required.  Figure  IV.  is  a  typical  operating  de- 
partment which  seems  to  meet  most  requirements. 
Figure    V.    represents    a    medica 


ward  with  all  its  appurtenances.  The  medicine  cabi- 
nets for  such  a  suite  can  be  set  into  the  walls  of  the 
corridor,  just  outside  the  ward,  or  at  some  point  in 
the  walls  of  the  ward  itself. 

Windoxv  Frames.  The  windows  are  of  such  a 
great  importance  for  ventilating  that  they  must  receive 
special  consideration.  The  standard  window  is  the 
double-hung  check-rail  sash  with  box  frame.  This 
window  has  the  advantage  of  accessibility  for 
cleaning,  but  the  window 
has  several  disadvantages. 
^  One  is  that  it  does  not 
[  open  the  entire  opening  of 
the  window,  but  only  half 
in  hot  weather,  and  in  cold 
weather  it  permits  direct 
drafts.  The  so-called 
plank  frame  window,  with 
hinged  or  casement  sash 
I  swinging  inward,  is  also 
;  objectionable  on  account 
of  the  direct  drafts  and  the 
difficulty  of  applying  an 
adjuster  by  which  the  sash 
can  be  set  and  held  at  any 
angle.  These  objections 
also  apply  against  the 
same  kind  of  a  frame  with  sash  swinging  outward, 
but  such  sash  can  be  equipped  with  satisfactory 
operators,  can  be  opened  and  closed  without  remov- 
ing the  insect  screens,  which  must  be  on  the  inside 
when  the  sash  swings  outward.  Double  transom 
sash  in  the  upper  part  of  a  window  will  ventilate  a 
room  rapidly  without  objectionable  drafts.  Such 
transoms  can  be  used  in  combination  with  double- 
hung  sash  for  the  lower  part  of  the  window,  but  this 
is  not  advisable,  except  where  the 


1 R 1  .\  G C  0  X  C  R  E  T  K . 

CdNSTRUCTION. 


I'lr.S.    TTI..    IV..    AXll    V. KITCHKX    A  KKAXi  iK^f  EXT.  OPERATIXr,   DEPARTMENT. 


MEDICAL    WARIi    ARRANGEMENT. 


448 


CONSTRUCTION 


VZvT//.^  CASEMEAJT    Wl/vIDOW  ADJUSTER. 


l-ll..    V'll. — RKIXl-llK(.'i:ii   (.•II.VCRin'K    STAtK 


FIG.    IX. 
RF,I-RIC.ER.\TOR   P.\RTITIO.N'. 


window  frames  and  the  stories  are  unusually  high. 
Where  they  are  to  be  used  in  frames  and  stories  of 
ordinary  height  the  lower  portion  of  the  window 
should  be  equipped  with  outward-swinging  casement 
sash,  operated  by  casement  adjusters,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  VI. 

Stairs.  Polished  artificial  marble  made  in  the  same 
manner  as  described  for  floor  surfacing  is  one  of  the 
best  and  most  economic  stair  materials.  If  used  in 
combination  with  solid  masonry  walls  such  stairs  can 
be  self-supporting  without  the  use  of  iron,  except 
such  is  used  for  the  balustrade.  Figure  VII.  illus- 
trates such  a  stairway.  If  solid  masonry  walls  cannot 
be  built,  such  a  stair  may  be  supported  on  steel  sup- 
ports or  a  reinforced  concrete  slab,  which  will  require 
a  plastered  finish  on  the  soffit,  which  is  good,  but  not 
as  attractive  as  a  polished  artificial  marble  surface. 

Floor  Corners.  Attempts 
have  been  made  to  cover  a 
cement   cove    with    the   floor 

linoleum,  curving  this  to  the 

cement  upward  to  a  steel  cor- 
ner bead,  forming  the  divi- 
sion   between    the    plastered 

wall  and  the  floor  linoleum. 

This    could    be   done    fairly 

well    adjoining    the    straight 

walls,  but  it  IS  unsatisfactory 

in  both  re-entrant  and  salient 

angles.     It  will  be  seen  that 

the    salient    angles    must    be 

filled  with  a  small  patch  of 

linoleum,  or  a  cement  such  as 

magnesia-cement,  but  the  re- 
sult IS  not  as  perfect  a  piece 

of  work  as  a  combination  of 

linoleum    floor    and    artificial 

marble    or    magnesia-cement 

baseboards,    as    shown    in 

Fig.  VIII. 

Refrigeration.  As  the  pro- 
per preservation  and  condi- 
tion of  foods  and  the  purity 
of  water  supply  are  of  the  ut- 
most importance  in  hospital 
service,    so    the   refrigerating 

requirements  are  most  exacting.  The  advantages  of 
refrigeration  in  hospitals  include  the  cooling  of  main 
kitchen  and  diet  kitchen  food-supply  boxes,  refrigera- 
tion in  service  rooms  located  throughout  the  hospital, 
cold-storage  refrigerators  for  stocks  of  foods  and  sup- 
plies, the  preparation  of  such  foods  as  ices,  ice-cream, 
and  delicacies  for  the  sick.  To  eliminate  a  consider- 
able loss  in  economy,  all  the  cold  piping  of  the 
refrigerating  system  should  be  protected  by  a  heat- 
insulating  covering  of  the  highest  obtainable  quality. 
Fig.  IX.  Standard  coverings  are  furnished  of  com- 
pressed cork  and  of  wood  or  hair  felt.  In  selecting 
insulation  it  must  be  kept  in  mind  that  a  consider- 
able difference  in  first  cost  will  be  very  rapidly  out- 
weighed by  the  continued  loss  of  refrigeration  due  to 
the  selection  of  a  lower  quality  of  insulation.     The 


lik\    LIIL  IP. 


CONSTRUCTION 


specifications  should  establish  a  guaranteed  result  of 
refrigeration   and   a   five-year  guarantee  against  de- 
terioration   of    the    covering.     Pipe-covering    manu- 
facturers   who    specialize    in    refrigerating       ^ — ......  ... 

insulation  will  agree  to  such  guarantees. 

Laundry  Chutes.  A  newly  devised 
laundry  chute,  shown  in  Fig.  X.,  consists 
of  rings  of  iron,  glass  lined  on  the  inside,  and  is  made 
in  sections  or  rings,  3  or  4  feet  long,  and  of  any  de- 
sired diameter.  The  sections  are  made  gasketed,  so 
that  they  fit  watertight  one  against  another,  and  the 
chute  can  be  made  of  any  desired  length  in  that  way. 
The  joints  are  fitted  so  closely  that  they  can  thus  be 
washed  out  at  any  time  with  hot  or  cold  water  shower 
at  the  top.     The  glass  is  fused  into  the  metal  at  a 


Z^Z^ZC^, 


=3 


SII.  —  ARKANCRMKNT    F.iK     H  VHRllT  II  KK  Al'Kl.'TU'    ^rni'.. 

tution.  There  are  questions  of  light,  and  perhaps 
problems  of  ventilation  and  heating,  that  render  the 
scheme  of  architecture  more  complicated.  In  fig- 
ure XI.  are  shown  the  plans  of  a  small  building,  the 
width  of  which  is  33  feet,  the  length  I  I  1  feet,  and 
contains  the  following  beds: — First  floor:  4  three- 
bed  wards.  12;  I  two-bed  ward,  2;  interns,  2. 
Second  floor:  8  one-bed  wards,  8.  Third  floor: 
Nurses  and  help,  12.  Basement :  Fireman,  1.  Total 
number  of  beds,  37.  Each  of  two  first-floor  wards 
will  accommodate  an  additional  bed,  making  a  total 
of  39  beds.  The  cost  of  this  building  should  not  ex- 
ceed $38,500.  If  the  three  floors  and  all  partitions 
are  built  of  fireproof  construction,  and  slate  roof  on 


til 


:i.  Helps  dining  ro 
4.  Nurses"  dining  r 

.5.  I..iundr>'- 


XI. — I 'I.  AX    n 


temperature  of  about  2600  deg.  F.  and  does  not 
crack  or  split  off  under  any  variations  in  temperature. 
The  bottom  of  the  chute  ends  in  a  drain-pipe  with 
trap  and  grate,  so  that  it  is  perfectly  clean  and  sweet 
all  the  time.  At  the  top  there  is  a  shower  crown  for 
hot  and  cold  water  for  cleaning  purposes.  The  top 
of  the  chute  is  led  to  the  roof,  and  is  covered  with  a 
hood. 

Small  Hospital.  The  principles  of  hospital  archi- 
tecture apply  equally  in  the  small  and  the  large  in- 
stitution. The  radical  difference  between  the  two  is 
simply  that  one  contains  a  very  few  units  and  the 
other  a  great  number  of  units.  In  the  large  hospital 
there  are  questions  of  transportation  of  food  and 
hospital  supplies  that  do  not  apply  in  the  small  insti- 


wood  roof  construction,  the  cost  should  not  exceed 
$45,000,  or  about  33'  2  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

Hydrotherapy!.  Figure  XII.  is  a  well  designed 
hydrotherapeutic  suite  which  may  be  elaborated  or 
contracted  to  conform  to  any  special  conditions 
desired. 

X-Ray  Suite.  Figure  XIII.  is  a  most  convenient 
plan  for  an  X-Ray  department  in  a  small  hospital, 
where  practically  all  the  apparatus  must  be  house :l 
in  one  room. 

Mill(  Station.  The  plans  for  a  practical  milk 
laboratory  are  shown  in  figure  XIV.  This  satisfies 
as  nearly  as  possible  the  health  authorities  of  the 
larger  cities  in  their  demand  for  efficiency  in  methods 
of  pasteurization. 


CONSTRUCTION 


CHARLES  S.  COBB,  who  has  had  charge  of 
the  architectural  department  of  the  Toronto  Tech- 
nical School  for  the  past  two  years,  has  opened  an 
office  for  practice  in  the  new  C.P.R.  building. 


Philadelphia  and  London:  W.  B.  Saunders  Com- 
pany, 1913.  Octavo  volume,  cloth,  $7.00  net;  half 
morocco,  $8.50  net.  Sole  Canadian  agent  is  the  J. 
F.  Hartz  Co.,  Ltd.,  Toronto. 


WALTER  N.  MOORhOUSE,  until  recently 
with  the  firm  of  Sproatt  &  Rolph,  has  entered  into 
partnership  with  Allan  George,  son  of  Sir  Ernest 
George,  who  is  at  present  practising  in  Toronto  at 
67  Victoria  street.  *     *     * 

GEORGE  N.  MOLESWORTH,  formerly  of 
the  fir  mof  Bovell  &  Molesworth,  449  "I'onge  street, 
and  Gordon  M.  West,  until  recently  with  Architect 
George  W.  Gouinlock,  have  opened  a  joint  office  in 
Bank  of  Commerce  building  at  2  College  street, 
Toronto.  *     *     * 

THE  PEDLAR  PEOPLE  will  move  from 
their  present  location  on  Bay  street  to  the  new  Art 
Tailoring  building,  corner  of  Markham  and  College 
streets,  Toronto.  The  company  has  secured  a  ten 
years'  lease  and  ten  thousand  square  feet  of  floor 
space  will  be  used  for  offices  and  warehouse  pur- 
poses. *     t     * 

THE  PARIPAN  lacquer  enamel,  which  has 
been  so  successfully  employed  in  the  decarative 
scheme  of  the  new  Toronto  General  Hospital,  is  of 
an  English  enamel  of  high  grade.  It  has  been  used 
in  some  nine  hundred  hospitals  scattered  throughout 
the  British  Empire  and  has  withstood  the  continued 
washing  and  general  wear  in  the  older  institutions 
for  fifteen  years.  The  material  lends  itself  to  various 
treatments  and  can  be  applied  in  flat  tones  or  glossy 
tints.  The  paripan  enamel  is  handled  by  Sturgeons 
Limited.  *    *    * 

IN  A  RECENT  LECTURE  Edward  Howard 
Griggs  expressed  his  thought  of  architecture  in  the 
following  words:  "Music  takes  sound  forms  in 
nature  in  their  lower  relation  and  recombines  them 
in  harmony  with  human  sensibility  and  intelligence. 
Architecture  does  the  same  with  dimensional  forms 
in  nature,  and  in  both  arts  is  to  be  found  the  most  far- 
reaching  application  of  mathematical  principles. 
Goethe  speaks  of  architecture  as  frozen  music. 
Browning,  in  more  significant  language,  speaks  of 
music  as  liquid  architecture.  One  art  is  to  space 
what  the  other  is  to  time." 

*    *    * 

THE  MODERN  HOSPITAL  is  the  title  of  a 
book  recently  published  which  treats  of  the  hospital 
in  relation  to  its  inspiration,  its  architecture,  its  equip- 
ment and  its  operation.  The  work  is  edited  by  John 
A.  Hormsby,  M.D.,  Secretary  Hospital  Section, 
American  Medical  Association;  member  American 
Hospital  Association,  etc.,  and  Richard  E.  Schmidt, 
architect.  Fellow  American  Institute  of  Architects. 
The  book  contains  six  hundred  and  forty-four  pages 
with  two  hundred  and  seven  illustrations  of  plans, 
structural    details,    finished    rooms,    equipment,    etc. 


THE  FOLLOWING  well  known  companies 
furnished  material  for  the  new  Toronto  General 
Hospital,  which  merits  the  universal  approval  it  is 
receiving  in  relation  to  its  constructional  features  and 
equipment:  Architectural  Bronze  and  Iron  Wor'is, 
iron  fences  and  lamps;  Berry  Brothers,  liquid  gran- 
ite; Canadian  Fairbanks-Morse  Co.,  scales;  H.  N. 
Dancy  &  Son,  Ltd.,  masonry;  R.  C.  Dancy,  plaster- 
ing; Dennis  Wire  and  Iron  Works  Co.,  ornamental 
iron;  Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  steel;  Don  Valley  Brick 
Works,  brick  and  porous  terra  cotta;  A.  D.  Grant, 
plaster  work;  W.  J.  Hynes,  plaster  work;  Lautz 
Co.,  marble  and  tile;  W.  J.  McGuire,  wiring;  G. 
B.  Meadows,  ornamental  iron;  Pedlar  People  Ltd., 
metal  lath;  R.  Robertson  &  Sons,  general  contract- 
ors; Sturgeons  Ltd.,  panpan  enamel;  Teagle  &  Son, 
masonry;  Turnbull  Elevator  Mfg.  Co.,  elevators. 

A  VERY  PRACTICAL  apparatus  for  the 
disposal  of  garbage  and  ashes  is  manufactured  by 
Gillis  &  Geoghegan,  537  West  Broadway,  New 
York  City.  The  G.  &  G.  ash  elevator  takes  up 
scarcely  any  room  in  areaway  or  cellar;  the  opening 
in  the  sidewalk  need  be  little  larger  than  necessary 
to  permit  passage  of  the  can.  It  is  telescopic — no 
part  showing  above  the  sidewalk  when  not  in  use. 
Compound  gearing  is  provided  in  connection  with 
both  the  handle  which  telescopes  the  apparatus 
above  sidewalk,  and  the  handle  which  raises  the 
load  to  sidewalk.  The  gears  are  "machine  cut,"  so 
that  working  smoothly  and  firmly  it  is  possible  for 
the  heaviest  load  to  be  raised  easily  and  rapidly. 
The  upper  hoisting  head  revolves  so  that  can  is 
swung  over  on  sidewalk  without  hitting,  while  a 
safety  ratchet  device  is  provided  with  both  handles. 
A  powerful  all-steel  brake  attachment  permits  the 
lowering  of  heavy   loads  without   trouble. 


THE  LAST  WORD 

in  the  art  of  manufacturing  High  Grade 
Surveying  and  Drawing  Instruments  has 
been  developed  in  the  Dietzgen  Instruments, 
the  possession  and  use  of  which  guarantees 
accurate  results. 

Scales.  Slide  Rules.  Draughting  Equipment 
and  Accessories  of  a  complete  list  are  also  manu- 
factured by  us  and  sold  direct  to  the  Architect  and 
Engineer. 

BLUE   PRINTS 
made  from  tracings  a  specialty. 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO.,    LTD., 

116  Adelaide  St.    W..   Toronto. 


OrNSTRUCnON 


VOL.  VI 


NO.  12 


CONTENTS    FOR     DKCKMBEK,    1913 

EDITORIAL       

Vim    .,t    ■■Construrtion-     fur    ll.c    v.-ar     ■.'.'H T..l-aj,to    Huusiim    (•..m|.,u..v.     plans 

accomplished Tremendous    nre   loss   of   forests    by   railways,    value   otre-lorest- 

i-ation Mistakes   of  New  York    Skyscrapers  a   lesson   to   i.anaduui  Cities. 

457 

THREE     MONTREAL     SCHOOL     BUILDINGS        

THE    AMERICAN    CLUB.    TORONTO  '^^^ 

PROPOSED     REGISTRY     OFFICE.     TORONTO     ''*'' 

477 

CURRENT      TOPICS 

Plans  .-juebec   bridge falsary   erecli.m   an    inaaslrial   service   btlildinj; -Criti- 
cism  of  Canadian   architecture   by   Johanii   Kollei- Comments   on    town    planning 

by   J.    .1.    Shallcross Condition    of   land    occupied    by   ranam.a-Pacinc   Exposition. 

ERECTION     OF    VIADUCT     AT    TRENTON.       By     R.     K.     Palmer "^^^ 

484 

GENERAL    NOTES    

486 

TRADE    NOTES    

487 
INDEX    TO    "CONSTRUCTION"     FOR     1913     

Full   Pa^e  Illustrations 

STREET     SCENE     IN     LOCHES        ronispiec 

455 
EDWARD    VII.    SCHOOL.    MONTREAL     

STRATHEARN     SCHOOL.     MONTREAL     


H.    GAGNIER,    Limited,    Publishers 

GRAPHIC  ARTS  BUILDING,  TORONTO.  CANADA 


BR.\NCH    OFFICF.S 


MONTREAL 


WINNIPEG 


CHICAGO 


NEW  YORK 


STREET  SCENE  IN  LOCHES,  FE^NCE. 

PHOTO    BY    I".    R.    MAJOR. 


n 


I  he  aim  of  "Coiisiruclion"  for  the  vear  1914 
— An  endeavor  lo  present  the  best  worlf  in  a 
n^holesoir.e  and  practical  manner. 


IN  REVIEWING  the  year  of  1913  through  all 
its  varying  successes  and  failures,  one  fact  seems  ta 
stand  forth — the  lessons  learned  through  over-in- 
vestment will  make  the  progress  of  the  coming  year 
greater  and  place  it  on  a  more  secure  foundation. 
Already  indications  point  to  a  gradual  return  of  our 
illustrious  record  during  1912.  CONSTRUCTION 
aims  to  present  in  an  artistic  and  practical  manner  the 
best  architecture  and  engineering  problems  through- 
out the  provinces,  and  naturally  relies  upon  the  co- 
operation of  each  individual  interested  in  a  sane  and 
broad  development  of  our  various  cities  and  towns. 
Beginning  with  the  January  issue,  it  vs-ill  present  a 
number  of  plate  forms  dealing  with  subjects  which 
should  prove  helpful  to  every  artisan.  The  policy  of 
showing  a  building  in  its  entirety  will  be  adhered  to, 
while  the  examples  will  cover  each  type  of  structure 
and  at  the  same  time  depict  the  character  of  work 
being  done  in  all  parts  of  Canada.  The  best  designs 
executed  in  other  countries  will  be  shown  from  time 
to  time  in  order  that  we  may  keep  in  touch  with  the 
class  of  work  as  well  as  the  men  who  are  responsible 
for  the  future  progress  of  art.  Promine^.t  men 
in  the  profession  are  preparing  for  CONSTRUC- 
TION articles  dealing  with  the  living  questions 
of  the  day,  matters  w'th  which  they  are 
thoroughly  acquainted  and  which  are  vital  to  the 
sane  progress  of  our  artistic  ideals.  The  house  will 
take  a  prominent  place  in  CONSTRUCTION  for  1914. 
This  type  of  building  has  been  sadly  neglected  during 
the  past  year,  while  so  much  excellent  work  has  been 
done  in  that  direction.  The  territory  covered  will 
represent  the  architects  from  Quebec  to  Vancouver. 
Government  buildings,  schools,  commercial  struc- 
tures, hospitals,  art  galleries,  churches,  apartments, 
etc.,  will  also  be  thoroughly  illustrated.  Civic  plan- 
ning will  be  seriously  considered,  and  several  schemes 
for  Canadian  cities  are  to  be  shown  m  connection 
with  the  author's  description  of  same.  Space  will 
not  permit  of  further  detailed  information,  but  with 
the  hearty  commendation  and  assistance  of  each  per- 
son concerned  we  will  endeavor  to  present  all  the 
best  work,  thoroughly  and  practically,  and  with  a 
dignity,  we  trust,  which  will  command  the  admiration 
of  our  readers  as  well  as  foreign  contemporaries. 


fl 


1  he  con  mendable  Work  of  the  Toronto  Hous- 
ing Companv — Plans  accomplished  and  general 
results  from  an  esthetic  and  social  standpoint. 


THE  HOUSING  of  workingmen,  who  rely  upon 
a  moderate  wage  for  the  maintenance  of  their  family, 
IS  a  problem  which  confronts  the  authorities  of  every 
city.  In  Ontario  the  Government  considered  the 
question  as  a  Provincial  matter  and  passed  a  bill 
presented  by  the  Hon.  .Mr.  Hanna  which  was  draft- 
ed in  conjunction  with  others  most  prominent  in  the 
housing  movement.  This  measure  opened  the  way 
for  each  city,  enabling  them  to  act  with  the  Govern- 
ment in  the  solution  of  providing  comfortable  and 
artistic  homes  for  the  poor.  The  city  of  Toronto  felt 
the  need  and  appointed  a  committee  from  which  re- 
sulted the  authorization  of  a  company  to  whom  the 
city  council  \oted  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $850,000 
on  the  basis  that  $150,000  be  provided  by 
said  company.  With  a  capitalization  of  $1 ,000,000 
the  first  step  was  to  prepare  plans  for  five  acres  of 
land  fronting  Logan  avenue.  The  scheme  involved 
an  expenditure  of  $400,030  and  resulted  in  the  hous- 
ing of  two  hundred  families.  The  second  develop- 
ment of  the  Housing  Company  is  located  near  River- 
dale  Park,  comprising  two  thousand  feet  of  street 
frontage.  The  buildings  will  accommodate  one 
hundred  and  eighteen  families;  cost  approximately 
$500,000,  and  include  a  private  plant  for  the  ample 
provision  of  heat  and  hot  water.  One  of  the  schemes 
has  quite  an  English  character,  the  homes  surround- 
ing a  central  court.  These  houses  have  a  minimum 
rental  of  twelve  dollars  a  month,  which  covers  the 
cost  of  upkeep,  taxes,  insurance,  interest  on  bonds, 
interest  on  shareholders'  capital,  and  which  provides 
a  sinking  fund  to  retire  all  bonds  m  forty  years.  The 
work  of  the  company  is  highly  commendable  and 
will  result  in  the  betterment  of  localities  wherein  the 
homes  are  built.  The  children  are  provided  with 
ample  playgrounds,  while  gardens  are  arranged  for 
flowers,  vines  and  terraces.  As  stated  at  the  laying 
of  the  corner  stone  of  the  second  building  develop- 
ment, it  is  not  an  undertaking  of  philanthropic  motives 
but  one  of  social  justice.  Times  and  conditions  have 
forced  us  to  provide  for  the  needs  of  those  who  are 
alive  to  the  real  sense  of  living  and  who  are  unable 
to  meet  the  exorbitant  increase  in  rentals,  etc.  The 
object  of  the  Housing  Company  is  to  make  it  pos- 
sible for  the  working  man  to  live  comfortably  and  at 


453 


CONSTRUCTJON 


the  same  time  give  his  family  the  opportunities  for 
education  and  wholesome  pleasures.  It  is  a  business 
proposition  and  will  do  considerable  to  eliminate  the 
evolution  of  slums  in  our  cities.  Give  the  conscien- 
tious working  man  a  chance  to  better  his  conditions 
and  he  will  in  time  bring  about  a  condition  which  in 
itself  will  enhance  the  esthetic  appearance  of  the  city 
as  well  as  the  moral  status  of  the  community  wherein 
he  lives. 


n 


The  sl^pscraper — The  mistakes  of  Nerv  Yort( 
should  be  a  lesson  to  our  Canadian  cities  in  their 
haste  to  erect  tall  structures. 


^ 


Tremendous  fire  loss  of  forests  through  radrvavs 
— Action  alreadv  tal(en  and  need  for  more 
stringent  lan>s — I  alue  of  re-foreslration. 


DURING  THE  ^'EAR  1912  there  were  over 
two  hundred  fires  started  within  three  hundred  feet 
of  railway  lines  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Board  of  Railway  Commissioners  for  Canada  in 
British  Columbia,  Alberta,  Saskatchewan  and  Mani- 
toba. Of  this  number  one  hundred  and  sixty-four 
were  caused  by  trains.  The  loss  resulting  from  eighty 
fires  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  line  alone  \vas  approxi- 
mately $65,000.  Appreciating  the  urgent  need  of 
definite  action  the  Board  in  May,  1912,  ordered  cer- 
tain regulations  for  the  prevention  of  fires.  Among 
the  various  clauses  is  one  which  states  that  every  rail- 
way subject  to  the  legislative  authority  of  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Canada  shall  cause  all  locomotive  engines  to 
be  fitted  with  an  extension  smoke-box  having  the 
aperture  entirely  covered  with  wire  mesh.  Another 
provides  that  capable  inspectors  shall  be  stationed  at 
the  different  terminals,  whose  work  will  consist  of  a 
thorough  examination  of  all  fire-protective  appliances 
and  keep  a  record  of  each  inspection.  Still  another 
states  that  the  various  comparues  shall  maintain 
efficient  patrol  and  fire-fighting  service  from  April  to 
November.  These,  together  with  numerous  other 
conditions  enacted,  should  assist  materially  in  the 
preservation  of  the  forests.  But  they  alone  have  not, 
nor  can  they,  prevent  the  big  conflagrations  until  pro- 
per jurisdiction  is  passed  which  pertains  to  all  rail- 
roads. The  Government  Forestry  Branch  reports 
that  half  of  the  original  forest  of  Canada  has  been 
destroyed  by  fire;  that  for  every  foot  of  timber  util- 
ized seven  has  been  burned,  and  that  at  the  low  esti- 
mated value  of  fifty  cents  per  thousand  feet  b.m., 
the  timber  uselessly  ruined  by  fire  would  have  yielded 
a  direct  revenue  of  more  than  one  billion  dollars,  to 
say  nothing  of  the  benefits  resulting  from  its  utiliza- 
tion. Such  statements  as  these  cannot  help  but  awak- 
en the  people  interested  in  the  country's  welfare  to  the 
pressing  need  of  more  stringent  action.  As  soon  as 
proper  means  have  been  employed  to  eliminate  the 
fires,  new  forests  will  be  planted.  Considerable  atten- 
tion has  been  paid  to  the  question  of  ensuring  the  per- 
petuation of  the  forest  by  old-style  methods  of  lum- 
bering on  Government  lands,  but  the  phase  of  forest 
planting  has  been  seriously  neglected.  It  is  quite  im- 
perative that  the  Government  take  even  more  strin- 
gent action  towards  the  railways  and  at  the  same  time 
anticipate  the  future's  need  by  re-forestration. 


THE  SKYSCRAPER  for  Canadian  cities  is 
universally  condemned,  and  still  two  are  being 
erected  on  opposite  corners  to  the  C.P.R.  building 
in  Toronto.  What  congestion  will  occur  at  the  nar- 
row intersection  of  the  two  busy  streets  when  the 
thousands  pour  from  the  three  structures,  is  passed 
over  lightly  by  the  exponents  of  the  commercial 
iower.  The  abundance  of  land  within  a  stone's 
throw  of  this  site,  which  is  practically  being  wasted 
for  want  of  thorough  up-to-date  buildings,  is  not  even 
considered.  To  ape  the  skyward  tendencies  of  New 
York  City  seems  to  rule  the  ambitions  of  some  few 
who  are  powerful  enough  to  force  the  will  of  the 
people's  representatives.  Toronto  might  well  learn 
the  experience  of  America's  metropolis.  In  that  city 
the  majority  of  the  older  buildings  remain  unim- 
proved at  low  levels  on  account  of  the  skyscrapers 
enticing  away  their  tenants.  Such  a  condition  exists 
in  close  proximity  to  many  recent  tall  buildings  where 
may  be  found  abandoned  residences,  poor  tenements, 
cheap  lofts,  etc.  An  example  of  note  in  this  connec- 
tion IS  the  Tower  building,  eleven  stories  high,  flanked 
on  both  sides  by  other  structures — 44  to  50  Broad- 
way— all  of  which  are  to  be  torn  down  because  they 
do  not  possess  sufficient  tenants  to  pay  for  the  operat- 
ing expenses.  These  buildings  are  serviceable,  but 
doomed  to  destruction  by  the  eagerness  of  people  to 
occupy  the  more  elaborate  and  self  advertised  struc- 
tures. Why  shouldn't  the  adjacent  property  owners 
have  some  rights,  some  protection  not  only  as  con- 
cerns the  question  of  rentable  values,  but  also  the 
problem  of  light  and  air?  The  Borough  President 
of  New  York  appointed  recently  R.  P.  Bolton  to 
make  a  scientific  study  of  building  construction  and 
cost.  Mr.  Bolton,  in  commenting  over  his  report, 
says:  "I  have  suggested  to  the  commission  a  limita- 
tion of  nine  times  the  gross  plot  area  in  gross  interior 
floor  area.  Coupled  with  a  restriction  as  to  cornice 
heights  and  permission  to  build  higher  only  by  reces- 
sion from  all  sides  of  the  property  lines,  the  access  of 
light  and  air  to  street  and  neighbors  would  be  secured. 
With  the  increased  high  cost  of  construction,  it  follows 
that  rentals  must  be  high  if  a  proper  return  is  to  be 
secured,  but  it  is  a  fact  that  the  mere  height  of  build- 
ings does  not  bring  in  commensurate  returns.  There 
are  actually  instances  in  lower  Manhattan  where  the 
lower  floors  of  some  skyscrapers  are  unrentable  as 
office  space  and  are  rented  for  storage  purposes  on 
account  of  the  insufficient  light  and  air  they  afford. 
This  is  due  to  the  building  itself,  which  has  not  only 
robbed  its  neighboring  properties  of  their  share  of 
light,  but  has  robbed  itself  of  its  own  share  of  reflect- 
ed light.  The  same  applies  to  access  of  air  for  ventil- 
ation. Had  such  buildings  been  constructed  with 
regard  to  these  features  a  much  less  height  would 
have  been  found  to  produce  equal  results." 


CONSTRUCTION 


<      ^ 

Q       - 


CONSTRUCTION 


Three   Montreal   School    Buildings 


NOBBS  &  HYDE.  A,ch,i 


THE  PROTESTANT  Board  of  School  Com- 
missioners of  Montreal  have  been  compelled 
to   meet   the   rapidly   increasmg  demand    for 
school    accommodation   withm    their   jurisdiction    m 
recent  years  by  enlarging  such  of  the  schools  as  were 
capable  of  enlargement  and  building  at  the  rate  of 
one  new   school  a   year  besides.      This  activity   in 
connection    with    primary    education     (quite    apart 
from  the  Board's  high  school  and  technical  school 
work)    has    naturally    resulted    m    very    clear    and 
definite  views  as  to  accommodation  requirements  on 
the  part  of  the  experienced  officials  of   the   Board. 
Such  matters  as  the  sizes  of  ordinary  class  rooms, 
kindergarten    rooms,    sloyd    rooms,    cookery    rooms, 
etc.,  may  be  said  to  have  been  reduced  to  an  exact 
science.     The  cost  of  land  and  the  cost  of  building 
in     relation     to     the     funds 
available     impose    a     rigid. 
though  not  a  gross,  economy 
in  school  building  in  Mont- 
real, and  two  very  desirable 
elements  in  the  ideal  school 
plan   have   had   to   be  dis- 
pensed   with    or    only   par- 
tially  provided   for   of   late 
years;     firstly,     playground 
accommodation,     and     sec- 
ondly,  assembly  halls.     In 
recent  cases,   however,    tin 
indoor  playrooms  have  bei  ■ 
greatly    improved    in    tyji- 
while    the    gymnasium,    su 
arranged  as  to  be  capable 
of  use  as  assembly  halls  on 
occasion,   provides  what    is 
essential  in  that  respect 

When  the  officials  ha\v 
prepared  their  schedule  ol 
cut  and  dry  accommoda 
tion,  and  the  Board  has  pm 
vided  the  site  and  the  fund 
and  the  admonition  as  t  > 
"cost  per  cubic  foot, 
checked  by  the  "cost  per 
class  room  provided,"  the 
architect  is  called  upon  to 
invent  a  synthetic  solution 
three  schools  illustrated  the  sites  were  the  only 
variable  factors  of  moment  and  the  only  element  of 
accommodation  susceptible  of  much  variation  was 
the  "coat  room.  " 

In  the  case  of  the  Edward  VII.  School,  the  usual 
and  ideal  coat  room  was  possible  owing  to  the  ex- 
treme length  of  the  site. 

In  the  Strathearn  School  on  a  costly  site  ^vhich 
did  not   admit   even  of  a   playground    (but  happily 


iiLdtlia 


MAIX    E.VTRAXCE.    EllW  AKli    VII.    SCHOOL 


In    the 


of    th 


situated  withm  a  stone's  throw  of  the  Mount  Royal 
Park),  extra  wide  corridors  flanked  with  a  special 
sliding  front  locker  device,  take  the  place  of  the 
separate  coat  rooms,  saving  20  p.c.  of  the  cubic  con- 
tents of  the  class  room  floors  m  the  school  building. 
The  Peace  Centenary  School,  which  is  the  next 
to  be  proceeded  with,  is  fortunately  on  a  very  liberal 
site.  The  school  is  of  such  a  size  that  the  well-plan 
proved  the  most  economical,  the  coat  rooms  in  this 
case  being  placed  on  the  inside  across  the  corridor 
from  the  class  rooms.  The  whole  of  the  external 
walls  are  thus  available  to  light  class  rooms. 

Without  quoting  the  standing  orders  of  the  Board 
as  to  detailed  requirements  for  the  various  elements 
of  the  school  plan,  a  note  on  the  most  important 
element, — the  ordinary  class  room, — may  be  of  in- 
terest. The  officials  very 
rightly  insist  that  there  shall 
be  no  door  in  the  wall  be- 
hind the  teacher,  but  a 
blackboard  the  whole  width 
of  the  room.  Another 
blackboard  is  placed  on  the 
inner  wall  (opposite  the 
windows)  between  the  en- 
trance door  and  the  cup- 
board, if  on  that  wall.  The 
back  wall  is  provided  with 
rails  only  for  diagrams. 

The  dimensions  of  the 
class  rooms  are,  maximum 
twenty-five  by  thirty  feet, 
to  minimum  twenty-four  by 
twenty-eight  feet.  The 
height  in  the  cases  illus- 
trated IS  twelve  feet  ten 
inches,  floor  to  ceiling.  The 
window  sills  are  three  feet 
high  and  the  glass  area  is 
one-sixth  of  the  floor  area — 
a  rather  excessne  require- 
ment 

The  school  buildings  un- 
der construction  are  thor- 
oughly fireproof  in  their 
construction.  The  fuel  and 
heating  apparatus  are  disconnected  as  far  as  possible 
from  the  ground  floor,  from  which  the  stairs  lead  up. 
There  is  no  basement,  the  space  below  the  ground 
floor  being  filled  in,  except  for  ventilating  ducts  and 
pipe  tunnels.  Where  internal  concrete  staircases  can 
be  suitably  distributed  throughout  the  building  ex- 
ternal fire  escapes  are  dispensed  with. 

The  ventilation  provided  in  class  rooms  is  thirty- 
fix  e  cubic  feet  of  air  per  child  per  minute,  and  as  the 
class  rooms  are  seated  for  from  fortv  to  fifty  children. 


■■■i 

Il  Ji 


CONSTRUCTION 


STRATHEARN  SCHOOL,  MONTREAL. 

XOBBS    &    HYDE,    ARCHITECT?. 
458 


rn 


I  I  1 1 1 II  «  HI  I '  1 1 1  I  -a 


1 1  I  1 1 1  I  II  mill  I  1 


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■  1 1 1 1 1 1 1  f.  1 1 1 1 1 1 1  JL  1 1  n  11 1  II  nmrr 


r>%,-i^^-^yA-^^ 


'^rc^^i'  iJ'ia-   r^i 


c^/C^-.r^^^, 


-      r^^l!i=^A^ 


STRATHEARN   SCHOOL,    MONTREAL. 

XOBBS    &    HYDE.    ARC  IIITECT*. 
459 


CONSTRUCTION 


M-fJT 


Cllf 


R 


■j         .ry=-^'i     i^^SE:^:-  ;--^«pSi;^-5  -  ::^p^^- 


460 


C  O  A'  5  7   l<  U  C  T  I  O  N 


461 


S'I'AlkW  AV.    STKATIII-AK.V    SCIII 


that  lepiesents  between  ten  and  eleven  changes  per 
hour.  The  heating  and  ventilating  of  the  three 
schools  illustrated  has  been  designed  by  the  Cana- 
dian Domest'c  Engineermg  Company. 

Comparative  Table. 

Edward  V'll.  Sliallieain.  Peace  Ceii. 


Common  classes   .  .  .  . 

Kindergarten    

Sloyd    

Cookery     

Total  class  rooms  .  .  . 
Boys'  playroom  area. 


26 


2 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

24 

28 

3.300 

2.700 

6.500 


Girls'  playroom  area, 
Gymnasium  area.  it. 

Boys'   urinals 

Boys'  water  closets 
Girls'  water  closets 
Cubic  contents,  ft.    . 
Cost,  general  contrac 
Cost,  engineering    .  . 

Total   cost 

Cost  per  cubic  foot 
Cost  per  class  room 
Number  of  children 

Cost  per  cfiild 

Dale  of   completion 


JUASS    KiiDM.    Kliw   \KI 


COKKlDOR.    STKATIIKAKN     SCHOOI., 


462 


CONSTRUCTION 


MAIX     FACADI-     OF     AMERICAN     CLUB. 


The  American  Club, 
Toronto 

JULES    F.    WEGMAN.    Architect. 

THE  AMERICAN  CLUB,  organized  m  the 
fall  of  1912,  purchased  recently  the  Union 
Bank  building,  which  is  located  at  nineteen 
Wellington  street.  Facing  the  Ontario  Club,  it 
marks  the  site  of  another  historical  spot  which  has 
gradually  grown  into  the  active  commercial  life  of 
that  vicinity.  The  original  structure  was  erected  in 
1858  by  Cumberland  &  Storm,  architects,  for  the 
Edinburgh  Life  Assurance  Company.  From  1874 
to  1888  the  Federal  Bank  occupied  the  premises  and 
were  succeeded  by  the  Union  Bank.  The  legal  firm 
of  Saunders,  Torrance  &  Kingsmill  held  offices  in 
the  building  from  the  date  of  occupancy  up  to  last 
spring.  The  exterior  of  the  structure  was  enlarged 
in  1899  to  its  present  condition. 

The  building  has  a  frontage  of  fifty-two  feet  and 
a  depth  of  one  hundred  and  t^venty  feet.  It  afforded 
quite  an  architectural  and  engineering  problem  in 
changing  the  needs  of  a  banking  institution  to  that  of 
a  social  club,  and  its  present  state  reflects  consider- 
able credit  on  the  designer,  J.  F.  Wegman,  associ- 
ated with  the  architectural  firm  of  Darling  &  Pear- 
son, and  Norman  A.  Hill,  the  consulting  engineer. 
Two  entrances  furnish  access  to  the  ground  floor, 
one  leading  to  the  men's  lounging  room,  the  other 
providing  a  means  whereby  the  ladies  can  enter  their 
own  quarters  privately.  The  lounging  room,  thirty 
by  fifty-eight  feet,  takes  the  place  of  the  old  banking 
room  with  its  decorative  ceiling  and  saucer-shaped 
dome  equipped  with  innumerable  hidden  lights.  The 
room  is  seventeen  feet  high  with  walls  finished  in  a 
brown  shade  to  harmon- 
ize with  the  oak  wood- 
work. In  addition  to 
the  invisible  ceiling 
lights  are  brass  electric 
brackets    on   the   walls. 


iASEMF.NT   PLAN 


SECOND    FLOOR    PLAN. 

PRESENT    LAV-OUT    OF    AMERICAN    CLUB. 
463 


THIRD    FLKOR    PLAN. 


464 


CONSTRUCTION 


LOUNGING    ROO^r. 


PRIVATE    DINING    BOOTH. 


The  oak  flooring  is  covered  with  large  Onenl_iI  rugs, 
setting  off  the  big  mahogany  chans  and  davenports 
upholstered  in  leather.  Palms,  tables  and  heavy  raw 
silk  curtains  with  fish-net  lace  at  the  windows  lend  a 
welcome  atmosphere  to  the  room. 

Leading  from  the  lounge  is  the  smoking  room, 
equipped  with  velveteen  portieres,  oak  tables  and 
chairs,  which  in  turn  opens  into  the  billiard  room, 
thirty  by  fifty  feet.  This  room  accommodates  five 
billiard  tables  and  has  a  raised  platform  with  oak 
benches  for  spectators.  Nine  semi-indirect  lighting 
fixtures  of  alba  glassware  finished  in  brush  brass  and 
black  are  suspended  from  the  ceiling  by  chains.  The 
walls  are  covered  with  painted  canvas  nine  feet  high 
with  oak  moulding  above,  while  the  flooring  is  of 
cork  matting.  Directly  off  from  the  billiard  parlor 
is  the  wine  and  refrigerator  room,  containing  the  oak 
service  bar  and  compartments  extending  from  the 
floor  to  the  ceiling. 

The  ladies'  entrance  has  a  floor  of  red  square  til- 
ing covered  with  a  runner  of  rich  red  carpet;  walls 
of  Pompeuan  red  burlap  nine  feet  high  surmounted 
by  oak  moulding;  hanging  lights  and  oak  settees. 
Stairs  lead  to  the  main  dining-room  on  the  second 
floor  from  the  ladies'  entrance  lobby  as  well  as  from 
the  lounging  room. 

The  dining-room  consists  of  two  divisions  thrown 
into  one,  seventy-five  by  thirty  feet,  with  height  of 


CONSTRUCTION 


465 


^-:^m 


seventeen  feet  and  a  seating  capacity  of  one  hundred 
and  thirty.  By  raising  the  lower  portion  the  floor 
presents  a  level  surface  throughout.  The  walls  are 
covered  with  a  brown  paper  of  striking  texture,  nine 
feet  in  width,  hung  horizontally  so  as  to  eliminate  all 
need  of  jointing,  above  which  is  a  decorative  frieze 
with  designs  of  fruit,  etc.  This  room  is  made  espe- 
cially attractive  by  nine  electric  fixtures  of  moonstone 
glassware  finished  in  Roman  gold;  side  draperies  of 
gold  Turkanum  cloth;  lace  curtains  in  point  Arab 
and  Oriental  rugs.  A  striking  feature  is  the  opening 
of  the  stairway  originally  closed. 

Accessible  from  the  main  dining-room  by  French 
windows  is  the  roof  garden,  thirteen  by  twenty  feet, 
built  in  the  old  interior  court.  The  floor  is  of  slate, 
the  walls  of  trellis  work  painted  green.  A  small 
flight  of  stairs  leads  to  the  roof  of  the  lounging  room, 
which  will  permit  of  future  extension  to  the  present 
roof  garden. 

The  ladies'  reception  room  is  finished  with  Austri- 
an bentwood  of  art  nouve:iu  design  finished  in  satin 
gray;  walls  of  printed  linen  in  bright  floral  designs; 
rug  of  Queen  Anne  period  with  black  ground  and 
varied  in  tones  of  yellcw.  Adjoining  this  room  is  a 
suite  of  four  private  dining-rooms,  ten  feet  square, 
with  copper  colored  velveteen  draperies  and  point 
Arab  lace  curtains.  These  rooms  surround  an  ante- 
room, twelve  bv  thirteen  feet,  from  which  a  private 


LOUNGING    ROOM. 


:^,:.:^j>:3^^^^»^«.'.  " 


M:p 


466 


CONSTRUCTION 


stair  leads  to  the  board  room  located  on  a  mezzanine 
floor. 

At  the  rear  of  the  second  floor  is  a  private  dining- 
room  adjacent  to  the  serving  quarters,  fully  equipped 
with  modern  fixtures  and  possessing  tu'o  electric 
dumb  v^'aiters  running  to  the  basement.  Stairs  also 
connect  this  serving  space  to  the  basement,  where  is 
planned  a  thirty  by  forty  foot  kitchen  whose  walls 
are  lined  with  expanded  metal  and  plaster  painted. 
The  flooring  consists  of  concrete  covered  with  rougn 
and  finished  maple.  In  addition  to  the  kitchen, 
equipped  with  combination  coal  and  gas  range,  ac- 
commodations have  been  made  for  the  help,  locker 
rooms,  toilet  rooms,  steward's  office,  bakery  equipped 
with  portable  oven,  store  rooms,  and  boiler  rooms. 

The  third  floor  has  ten  bedrooms,  private  bath- 
rooms, showers,  janitor's  suite,  linen  closets,  etc.  The 
curtains  of  these  rooms  represent  the  hand  block 
English  tinted  effect. 

The  success  of  club  institutions  is  amazingly 
rapid  and  demonstrates  clearly  the  tendency  of  oui 
Canadian  life.  Started  less  than  one  year  ago,  the 
American  Club  has  an  active  membership  of  five 
hundred  and  a  large  waiting  list.  Its  aims  are  purely 
social  and  all  matters  of  a  political  nature  are  rigidly 
barred.  The  majority  of  the  members  are  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  while  a  large  number  of  Canadian 
born  are  allied  to  the  organization  as  associate  mem- 
bers, which  tends  to  eliminate  all  unnecessary  sec- 
tional demonstrations  and  at  the  same  time  foster 
harmonious  relations  between  the  members  which 
cannot  help  in  time  to  eradicate  any  bitterness  that 
may  exist  at  present.  With  the  present  accommoda- 
tions and  the  completion  of  other  features  already  EHHHSte-^j 
planned  for  such  as  bowling  alleys,  swimming  pool, 
etc.,  the  club  will  be  thoroughly  equipped  to  provide 
a  suitable  home  for  all  members  and  friends  who 
sympathize  with  the  club  spirit. 


Jl      IKKSEN'r    AMEKKAX     CLUB. 


I  THINK  we  all  understand  the  term  "Ideal" 
— an  aim  or  inspiration  of  the  mind — a  dream 
which  we  may  hope  to  realize.  It  is  probable, 
however,  we  are  not  all  so  equally  agreed  as  to  what 
IS  understood  by  building.  In  these  days  building 
has  become  a  science,  rather  than  an  art,  and  it  is  of 
the  art  of  building,  rather  than  of  the  science  of 
building,  I  wish  to  speak.  And  so  it  becomes  neces- 
sary to  define  art  in  some  way.  Well,  as  you  know, 
a  great  philosopher — Tolstoi — has  written  a  whole 
book  in  answer  to  the  query.  What  is  art?  It  will 
be  enough  for  me  here  to  roughly  define  art  as  an 
occupation  in  which  man  seeks  to  satisfy,  not  only 
the  need  of  his  body,  but  the  desire  of  his  heart. 

Nothing  IS  so  essential  to  a  building  as  the  quality 
of  truthfulness  and  reality.  Why  do  we  admire  so 
much  those  fine  old  structures  of  half-timber  work 
in  old  English  villages?  It  is  not  merely  because  of 
their  superficial  charm,  but  mainly  because  we  recog- 
nize their  inherent  truth.  The  whole  arrangement  of 
their  timbers  represents  the  actual  structure  of  build- 
ing, and  we  shall  find  throughout  the  same  principle. 


Everywhere  we  find  function  expressing  itself  in 
form  naturally  and  inevitably.  The  creators  of  these 
dwellings  had  not,  it  is  true,  our  modern  advantages 
of  education  and  research.  They  knew  nothing  of 
Classic  temples,  or  of  buildings  designed  in  other 
lands.  They  worked  out  their  own  local  problems 
in  their  own  way  unencumbered  by  unnecessary 
knowledge,  and  so  could  bring  the  whole  of  their 
unbiassed  intelligence  to  bear  on  what  they  had  to 
do.  And  the  essential  fact  about  their  work  is  its 
unpretentious  reality. 

It  must  also  never  be  forgotten  that  all  the  old 
work  we  admire  so  much  was  new  once,  and  when  it 
first  appeared  it  must  have  been  as  startling  in  its 
no\elty  as  any  of  the  products  of  the  "New  Art"  of 
our  day.  What  a  marvellous  innovation  must  have 
seemed  that  first  creation  of  the  delicate  beauty  of 
Earl}'  Gothic  art,  when  compared  with  the  clumsy, 
rude,  barbaric  Norman  work!  And  art,  if  it  is  alive, 
must  always  so  change  and  develop;  for  in  the  con- 
tinual flux  of  human  affairs,  to  stand  still  is  to  fossilize 
and  decay. — Scoti. 


Proposed    Registry    Oiiice,  Toronto 


THREE  PREMIATED  DESIGNS 


THE  ACCOMPAN^'ING  illustrations  shou 
the  three  premiated  designs  accepted  in  the 
competition  for  a  Registry  Office,  Toronto. 
Held  under  the  promotion  of  the  municipal  corpora- 
tion and  open  to  Canadian  architects,  a  large  number 
of  schemes  \vere  presented,  representing  the  skill  of 
prominent  firms  located  in  all  parts  of  the  Dominion. 
The  Board  of  Assessors  consisted  of  Arthur  R. 
Denison,  Professor  Wright  of  Toronto  Uni- 
versity, and  R.  H.  Bowes.  The  first  prize  was 
awarded  to  Charles  S.  Cobb;  second  prize  to  Chap- 
man &  McGiffin;  third  prize  to  Symons  &  Rae,  all 
of  whom  are  located  in  Toronto.  A  brief  description 
is  given  by  each  contestant,  stating  the  main  ideas 
they  kept  in  mind  \vhile  evolving  their  final  solution 
to  the  problem. 

First  Prize,  hv  C.  S.  Cohh. 

The  requirements  of  this  building  are  peculiar  in 
that  there  is  to  be  housed  under  one  roof  duplicate 
organizations  similar  in  every  respect,  one  for  the 
registry  division  east  of  Spadina  avenue  and  the  other 
for  that  west  of  Spadma  ave.iue.  As  stipulated  in 
the  program,  it  was  thought  desirable  to  face  the 
building  toward  the  south,  so  that  the  conditions  re- 
quired a  structure  symmetrical  about  a  centre  axis 
running  north  and  south,  and  the  design  placed  first 


IS  a  direct  solution  of  these  requirements  of  plan. 
The  design,  however,  has  one  major  feature  which 
peculiarly  enough  was  overlooked  by  most  of  the 
competitors  in  the  competition,  and  that  is  a  well 
marked  separate  entrance  for  the  clerical  staff,  which 
allows  them  access  to  the  building  during  hours  when 
it  is  closed  to  the  public,  and  thus  obviates  trouble- 
some interference.  The  searching  office  has  light 
and  natural  ventilation  on  all  three  sides. 

The  elevation  on  Albert  street  is  a  Roman  octo- 
style  portico,  while  the  lateral  facades  on  Elizabeth 
and  Chestnut  streets  are  treated  in  a  simple  way  with 
ten  pilasters,  embracing  with  their  corner  piers  the 
entire  length  of  these  elevations. 

Second  Prize,  by  Chapman  &  McCijfin. 

In  studying  the  plans  it  will  be  observed  that  an 
effort  was  made  to  arrange  the  two  registry  divisions 
in  order  that  each  in  itself  would  form  a  complete 
unit  and  at  the  same  time  be  most  accessible  to  each 
other  for  purposes  of  administration  as  well  as  to  the 
general  public.  Two  main  entrances  lead  to  the 
large  public  space,  extending  up  two  stories  in  height, 
around  which  are  grouped  the  two  tiers  of  minor 
registry  offices.  Directly  opposite  the  entrances  is 
the  administrative  counter,  the  extension  of  which 
divides  the  searching  divisions  and  permits  of  ample 


TRANSVERSE    A.NM) 
I.O.VGITl-DIXAI, 
SECTIONS. 
riRST   PRIZE 
DESIGN". 


czun:: 


a  E  a  ffi  ffl  s  ni« 


467 


468 


CONSTRUCTION 


a  ^\f.  ^- 


C  O  N  S  T  l<  U  C  T  I  O  N 


469 


PROPOSED    E^EGISTKI    OFFICE.    TORONTO.    ONT. 

L'HAKLRS   S.   COBB.    ARCHITECT. 


470 


CONS   I    RUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


471 


provision  for  book  stacks.  At  the  rear  of  this  central 
feature  space  is  allowed  for  clerical  communication 
between  the  two  divisions  and  a  telephone  booth  for 
each  division.  The  offices  surrounding  the  public 
space  have  a  private  corridor  for  the  staff  in  addition 
to  the  stairway  which  leads  to  the  original  document 
stacks  on  the  third  floor  as  well  as  the  toilets  for  the 
clerical  force  located  in  the  basement. 

A  feature  of  the  scheme  is  the  lighting. 

Besides  the  windows  on  e'ther  side  of  the  building 
there  is  a  large  skylight  extending  from  the  front 
portion  of  the  public  space  back  over  the  searching 
rooms,  providing  ample  working  light  in  all  parts  of 
the  interior.  The  basement  also  secures  an  abund- 
ance of  light  from  the  outside  windows  and  the  large 
area  covered  with  floor  lights. 


Plan  and  Constri<ction. — In  considering  the  de- 
signs, particular  importance  will  be  attached  to  simple 
and  convenient  planning,  and  it  is  essential  that  all 
parts  of  the  building  be  amply  lighted.  The  con- 
struction of  the  building  shall  be  fireproof  throughout 
as  described  under  heading  of  "First  Class  Build- 
ings" in  the  building  by-laws,  and  all  fixtures  and 
fittings  are  to  be  fireproof  as  far  as  possible. 

Drawings  Required. — The  following  are  the 
drawings  required  and  no  others  are  to  be  submitted: 
(a)  Block  plan,  scale  =  16  feet  to  an  inch;  (b) 
Floor  plans  for  each  storey  and  a  roof  plan,  scale 
=  8  feet  to  an  inch;  (c)  Sufficient  sections  to  clearly 
illustrate  the  scheme  proposed,  scale  ^  8  feet  to  an 
inch;  (d)  Elevations  to  illustrate  the  facades,  not 
shown  on  perspective  drawing,  scale  =  8  feet  to  an 


i.o.\r,iTri)i.\.\i, 

SIvCTKlX    A.\I) 
KKAK    ELKVATldX. 
SKCDXD    PKIZK 
HKSICN. 


Third  Prize,  h\j  Svinons  &  Rae. 

It  has  been  the  endeavor  in  this  plan  to  emphasize 
that  portion  of  the  building  which  would  be  used  by 
the  public.  The  one  chance  of  architectural  effect 
would  be  the  entrance,  and  taking  advantage  of  this, 
the  plan  shows  a  rotunda  running  the  full  height  of 
the  building  roofed  with  a  cupola,  thus  giving  expres- 
sion to  the  plan  on  the  exterior  of  the  building.  It 
was  the  intention  to  make  the  south  front  as  imposing 
as  the  means  at  hand  would  permit. 

The  plan  in  other  respects  resolved  itself  into  car- 
rying out  the  instructions  of  the  competition  and 
fulfilling  the  requirements  of  the  various  departments. 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  consider  more  care- 
fully the  schemes  presented,  the  conditions  of  the 
competition  are  given. 


inch;  (e)  A  perspective  drawing  showing  a  view  of 
the  proposed  building  set  out  to  scale  of  8  feet  to  an 
inch  at  the  nearest  corner,  with  the  horizon  line  taken 
eight  feet  above  the  ground  level. 

Accommodation  to  be  Provided. — There  are  two 
registry  offices,  known  as  the  Registry  Division  of 
East  Toronto  and  the  Registry  Division  of  West 
Toronto,  referring  to  city  property  east  and  west  of 
Spadina  avenue  respectively.  Each  division  is  to  be 
planned  as  a  collection  of  units  practically  complete 
in  itself,  with  such  exceptions  as  will  be  stated  in  the 
following  conditions.  The  floor  areas  given  for  the 
various  rooms  are  to  be  followed  as  closely  as  pos- 
sible, but  it  is  not  intended  that  they  be  rigidly  ad- 
hered to,  as  variations  within  reasonable  limits  are 
permissible.  The  arrangement  of  the  various  rooms 
in  relation  to  each  other,  as  defined  in  the  conditions, 


472 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


473 


I 

4 

4r-. 


^~T    i* 


;  r^ 


^^ 


m- 


H 


«««««9*9 


r 
i 

4 
4 


f 


B 


S 


miinB 


SECOND   PRIZU    DE5ICX. 


PROPOSED   REGISTRY   OFFICE,   TORONTO,   ONT. 


CONSTRUCTION 


CONSTRUCTION 


475 


476 


CONSTRUCTION 


THIRD     PRIZE     DESIGN".     TRAXSVERSE     SECTION'. 


is  an  important  factor.  A  moderate  amount  of  day- 
light will  suffice  for  the  basement  rooms,  but  it  is  of 
absolute  importance  that  a  maximum  amount  of  day- 
light be  admitted  to  all  other  parts  of  the  building. 
It  is  preferred  that  the  main  entrance  faces  the  south. 

Basement  Accommodation. — Heating,  and  ven- 
tilating apparatus,  including  coal  cellars,  store-room, 
a  small  workshop  and  lavatory  accommodation  for 
engineer.  Two  storerooms  for  books  of  East  divi- 
sion, total  1 ,000  sq.  ft.  Two  storerooms  for  books 
of  West  division,  total  1 ,000  sq.  ft.  Bindery,  400 
sq.  ft.  Stair  for  staff.  East  division.  Stair  for  staff. 
West  division.  Lavatories  for  public  and  male  mem- 
bers of  staff  with  access  from  first  floor  of  both  divi- 
sions. The  public  lavatory  is  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  an  average  of  1 00  persons  in  the  building 
at  the  same  time. 

The  janitor's  quarters  are  to  have  a  separate  street 
entrance.  The  janitor  will  obtain  access  to  first  floor 
by  the  staff  staircase.  The  engineer  in  charge  of 
heating,  etc.,  is  to  have  a  separate  street  entrance. 
TTie  store-rooms  in  basement  are  to  be  convenient  to 
the  staff  staircases  of  their  respective  division.  The 
bindery  will  be  common  to  both  divisions. 

Entrance  vestibule  and  entrance  hall,  on  first  floor, 
will  be  common  to  both  divisions. 

First  Floor  Accommodation,  for  East  division. — 
Waiting  room,   525  sq.   ft. ;   solicitors'  cloak  room. 


200  sq.  ft. ;  solicitors'  closing 
room,  250  sq.  ft. ;  receiver's 
office  (including  counter), 
375  sq.  ft.;  comparing  room, 
1  50  sq.  ft. ;  telephone  switch- 
board operator,  80  sq.  ft. ; 
registrars  room,  400  sq.  ft. , 
deputy  registrar's  room,  400 
sq.  ft.;  stenographers,  120  sq. 
ft. ;  extra  room,  200  sq.  ft. ; 
private  lavatories  for  registrar 
and  deputy;  daily  abstracting 
room,  400  sq.  ft. ;  searching 
office,  5,200  sq.  ft.:  cloak 
room  for  staff,  200  sq.  ft. ; 
staircase  for  use  of  staff  giv- 
ing access  to  basement  and 
second  floor;  slop  sink  and  storeroom  convenience 
for  janitor.  The  searching  office  is  to  be  planned  so 
as  to  allow  of  about  70  lineal  feet  of  book  stacks 
about  7  feet  high  against  walls,  and  is  to  be  cut  off 
as  much  as  possible  from  the  public  space,  and  there 
is  to  be  only  one  entrance  between  them. 

The  accommodation  required  on  first  floor  for  the 
West  division  is  to  be  the  same  as  that  for  the  East 
division. 

Second  Floor  Accommodation,  for  East  Division. 
— Document  room,  3,000  sq.  ft.;  copying  rooms 
(4),  total,  1 ,800  sq.  ft. ;  comparing  rooms  (4),  total, 
800  sq.  ft. ;  draughting  room,  400  sq.  ft. ;  indexing 
room,  250  sq.  ft. ;  lunch  room,  300  sq.  ft. ;  store- 
; oom,  600  sq.  ft. ;  cloak  room,  500  sq.  ft. ;  women's 
lavatory  (say  20  employees)  ;  men's  lavatory  (say 
10  employees);  slop  sink  and  storeroom  conveni- 
ences for  janitor;  stair  hall,  corridors,  etc. 

The  accommodation  required  on  the  second  floor 
for  the  West  division  is  to  be  the  same  as  that  for 
the  East  division. 

Cost  of  Building. — The  proposed  entire  cost  of 
the  building,  including  heating,  ventilation,  plumb- 
ing, lighting,  and  architect's  commission,  is  to  be 
$350,000.  If  it  should  be  found  on  opening  the 
tenders  that  the  building  cannot  be  completed  within 
a  margin  of  20  per  ceit.  above  the  proposed  cost,  the 
promoter   may   abandon  the   design   tendered   on. 

TIIIKli    I'KI/K    UKMG.V.    LI  iXr.ITl'DI  XAI.    .-iECTIOX. 


CONSTRUCTION 


477 


A-  JOURNAL-  FORTHE    ARCHITECTURAL 

BNGDMEEJUNG    AND   CONTRACTING 

INTERESTS    OF    CANADA 


FREDERICK   REED.  Editor 

H.  GAGNIER.  LIMITED,  PUBLISHERS 


rner    Kiohmomi 
Toronto 


111    Sheppard    Stl 
Canada 


BRANCH  OFFICES: 

MONTREAL     171    St.  James  Street 

WINNIPEG.  MAN.     13  Roy»l  B»ok  Building 

CHICAGO     People's  Gas  Building 

NEW    YORK     166  Sth  Avenue 


llllfle 


sh..ul.l    li' 


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returneil. 
the   Post  Office   at  Tor 


Vol.  6    Toronfo,  December,  1913    No.  1  2 

CURRENT  TOPICS 

TUESDAY  El' EN  INC,  November  18.  C.  T. 
Currelly  addressed  the  Toronto  Chapter  of  the 
O.A.A.  on  Egyptian  architecture.  The  lecture  was 
highly  instructive  from  the  standpaint  of  construction 
as  well  as  design.  A  large  number  of  views  were 
shown  revealing  the  ancient  method  of  constructing 

the  various  temples. 

*     *     * 

ANNOUNCEMENT  has  been  made  from 
Berlin  that  the  coming  year  will  see  the  erection  of  a 
railway  bridge  between  Rugen  and  the  mainland, 
which  will  be  the  longest  in  the  world,  exceeding  even 
that  over  Ho-hang-ho,  with  its  3,580  yards.  The 
cost  of  this  great  engineering  work  will  not  amount 
to  more  than  $5,000,000.  or  less  than  a  third  of  that 
of  the  Forth  bridge.  When  the  bridge,  which,  it  is 
said,  is  to  include  a  track  for  pedestrians,  though 
none  for  road  traffic,  is  completed,  it  will  substantially 
shorten  the  iourneys  between  Berlin  and  Hamburg, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  Stockholm  and  Christiania  on 
the  other. 


THE  PLANS  of  the  Quebec  bridge  show  a  main 
span,  eighteen  hundred  feet  long,  which  is  divided 
into  three  sections,  two  of  which  will  be  built  out 
from  the  north  and  south  main  piers,  measuring  five 
hundred  and  eighty  feet  each  in  length,  while  the 
centre,  or  the  section  measuring  six  hundred  and  forty 
feet  and  weighing  six  thousand  tons,  will  be  tuilt  on 
as  many  as  five  floating  barges  and  when  completed 
will  be  carried  to  the  middle  of  the  river  and  placed 
in  position.  From  the  top  of  the  stonework  which 
constitutes  each  main  pier  to  the  top  of  the  steel  super- 
structure the  height  is  no  less  than  three  hundred  and 
twenty-five  feet.  From  each  main  pier  the  support- 
ing work  will  be  carried  out  to  where  the  two  ends 
of  the  centre  section  begin,  the  whole  presenting  a 
very  solid  structure. 

CALCARY  is  the  first  city  in  Canada  to  under- 
take as  a  municipal  department  the  construction  and 
operation  of  an  industrial  service  building.  For  the 
$250,000  appropriated  by  the  large  favorable  vote 
of  the  ratepayers,  a  six-story  concrete  structure  will 
be  erected  and  leased  to  incoming  manufacturers.  It 
IS  anticipated  that  by  getting  a  start  in  this  way,  small 
industries  will  be  encouraged,  soon  outgrow  their 
temporary  quarters,  and  go  out  to  build  more  exten- 
sive accommodation  for  themselves.  The  advan- 
tage primarily  to  the  newcomer  is  that  he  retains  his 
capital  in  the  form  in  which  he  can  most  profitably 
use  it.  To  the  people  at  large  this  plan  offers  an  in- 
ducement to  small  manufacturers  which,  instead  of 
being  a  t^x  as  is  the  bonus  idea,  is  a  revenue  pro- 
ducer from  the  beginning. 

*     *     * 

IT  IS  BENEFICIAL  at  times  to  hear  the  ex- 
pressed opinion  of  foreign  critics  as  they  receive  vari- 
ous opinions  from  our  existing  architecture.     Johann 
Koller,   a   prominent   architect  of  Vienna,   Austria, 
who  visited  recently  the  various  provinces  of  Canada 
and  the  States,  says:    "Your  architecture,  both  Can- 
adian and  American,  is  an  eyesore.     The  greatness 
of  the  building  does  not  count,  the  decorations  of  a 
building  will  not  stand  alone;  here  you  have,  in  fact, 
vour  whole  idea  seems  to  be  the  loftiness  of  your 
bui'dings,  and  then  in  these  towers  of  straight  lines 
and  angles   vou   attempt   fancy   decorations.      Your 
taste  is  wonderfully  insipid.     In  Austria,  in  Germany, 
France,  England,  all  over  Europe,  you  find  build- 
ings, larse  and  small,  but  always  a  restful  sight  to  the 
eves  and  a  pleasing  picture  to  the  mind.     America 
and  Canada  in  particular  has  a  lot  to  learn  yet  in 
the  designing  and  erecting  of  her  buildings.     Explain 
the  cause  of  the  number  of  buildings  I  have  seen  to 
be  toppling  over — nothing  more  than  your  Jack  and 
the  Beanstalk  methods."     In  speaking  of  Montreal, 
Mr.   Koller  said:   "^'ou  may  think  that  in  the  few 
davs    I    have    been   here    I    have    not    had    time    to 
iudge.     I  have  visited  your  East  End  and  I  have 
been  through  Westmount.      I   am  amazed  at  your 
tastes  and  cannot  help  but  feel  that  your  outlook  and 
ideas  are  still  a  trifle  barbarous  and  stunted.  ' 


478 


CONSTRUCTION 


OCCASIONALLY  the  unusual  in  architecture 
strikes  us  very  forcibly.  A  band  of  Ruthenian  immi- 
grants have  erected  a  village  in  the  Province  of  Al- 
berta where  no  hardware,  not  even  nails,  enter  into 
the  construction.  The  buildings  have  pitched  roofs 
composed  of  logs  and  thatch,  with  wide  overhanging 
eaves.  An  artistic  entrance  is  made  of  slender  twigs 
woven  and  laced  together,  with  hinges  and  latches 
of  like  material.  Floors  are  laid  in  hewn  logs,  while 
the  roof  consists  of  poles  and  cross-woven  wheat 
straw  ten  inches  thick,  packed  solid  and  laid  with 
extreme  care,  capable  of  withstanding  the  climatic 
changes  for  some  twenty  years. 

JAMES  &  DAVIDSON,  architects,  of  Van- 
couver, are  plaintiffs  in  an  action  against  the  city  of 
Winnipeg,  arising  out  of  the  recent  competition  for 
the  plans  of  the  new  city  hall  at  Winnipeg.  The  city 
of  Winnipeg  invited  competition,  promising  to  return 
the  plans  of  all  unsuccessful  competitors.  James  & 
Davidson,  who  were  among  the  unsuccessful  com- 
petitors, claim  that  they  have  never  received  the  re- 
turn of  the  plans  they  submitted,  and  have  issued  a 
writ  for  damages  for  breach  of  contract.  The  con- 
tract sued  on  is  the  contract  for  return  of  the  plans. 
Chief  Justice  Hunter  this  morning  gave  his  consent 
to  allowing  service  on  the  defendant  corporation  out 
of  the  jurisdiction. 

SOME  INTERESTING  comments  were  made 
by  J.  J.  Shallcross,  president  of  Victoria's  Board  of 
Trade,  who  has  just  returned  from  a  trip  abroad. 
In  speaking  of  "Town  Planning  Schemes,  '  Mr. 
Shallcross  said :  "They  have  been  generally  adopted 
throughout  Great  Britain  and  the  urban  and  rural 
councils  control  them.  These  schemes  are  produced 
under  the  powers  of  the  Town  Planning  Acts  of  the 
last  three  years,  enabling  municipalities  to  control  the 
development  of  building  areas  both  in  respect  to  roads 
and  the  character  and  number  of  houses  to  be  erected 
on  any  given  area.  In  one  district  under  my  notice 
the  municipality  limited  the  number  of  houses  per  acre 
to  twelve,  whereas  under  the  previous  conditions  the 
builders  may  have  erected  thirty  or  forty  houses  on 
the  same  ground."  Mr.  Shallcross  thinks  Canadian 
cities  could  take  lessons  from  the  legislation  which 
has  been  perfected  in  this  respect  in  the  old  country, 
where  the  land  question  has  been  for  years  such  a 
vexed  one,  and  where  the  present  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer  has  under  way  one  of  the  most  far  reach- 
ing and  revolutionary  land  schemes  ever  projected 
by  any  State.  In  conclusion  he  says:  "The  time  has 
certainly  come  when  the  people  should  seriously  con- 
sider the  character  of  the  city  itself  and  set  out  defin- 
itely to  prevent  over  construction,  congestion,  fa'se 
methods  of  construction — all  of  which  could  be  reg 
lated    by    laws    controlling    every    phase    of    tho 

work." 

*    *    * 

IN  THE  EARLY  HISTORY  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, the  area  to  be  occupied  by  the  main  exhibit 


palaces  of  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposi- 
tion in  1915  was  a  tide  flat,  some  portions  of  which 
had  been  dredged  to  accommodate  shipping.  In 
recent  years,  however,  private  interests  had  built  a 
sea  wall  across  the  north  basin  in  an  easterly  and 
westerly  direction  and  filled  a  portion  of  the  area 
inclosed.  This  work  was  not  completed  and  it  re- 
mained for  the  exposition  company  to  fill  the  inland 
basin  by  means  of  suction  dredgers.  After  the  ex- 
position's fill  was  completed,  a  number  of  tests  were 
conducted  to  determine  the  supporting  power  of  the 
soil  at  the  depth  of  what  probably  would  be  the 
spread  footing  bottom.  The  result  of  these  tests  in- 
dicated that  the  supporting  power  of  the  dredger 
sand  was  very  low,  namely,  about  400  pounds  per 
square  foot,  which  prohibited  the  use  of  this  type  of 
footing.  Pile  tests  were  made  also,  and  it  was  found 
that  the  fill,  in  settling,  gripped  the  piles  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  act  as  a  load  upon  them.  This  caused 
the  piles  to  penetrate  into  the  original  bottom  and  the 
conclusion  was  reached  that  unless  the  piles  were 
sufficiently  long  they  would  settle  with,  and  more 
rapidly  than,  the  fill  when  the  superimposed  load 
would  be  brought  upon  them.  Therefore,  after  a 
careful  investigation,  the  engineers  were  forced  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  would  be  inadvisable  to  carry  any 
given  load  by  skin  friction  alone.  The  general 
character  of  the  soil  under  the  dredger  fill  was  clay, 
mixed  with  blue  mud  and  water,  underlaid  with  a 
layer  of  green  sand  and  clay,  and,  finally,  hardpan, 
the  hardpan  being  located  all  the  way  from  thirty  to 
one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  below  the  surface.  In 
view  of  the  great  number  of  piles  required,  economy 
of  length  was  an  important  factor,  and  it  was  decided 
finally  to  drive  all  the  piles  into  the  layer  of  green 
sand  and  clay  overlying  the  hardpan,  to  a  one-inch 
penetration  at  the  last  blow.  In  general,  the  charac- 
ter of  the  soil  underlying  the  sites  not  covered  with 
the  dredger  fill  was  yellow  beach  sand,  soft  clay  and 
sand,  hard  green  sand  and  clay,  and,  finally,  yellow 
hardpan  except  in  areas  that  had  been  filled  prior  to 
the  commencement  of  exposition  activities.  It  was 
decided  to  use,  in  general,  piles  for  the  support  of  all 
buildings,  walls  and  special  loads  in  these  areas,  as 
well  as  in  the  recently  filled  area.  The  reason  for 
this  was  three-fold:  ( 1  )  Uniformity  of  construction; 
(2)  greater  safety  in  case  of  earthquake,  as  portions 
of  the  site  were  originally  submerged  and  past  ex- 
perience in  San  Francisco  indicated  that  structures 
were  most  affected  when  they  were  supported  on 
spread  or  raft  footings,  and  (3)  in  giving  a  value  of 
three  thousand  pounds  to  the  sauare  foot  to  the  sand 
it  was  found  that  a  spread  would  cost  as  much  if  not 
more  than  a  pile  footing.  The  actual  length  of  pile 
driven  through  the  site  will  vary  from  sixty  to  seventy- 
five  feet,  and  in  all  cases  an  assumed  load  of  twenty 
tons  was  taken  as  the  value  of  one  pile.  The  oddity 
of  this  constant  unit,  inasmuch  as  the  value  of  the  pile 
usually  depends  upon  skin  friction  and  length,  is  ex- 
plained by  the  fact  that,  in  the  case  in  point,  tests 
were  conducted  that  confirmed  the  selection  of  rhe 
amount  named. 


Erection   of   Viaduct   at   Trenton 


■^%       (VI 


M 


DURING  the  past  year  a 
large  amount  of  bridge 
building  has  been  going 
on  in  the  construction  of  the  new 
Campbellford,  Lake  Ontario 
and  Western  Railway,  connect- 
ing Agincourt,  just  east  of  To- 
ronto on  the  C.P.R..  with 
Glentay  on  the  same  Ime.  This 
new  line  will  serve  the  towns 
along  the  North  Shore  of  Lake 
Ontario. 

This  line  is  a  subdivision  of 
the  C.P.R.  and  serves  to 
double-track  that  railway  be- 
tween Agincourt  and  Glentay. 
In  all,  there  are  sixty-five  cross- 
ings, and  each  of  these  consists 
of  one  or  more  spans.  Several 
crossings  require  a  large  num- 
ber of  spans,  as,  for  instance, 
the  crossing  at  Port  Hope, 
where  twenty-nine  spans  vary- 
ing in  length  from  forty  to  one 
hundred  feet  were  required. 

With  the  exception  of  the 
bridge  at  Mud  Lake,  all  the 
spans  on  this  line  are  of  the 
plate  girder  type,  and  these 
plate  girders  rest  either  directly 
on  the  masonry  or  are  sup- 
ported on  towers  which  rest  on 
concrete  piers. 

The  bridge  at  Trenton  is  a 
viaduct  of  the  latter  type,  and 
this  article  is  mainly  a  descrip- 
tion of  its  erection,  as  its 
building  comprises  most  of  the 
operations  involved  in  the  erect- 
ing of  plate  girder  bridges. 
This  bridge  has  twenty-six 
spans  and  is  made  up  as  fol- 
lows:— Nine  45  ft.  spans;  four 
30  ft.  spans;  one  60  ft.  span; 
two  62  ft.  spans;  one  69  ft. 
span;  eight  75  ft.  spans;  one 
1  1 4  ft.  span ;  four  30  ft.  towers ; 
eight  45  ft.  towers;  one  single 
bent. 

The  approach  at  the  west 
end  of  the  bridge  consisted  of 
a  deep  fill  for  about  five  hun- 
dred feet,  after  which  the  line 
passed  through  a  hill,  necessi- 
tating a  deep  cut  and  allowing 
very   little   room   in  the  cut   to 


R.  K.  PALMER 

handle  erection  equipment  or  to  pile  bridge  material, 
and  on  the  fill  there  was,  of  course,  no  room  at  all. 
In  the  erection  of  this  bridge  it  was  decided  to  oper- 
ate from  the  west  end,  as  the  approach  from  the 
east  was  over  about  two  thousand  feet  of  high 
temporary  wooden  trestle  and  the  conditions  were 
generally  undesirable  to  an  erector. 

All  erection  equipment  and  material  for  the  bridge 
was  brought  in  over  the  C.  L.  O.  &  W.  Railway 
track  from  Smithfield,  a  station  on  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railway  about  seven  miles  west  of  the  bridge,  and 
as  this  track  was  newly  laid,  unballasted,  crooked, 
soft,  uneven  and  ungraded  for  a  part  of  the  way, 
the  difficulties  may  well  be  imagined  and  appreciated. 
The  transporting  of  material  and  equipment  from 
Smithfield  to  the  bridge  site  was  done  by  the  general 
contractors,  and  although  the  cars  were  loaded  with 
pieces  that  were  very  heavy  and  awkward  to  handle, 
all  parts  arrived  at  the  site  in  good  condition.  The 
material  was  brought  in  from  the  yard  at  Smithfield 
in  the  order  wanted,  and  as  much  as  possible  was 
stored  in  the  cut.  All  unloading  and  handling  was 
done  by  two  double  boom  derrick  cars  that  were 
used  for  this  erection  and  the  type  of  which  can  be 
seen  by  referring  to  the  illustrations. 

The  weights  of  various  pieces  were  as  follows: — 
One  single  girder,  30  ft.,  about  9,000  lbs.;  one 
single  girder,  45  ft.,  about  16,800  lbs.;  one  single 
girder,  62  ft.,  about  27,500  lbs.;  one  single  girder, 
69  ft.,  about  34,500  lbs.;  one  single  girder,  75  ft., 
about  40,000  lbs.;  one  single  girder,  114  ft., 
about  102.000  lbs.;  one  single  tower  bent,  about 
3  1 ,000  lbs. 

There  were  two  tracks  in  the  cut,  one  of  which 
was  a  through  line  to  the  bridge  and  the  other  a 
siding  on  which  the  material  cars  were  placed.  The 
derrick  worked  from  the  main  line.  The  small  spans 
could  be  picked  off  with  one  boom  at  a  single  lift 
by  booming  far  out  with  the  second  boom  to  balance 
up  the  car. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  very  greatest 
care  must  be  exercised  in  lifting  loads  at  one  side  of 
a  derrick  car,  as  a  standard  gauge  track  makes  a  very 
narrow  foundation  and  a  small  amount  of  bad  judg- 
ment will  upset  a  car  and  load,  particularly  if  the 
track  is  new  and  the  ground  soft. 

After  a  girder  is  lifted  from  the  flat  cars  the  two 
booms  are  gradually  brought  in,  always  maintaining 
the  balance  until  the  load  is  centred  over  the  track 
in  front  of  the  derrick  car,  when  it  is  carried  along 
the  line  to  some  desired  spot  where  the  load  can  be 
boomed  out  and  lowered  out  of  the  way.  The 
.onger  girders  are  unloaded  in  a  similar  manner,  with 
the  exception  that  they  are  handled  one  end  at  a 
time.  One  boom  of  the  derrick  car  is  hooked  to  the 
forward  end  of  the  girder  and  this  end  is  swung  over 


4"Q 


480 


CONSTRUCTION 


Nil.     I.  —  FAS;]:\i^ 


•'  KI.K    TO    LIFT    TIIK     !  1  i 


until  it  IS  centred  over  the  track  in  front  of  the  derrick. 
Then  the  derrick  is  backed  up  and  the  rear  end  of 
the  girder  swung  over,  after  which  the  derrick  is 
brought  forward  and  both  booms  hooked  to  the 
centre  of  the  girder  by  means  of  a  balance  beam  to 
be  described  later.  The  load  is  now  balanced  over 
the  centre  of  the  track  in  front  of  the  derrick  and  can 
be  earned  to  the  blocking  prepared  for  storing  it  and 
the  girder  swung  out  to  one  side  by  the  reverse  pro- 
cess of  unloading. 

By  referring  to  the  general  elevation  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  first  piece  to  erect  was  bent  No.  25. 
As  noted  on  the  diagram,  there  was  a  grade  on  the 
bridge  rising  westwardly,  but  the  average  distance 
from  base  of  rail  to  top  of  pier  was  forty-four  feet 
and  the  distance  from  the  base  of  rail  to  the  water 
was  about  fiftv-three  feet. 


Bents  of  this  height  are  easily  handled  by  a  derrick 
car.  All  the  pieces  forming  a  bent  were  assembled 
and  bolted  up  in  the  cut  and  the  bent  carried  out  with 
the  derrick.  As  span  No.  26  was  only  45  feet  long, 
bent  No.  25  could  be  set  in  place  directly  with  the 
derrick  and  guyed  until  span  No.  26  was  dropped 
into  place,  after  which  the  remainder  of  the  pieces  in 
tower  Nos.  24  and  25  were  erected  in  place  and  the 
thirty-foot  span  erected. 

Short  spans  may  be  bolted  and  even  riveted  up 
complete  before  erecting,  but  this  is  not  usually  done, 
owing  to  the  likelihood  of  getting  a  twist  in  the  span 
and  the  girder  shoes  not  sitting  evenly  on  the  bridge 
seats.  Moreover,  it  is  about  as  easy  to  put  the 
bracing  in  place  and  rivet  up  after  the  girders  are 
erected  as  to  do  it  beforehand,  and  in  this  way  any 
give  and  take  in  the  connections  is  used  to  advantage. 


.\0.    II. Tin:    114-l'(lliT   ClKllKk   I  ARKII'I)  OUT    BY   DERRICK   CAR. 


CONSTRUCTION 


481 


III. — THE    114-i-iioT  r,iKnp;R   heinc,  i.cnvKKi-n   ixto  I'o^iTinN. 


Span  No  24  IS  seventy-five  feet  over  all,  and  as 
the  extreme  length  of  the  booms  on  the  derrick  is 
only  sixty  feet,  it  may  be  seen  that  bent  No.  23  could 
not  be  placed  dnectly  with  the  car.  Consequently 
a  more  roundabout  method  of  erection  had  to  be 
used.  In  this  case  the  bent  was  assembled  and 
bolted  up  complete  as  in  the  previous  case  and  the 
main  fall  lines  were  attached  just  above  the  centre 
of  gravity  of  the  bent  so  that  it  was  slightly  heavy 
on  the  bottom  end.  Extra  lines  and  tackle  were  led 
from  the  booms  to  the  lower  end  of  the  bent  to  main- 
tain it  in  a  horizontal  position  until  the  car  was 
brought  forward  and  the  bent  swung  clear  of  the 
trestle,  after  which  the  lower  end  of  the  bent  was 
allowed  to  drop  down,  and  as  the  car  came  forward 
this  lower  end  of  the  bent  was  swung  out  until  it  sat 
at  the  proper  place  on  the  pier. 

The  bent  was  then  tilted  up  as  far  as  possible  by 


raising  the  load  line.  This  probably  brought  the 
bent  to  within  fifteen  or  twenty  degrees  from  the 
vertical.  In  the  meantime,  guy  lines  were  attached 
to  the  top  of  the  bent  and  brought  to  the  tower  under 
the  derrick  and  left  in  charge  of  men  stationed  where 
the  lines  could  be  properly  snubbed.  A  winch  was 
also  anchored  on  one  of  the  piers  from  two  to  four 
hundred  feet  forward  of  the  bent  and  a  cable  passed 
through  a  block  at  the  top  of  the  bent,  had  one  end 
fastened  to  the  pier  beside  the  winch,  and  the  other 
end  attached  to  the  winch.  Two  men  quickly  pulled 
the  bent  to  a  vertical  position,  when  it  was  held  by 
the  guy  lines.  The  bent  was  then  centred  on  the 
pier  by  means  of  bars  and  jacks  and  the  anchor  bolts 
dropped  in  place  in  holes  left  in  the  concrete  when 
building  the  piers. 

As  a  practical  measure  it  is  better  to  leave  holes  in 
the  piers  and  grout  the  bolts  in  because  of  the  great 


Wf 


ypjeNW?  jr'ap*'  - 


xn.  IV. — PLAciXi.  i)i-  sixiixn  114-i-n(iT  gikdKi;. 


482 


CONSTRUCTION 


difficulty  of  properly  locating  the  bolts  if  they  are 
built  in  place  when  building  the  piers,  although  if 
they  are  built  in  and  properly  located  it  is  a  great 
help  to  the  erector  when  erecting  a  bent,  as  the  bent 
is  centred  as  soon  as  the  bolts  are  entered  in  the  holes 
at  the  foot  of  the  columns,  and  when  the  nuts  are 
tightened  the  bent  will  stand  regardless  of  guying. 

It  should  be  noted  that  as  soon  as  an  inclined  bent 
is  held  by  the  guy  lines  and  the  cable  from  the  winch, 
the  load  lines  from  the  derrick  are  cast  off,  so  that 
if  anything  gives  way  the  load  will  not  fall  suddenly 
and  upset  or  otherwise  damage  the  derrick  and  hurt 
the  workmen. 

The  bent  being  placed,  the  next  operation  was  to 
erect  the  span.  TTiis  was  done  by  erecting  one  girder 
at  a  time  and  filling  in  the  bracing  after  the  girders 
were  in  position.  The  derrick  was  run  back  to  the 
material  yard  and  one  of  the  gilders  was  loaded  on 


lift  is  not  taken  in  anything  heavier  than  a  light 
breeze,  otherwise  the  girder  could  not  be  controlled 
and  might  easily  upset  the  car. 

By  referring  to  the  illustration  it  will  be  seen  that 
two  balance  beams  are  used.  These  are  made  to  be 
interchangeable  for  convenience  in  assembling.  The 
upper  one  is  at  right  angles  to  the  track  and  its  ends 
are  connected  by  shackles  to  the  blocks  on  the  load 
lines.  This  beam  serves  to  distribute  the  load  equally 
between  the  booms. 

The  lower  beam  is  just  above  the  girder  and 
parallel  to  it.  At  each  end  is  a  shackle  which  carries 
two  double  hooks  which,  in  turn,  catch  the  under 
side  of  the  top  flange  of  the  girder.  In  all,  the  girder 
IS  lifted  at  eight  different  points  over  a  length  of  about 
four  feet,  and  by  so  lifting  no  undue  strain  comes  on 
any  of  the  rivets  in  the  flange.  A  pin  at  the  centre 
of  each  beam  connects  to  an  intermediate  togle,  and 


==t^i. 


-UP-KXI)IXG    A    DENT   BY    MEANS   OK    DERRICK    CAR. 


a  pair  of  buggies  after  the  manner  of  handling  girders 
when  unloading 

The  loading  frames  used  in  shipping  girders,  and 
each  consisting  of  a  timber  sill  and  a  timber  brace  on 
each  side  of  the  girder  leading  from  the  outer  end  of 
the  sill  to  the  under  side  of  the  top  flange  of  the 
girder  and  all  properly  bolted,  are  used  to  steady  the 
girders  on  the  buggies.  As  soon  as  the  girder  is 
loaded  on  the  buggies  it  is  pushed  out  by  the  derrick 
car  to  the  end  of  the  track  and  the  load  lines  of  the 
derrick  car  fastened  to  the  centre  of  the  top  flange 
of  the  girder  by  means  of  heavy  grab  hooks.  The 
tackle  is  so  arranged  by  means  of  balance  beams  that 
the  load  is  equally  distributed  between  the  two  booms 
and  its  position  is  readily  controlled.  Care  must 
always  be  used  to  see  that  the  load  is  in  line  with  the 
centres  of  the  two  trucks  under  the  car  and  that  a 


as  these  pins  are  in  different  planes  and  at  right  angles 
to  each  other,  a  universal  joint  is  formed  which  allows 
the  girder  free  play.  A  bridge  tie  is  chained  or 
clamped  to  the  track  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  trestle 
to  act  as  a  stop  and  prevent  the  car  accidentally  going 
over  the  end  when  carrying  out  a  girder. 

By  referring  to  illustration  No.  I.  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  girder  had  been  pushed  out  as  far  as  it  would 
go  on  the  buggies.  In  this  particular  case  the  buggies 
were  taken  out  one  at  a  time  and  the  buggy  at  the 
end  next  the  car  had  already  been  removed  and  the 
men  were  connecting  the  tackle  at  the  centre  of  the 
girder.  The  buggy  and  braces  were  still  in  position 
at  the  outer  end.  As  soon  as  the  girder  was  lifted 
the  buggy  and  bracing  at  the  outer  end  w^ere  removed 
and  the  girder  was  free  to  be  carried  out  over  the 
opening  with  the  car. 


CONSTRUCTION 


483 


The  buggies  mentioned  above  are  so  made  that 
they  are  readily  taken  apart  and  the  pieces  placed 
along  the  outer  ends  of  the  ties  out  of  the  way  of  the 
car  as  it  advances  with  the  girder.  After  the  car 
has  been  run  forward  to  its  final  position,  blocking  is 
placed  under  each  forward  corner  of  the  car  frame 
and  brought  to  a  firm  bearing  by  means  of  wedges 
and  the  help  of  jacks. 

The  girder  was  then  lowered  to  nearly  the  level 
of  the  column  cap,  and  when  in  this  position  it  was 
rotated  until  the  outer  end  was  directly  above  the 
column  cap,  when  the  girder  was  lowered  to  take  a 
bearing  on  the  column  at  one  end  and  the  cross  strut 
between  the  columns  at  other  end.  The  girder  was 
then  braced  in  this  position,  the  load  line  discon- 
nected and  the  car  backed  up  until  the  load  line  from 
the  boom  on  the  side  that  the  girder  was  to  be  placed 
could  be  attached  and  the  inner  end  of  the  girder 
swung  out  to  its  final  position  and  the  girder  per- 
manently bolted  to  the  column  caps  at  each  end. 

Girders  up  to  seventy-five  feet  in  length  can  be 
handled  and  set  in  place  with  one  boom  and  time 
saved,  but  the  risks  due  to  greater  strains  in  the  car 
and  the  greater  chance  of  upsetting  lead  the  prudent 
erector  to  proceed  as  outlined  above  for  all  girders 
over  fifty  feet  in  length. 

If  brace  frames  are  shipped  in  one  piece  they  are 
earned  out  and  lowered  to  place  with  the  car,  but  if 
all  bracing  is  shipped  loose  the  various  pieces  are 
earned  out  over  the  girder  by  the  men  and  bolted 
to  place,  after  which  the  deck  is  laid  temporarily 
and  all  is  ready  for  the  derrick  to  bring  out  the  second 
bent  and  complete  the  tower. 

The  erection  of  Trenton  viaduct  from  the  west 
end  up  to  and  including  bent  No.  1  I  was  accom- 
plished by  methods  and  equipment  commonly  used 
in  modern  bridge  building.  There  was  one  feature 
m  the  erection  of  this  viaduct,  however,  that  is  of 
more  than  passing  interest,  i.e.,  the  erection  of  bent 
No.  1 0  and  the  114  ft.  span. 

For  the  erection  of  bent  No.  10  a  large  scow  was 
provided  and  bridge  ties  were  used  to  build  a  crib- 
work  blocking  to  carry  the  bent  and  of  such  a  height 
as  to  bring  the  base  of  the  columns  at  just  the  right 
elevation  to  clear  the  top  of  the  pier  and  to  raise  the 
top  of  the  bent  so  the  latter  would  rest  at  as  great 
an  incline  as  possible  after  the  scow  was  loaded. 
The  scow  was  then  shifted  to  the  east  of  pier  No.  10 
and  the  projecting  bases  of  the  columns  were  brought 
to  the  proper  position  over  the  pier  and  the  scow 
anchored.  The  derrick  was  placed  as  near  the  end 
of  the  trestle  as  possible  and  securely  anchored  and 
the  forward  corners  of  the  car  frame  blocked  from 
the  bridge  deck.  The  load  lines  were  carried  out, 
fastened  to  the  top  of  bent  No.  10  and  the  bent  up- 
ended and  anchored  with  east  and  west  guy  lines. 

The  erection  of  the  114  ft.  girder  was  done  in  a 
manner  very  similar  to  the  erection  of  the  75  ft. 
girders  with  the  exception  of  the  equipment  used. 
0\ving  to  the  great  length  of  these  girders  and  the 
fact  that  each  girder  weighed  fifty-one  tons,  it  was 
necessary  to  handle  them  with  equipment  that  is  quite 


out  of  the  ordinary.  For  the  erection  of  such  girders 
a  derrick  car  had  been  built  by  the  bridge  company 
which  is  unique  and  single  of  its  kind.  It  is  so  princi- 
pally because  of  its  great  size,  weight  and  capacity 
and  because  of  the  speed  and  ease  with  which  it  can 
be  handled. 

To  handle  girders  of  this  size  required  the  sixty- 
four  foot  booms,  giving  a  clear  distance  from  the  end 
of  the  car  to  the  load  lines  of  sixty  feet  when  the 
booms  are  in  their  normal  position  for  handling 
girders,  as  indicated  in  the  illustrations.  The  load 
to  be  lifted  was  about  fifty-three  tons,  two  tons  of 
which  was  due  to  special  tackle,  and  to  take  care  of 
this  load  a  counterweight  of  thirty  tons  were  required 
and  used  at  the  back  of  the  car.  When  supporting 
this  load  on  the  booms  there  was  a  reaction  of 
440,000  lbs.  under  the  front  truck.  As  this  front 
truck  is  a  three-axle  truck,  each  axle  load  was  about 
I  47,000  lbs.,  or  about  three  times  that  of  the  heaviest 
locomoti\e.  To  take  care  of  this  load  the  ties  on  the 
last  spans  were  spaced  close  together,  making  a  solid 
timber  floor  fourteen  inches  deep.  The  axles  are 
only  3  ft.  9  in.  centre  to  centre,  and  hence  there  was 
an  extremely  heavy  concentrated  load  for  the  girders 
to  carry,  but  as  the  derrick  moves  very  slowly  under 
load,  there  was  no  impact  to  consider,  and  although 
the  unit  stresses  in  the  steel  work  and  timber  flooring 
were  high,  they  were  not  excessive.  Special  tackle 
was  built  to  carry  the  girders  from  the  blocks  so  that 
the  load  would  be  carried  from  the  bottom  of  the 
girder,  thus  saving  the  top  flange  from  undue  strain 
and  saving  the  risk  of  hooks  slipping  or  straightening. 

Illustration  No.  I.  shows  the  actual  work  of  fasten- 
ing this  tackle  and  making  ready  for  the  lift,  all  other 
preparations  having  been  made  as  was  done  for  the 
seventy-five  foot  gilders.  The  day  was  quiet,  hardly 
any  air  stirring  The  order  was  given  to  raise  the 
girder  and  cast  off  the  outer  brace,  and  immediately 
this  immense  girder  went  up  with  the  same  ease  as 
had  all  the  smaller  ones.  The  brace  and  the  buggy 
were  laid  at  one  side  and  the  car  began  to  move  out 
and  finally  lowered  the  girder  onto  greased  rails  that 
had  been  fastened  on  blocking  which  rested  on 
special  struts  between  the  columns  and  on  a  level 
with  the  column  caps.  From  here  it  was  jacked  over 
to  its  final  position,  the  booms  following  and  taking 
sufficient  load  to  keep  the  girder  right  side  up  until  it 
was  firmly  bolted  to  the  column  caps  and  the  load 
lines  disconnected  for  the  car  to  go  back  after  the 
second  girder.  It  is  probable  that  few  onlookers 
realized  they  had  just  seen  the  erection  of  the  largest 
girder  that  had  ever  been  placed  with  a  derrick  car 
working  on  a  standard  4  ft.  8'  '2  in.  rail  base. 

The  entire  span  was  erected  and  bolted  up  in  one 
working  day,  the  second  girder  being  erected  in  about 
half  the  time  required  for  the  first  one,  probably  be- 
cause of  greater  confidence  and  the  experience  gained 
in  erecting  the  first  one. 

The  Trenton  viaduct  was  designed  and  erected 
under  the  direction  of  P.  B.  Motley,  Bridge  En- 
gineer, and  C.  W.  P.  Ramsay,  Engineer  of  Con- 
struction of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway. 


484 


C  O  N  S  T  R  U  C  T  I  O  N 


SCHOLARSHIPS  AWARDED  FOR  THE 
YEAR    1913. 

THE  FOLLOWING  announcement  of  scholar- 
ships IS  taken  from  the  recent  journal  of  the 
R.I.B.A.,  and  should  stimulate  the  draftsmen 
with  a  keen  desire  to  take  ad\  antage  of  such  unusual 
opportunities: 

British  School  at  Rome:  The  Henry  Jarvis 
Studentship — The  Council  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects  have  awarded  the  Henry  Jarvis 
Travelling  Studentship  in  Architecture  to  Louis  de 
Soissons,  student  of  the  Royal  Institute,  on  the  re- 
commendation of  the  Faculty  of  Architecture  of  the 
British  School  at  Rome.  Mr.  de  Soissons  is  the  first 
winner  of  this  studentship,  which  is  open  to  associates 
and  students  of  the  R.I.B.A.  under  thirty  years  of 
age  and  is  of  the  value  of  two  hundred  pounds  per 
annum,  tenable  for  two  years  at  the  British  School 
at  Rome.  Louis  de  Soissons  won  the  Tite  prize  of 
the  Royal  Institute  in  1912. 

The  Rome  Scholarship  m  Architecture — The 
Royal  Commissioners  for  the  Exhibition  of  1851 
have  awarded  the  Rome  Scholarship  in  Architecture 
to  Harold  Chalton  Bradshaw,  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  Faculty  of  Architecture  of  the  British 
School  at  Rome.  Mr.  Bradshaw  is  the  first  winner 
of  the  Rome  Scholarship,  which  is  open  to  British 
subiects  under  thirty  years  of  age,  valued  at  two 
hundred  pounds  per  annum,  and  tenable  for  three 
years  at  the  British  School  at  Rome.  Mr.  Brad- 
shaw. who  is  in  his  twenty-first  year,  is  a  student  of 
the  School  of  Architecture,  Liverpool  University.  In 
Julv  last  he  was  awarded  the  University  Certificate 
in  Architecture,  which  exempts  from  the  R.I.B.A. 
intermediate  evamination,  while  he  also  received  at 
that  time  the  Holt  Travelling  Studentship  of  fifty 
pounds.  Mr.  Bradshaw  was  placed  second  and  was 
awarded  a  certificate  of  honorable  mention  in  the 
competition  for  the  Soane  medallion  last  January. 
He  was  the  winner  of  the  first  of  Sir  William  Lever's 
prizes  in  the  Liverpool  School  design  for  a  new  river 
fro^t  at  I  iverpool. 

The  Herbert  Baker  Scholarship,  1913 — The 
trustees  of  the  Herbert  Baker  Scholarship  announce 
that,  having  considered  the  report  of  the  assessors  on 
the  work  sent  in  by  the  two  competitors  and  the  work, 
they  have  decided  not  to  award  the  scholarship  for 
the  present  year.  The  scholarship  is  in  value  two 
hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  and  is  open  to  any  British 
subiect  who  has  spent  seven  years  in  the  study  and 
practice  of  architecture,  under  thirty-five  years  of  age, 
and  \vho  has  spent  at  least  two-thirds  of  his  architec- 
tural career  in  South  Africa.  The  holder  is  required 
to  spend  eight  or  nine  months  in  Rome  as  his  principal 
beadouarters,  acting  under  the  direction  of  the  British 
School  at  Rome,  this  period  to  include  a  visit  to 
Athens  with  the  British  School  there  as  headquarters. 
The  trustees  express  their  regret  that  the  offer  of  the 
scholarship  has  not  met  with  a  better  response,  both 
as  regards  the  number  of  candidates  and  the  standard 
of  work  sent  in.     The  scholarship  was  intended  to 


benefit  the  young  architect  who  has  passed  the  ele- 
mentary stage  of  his  profession  and  is  by  his  own 
experience  learning  to  understand  the  difficulty  of 
scholarly  design  and  to  feel  the  need  and  desire  of 
direct  study  of  the  great  masterpieces  of  art.  The 
subject  and  the  conditions  prescribed  were  set  with 
the  object  of  testing  the  candidates  not  merely  in  re- 
gard to  their  technical  capacity  and  power  of  expres- 
sion, but  also  whether  they  have  reached  that  stage  in 
their  architectural  education  at  which  a  period  of 
study  in  Italy  and  Greece  would  be  of  benefit  to  them 
as  architects,  and  not  merely  as  students  of  art  or 
archaeology.  The  trustees  state  that  the  work  of  the 
two  candidates  comes  short  of  the  required  standard 
in  both  respects,  while  it  contains  elements  of  promise 
which  encourage  the  hope  that  they  will  come  for- 
\\ard  again.  It  is  to  be  hoped  also  that  other  young 
architects  who  are  ambitious  of  taking  a  high  place  in 
their  profession  in  the  future,  may  seek  to  profit  by 
the  opportunity  which  this  scholarship  gives  of  enlarg- 
ing their  artistic  education,  even  if  it  may  involve 
some  present  sacrifice  of  professional  work.  The 
scholarship  will  be  offered  again  next  year,  and  due 
notice  will  be  given  of  the  work  required  of  candi- 
dates. *    *    * 

THE  CONSENSUS  of  opinion  of  the  largest 
party  of  American  medical  men  that  ever  visited 
Europe  IS  that  Paris  is  one  of  the  most  healthful  cities 
in  the  world.  The  party  comprised  seventy  physi- 
cians, who  started  on  a  study  tour  of  the  chief  towns 
of  the  Continent  before  attending  the  recent  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Medicine  in  London.  They 
visited  all  the  leading  medical  establishments,  includ- 
ing the  Salpetriere  Medical  Training  School,  the 
Central  Pharmacy,  the  Pans  School  of  Medicine, 
the  Hygienic  Museum,  the  Tarnier  Clinic,  and  the 
principal  hospitals.  "What  we  admired  most  about 
Pans,"  said  the  vice-chairman.  Dr.  S.  Breitenfeld, 
"was  the  marvelous  purity  of  the  air  and  the  best  and 
cheapest  medicine  in  the  world.  The  city  is  extra- 
ordinarily free  from  dust.  As  far  as  installation, 
service,  etc.,  of  French  hospitals  are  concerned,  the 
authorities  certainly  have  nothing  to  learn  from 
America.  Only  one  thing  overlooked  here  is  ventila- 
tion. In  all  the  hospitals,  including  even  the  new 
hospital  of  La  Pitie,  the  patients  have  the  choice 
between  a  pronounced  draught  or  going  without  air 
altogether.  This  is  probably  due  to  the  hinged  win- 
dows used  here  instead  of  the  sliding  windows  em- 
ployed by  us.  Another  defect  is  the  absence  of 
screens  to  keep  off  flies,  wnich  are  always  carriers  of 
bacteria."  *    *    * 

RECONSTRUCTION  of  the  Canadian  Pa- 
cific Railway  hotel  at  Vancouver  is  progressing.  It 
was  first  intended  to  build  the  central  portion  twelve 
stories  at  a  cost  of  $800,000,  but  it  will  now  be  made 
sixteen  stories.  This  addition  and  construction  of 
east  wing  to  eleven  stories  will  add  $1,200,000  to 
total  cost,  making  $2,000,000  expenditure.  The 
present  seven-story  west  wing  will  later  be  raised  to 
eleven  stories. 


CONSTRUCTION 


485 


AN   IMPORTANT  FACTOR  IN  DEVEL- 
OPING  THE   CEMENT    INDUSTRY    IN 
CANADA  TO  ITS  PRESENT  IMMENSE 
PROPORTIONS. 

Although  unheard  of  in  the  world  of 
-ZA.  cement  and  concrete  prior  to  his  debut  into 
this  field  only  eleven  years  ago,  the  man  who 
has  played  an  important  part  in  the  development  of 
cement  for  almost  universal  use  is  none  other  than 
W.  H.  Ford,  Montreal,  the  general  sales  manager 
of  the  Canada  Cement  Company,  Limited. 

The  progressiveness  and  ability  of  Mr.  Ford  are 
evidenced  by  his  rapid  rise  in  so  short  a  time,  and  the 
decision  with  which  he  handles  the  matters  connected 
with  so  important  a  position  as  he  now  holds. 

The  best  evidence  of  Mr.  Ford's  ability  is  con- 
tained in  the  fact  that  only  a  comparatively  short 
time  ago  he  was  selling  cement  in  less  than  carload 
lots,  while  to-day  his  department  controls  the  sales  of 
one  of  the  largest   (if  not  the  largest)   cement  com- 


\V.     H.     l-'OKIl, 


panies  in  the  world,  owning  and  operating  thirteen 
mills  scattered  the  length  and  breadth  of  Canada. 

That  the  public  owes  much  to  Mr.  Ford's  fore- 
sightedness  cannot  be  gainsaid,  for  it  was  he  who  first 
suggested  a  campaign  of  education  for  Canadians 
that  has  enabled  them  to  know  the  wonderful  possi- 
bilities of  concrete,  and  to  build  with  it  structures  that 


are  not  only  better  and  more  permanent,  but  cheaper 
in  the  long  run. 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  is  Mr.  Ford's  "home 
town,"  and  although  born  in  the  South,  he  has  since 
coming  to  Canada  five  years  ago,  been  in  and  studied 
the  conditions  obtaining  in  every  section  of  the  Do- 
minion and  IS  now  one  of  her  most  enthusiastic  and 
energetic  adopted  sons.  He  believes  that  no  country 
in  the  w'orld  offers  as  great  possibilities  to  progressive, 
capable  young  men  as  does  the  great  expanse  of  land, 
rich  in  resources,  lying  north  of  the  United  States  and 
reaching  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific — Canada. 
The  rapid  rise  of  W.  H.  Ford  to  the  prominence 
he  has  attained,  is  an  interesting  example  of  what 
brains  and  enthusiasm  can  accomplish  when  com- 
bined with  determination  and  hard  work. 

Mr.  Ford  has  always  maintained  that  to  be  a 
really  successful  sales  manager,  personal  contact  and 
acquaintanceship  with  customers  is  necessary,  as  well 
as  a  complete  knowledge  of  conditions  throughout  the 
sales  territory.  At  the  end  of  each  year's  shipping 
season,  which  arrives  about  November  15th,  Mr. 
Ford  "takes  to  the  road"  and  is  gone  until  spring,  a 
matter  of  about  five  months,  during  which  time  he 
covers  approximately  twenty  thousand  miles,  about 
four-fifths  of  the  distance  round  the  world,  and  often 
arrives  at  a  small  hamlet  when  the  thermometer  is 
many  degrees  below  zero.  These  trips  are  largely 
accountable  for  the  vast  and  pleasant  acquaintance- 
ship (for  he  seems  to  know  almost  everyone)  that  he 
has  made  in  the  short  space  of  time  he  has  been  in 
Canada.  However,  Mr.  Ford's  knowledge  of  the 
people,  territory  and  conditions,  is  not  limited  to 
Canada,  for  he  has  travelled  over  practically  the 
whole  of  the  United  States,  and  takes  considerable 
pride  in  being  able  to  discuss  with  the  same  degree 
of  intelligence,  cement  conditions  in  both  countries. 
The  success  of  Mr.  Ford's  efforts  as  a  sales  manager 
IS  unquestioned,  and  it  would  seem  that  his  career 
has  only  just  begun,  and  that  there  are  surely  bigger 
things  yet  in  store  for  him. 

Mr.  Ford's  personality  is  second  only  in  import- 
ance to  his  business  ability.  He  has  keen  perception 
and  far-sightedness.  He  is  considerate  and  generous 
to  a  fault;  broad  in  his  views,  but  simple  in  his  tastes, 
and  welcomes  one  with  a  smile.  He  carries  with 
him  a  genial  and  democratic  "good-fellowship"  that 
makes  you  feel  comfortable  the  instant  you  meet  him. 
He  has  a  good  word  for  everybody  and  is  an  optimist 
of  the  "first  water." 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Mr.  Ford  will  never  leave 
Canada,  but  if  he  should,  it  would  be  impossible  to 
forget  him,  because  of  the  many  immense  concrete 
structures  that  have  been  built  with  his  cement,  but 
another  unique  monument  to  his  memory  is  the  beau- 
tiful big  steel  freighter  which  has  been  named  for  him, 
"The  Fordonian."  This  vessel  enjoys  the  distinction 
of  being  the  first  commercial  vessel,  propelled  by  oil- 
burning  engines,  to  be  placed  in  commission  on  fresh 
water.  "The  Fordonian"  is  owned  and  operated  by 
the  Canada  Interlake  Line,  and  is  250  feet  in  length, 
with  a  carrying  capacity  of  2,800  tons. 


486 


CONSTRUCTION 


For  recreation,  Mr.  Ford  betakes  himself  to  the 
depths  of  the  "big  woods,"  with  his  gun  for  com- 
pany, and  there  pursues  the  moose,  deer  and  other 
big  game,  with  the  same  tenacity  that  has  produced 
such  excellent  results  in  cement  sales,  and  his  many 
trophies  bear  witness  to  his  "hobby"  for  hunting. 


PLANS  are  now  being  prepared  for  four  large 
new  buildings  which  will  be  added  next  year  to  those 
already  comprising  the  University  of  Saskatchewan. 
Saskatoon,  and  upon  which  over  $2,000,000  have 
already  been  expended. 

THE  OAK  FLOORS  and  battleship  Imoleum 
in  the  private  patients'  wing  of  the  new  Toronto 
General  Hospital  have  been  treated  with  Ronuk,  an 
English  sanitary  floor  polish.  This  material  has  been 
successfully  used  in  a  large  number  of  hospitals, 
schools  and  colleges  in  the  United  Kingdom,  among 
the  more  important  of  which  might  be  mentioned  the 
National  Portrait,  Tate  and  Wallace  Galleries  of 
London;  School  of  Technology  and  City  Art  Gal- 
lery of  Manchester;  also  the  St.  Bartholomew's, 
University  College  and  St.  George's  Hospitals.  A 
booklet  entitled  "The  Sanitary  Treatment  of  Floors" 
has  been  issued  by  the  company,  entering  into  all 
phases  of  this  antiseptic  polish  for  floors,  which  may 
be  obtained  at  their  Canadian  office,  53  \onge  street, 
Toronto.  *    *    * 

IN  DESIGNING  modern  buildings  of  large  con- 
struction the  safety  of  the  public  is  paramount  to 
every  other  exigency.  To  eliminate  fire  danger  is  a 
leading  consideration.  Recent  experience  in  large 
conflagrations  has  overthrown  the  confidence  of  archi- 
tects and  designers  m  materials  which  had  been  con- 
sidered proof  against  intense  heat.  1  hat  pulpstone 
gypsum  blocks  were  selected  for  the  interior  con- 
struction of  the  Booth  and  Masonic  Temple  build- 
ings, Ottawa,  is  the  result  of  the  builders'  demon- 
strated conviction  that  the  safety  of  the  public  and 
the  protection  of  the  users  would  be  unquestioned. 
As  a  result  twelve  thousand  feet  of  pulpstone  gypsum 
blocks  have  been  used  in  the  partitions  and  the  furring 
for  the  brick  and  stone  walls  in  the  Booth  building. 
In  the  Masonic  Temple  thirteen  thousand  feet  were 
laid.  The  fireproof  blocks  are  the  product  of  the 
Alabastine  Company  of  Paris,  Ontario. 
*    *    * 

DURING  THE  PAST  YEAR  Frank  Brang- 
wyn  has  been  at  work  in  London  on  a  mural  painting 
for  the  new  Court  House  at  Cleveland,  Ohio.  The 
work  consists  of  a  canvas  50  feet  long  and  I  5  feet 
high,  representing  King  John  signing  the  Magna 
Charta  at  Runnymede  in  1215.  The  King,  seated, 
with  parchment  in  the  act  of  signing,  is  seen  in  a  group 
comprising  the  Earl  of  Pembroke,  Pandulph,  the 
Papal  Legate;  two  bishops,  Robert  Fitzwalter, 
kneeling  and  closely  watching  John  as  he  signs,  and 
Stephen  Langton,  whose  robe  of  rich  orange  red  gives 


the  keynote  of  color  to  the  panel.  The  last  named 
IS  standing  in  a  persuasive  attitude,  obviously  com- 
pleting arguments  in  favor  of  the  King's  unwilling 
act.  Near  him  are  Church  dignitaries  in  their  ecclesi- 
astical robes.  Attendants  and  nobles  in  armor,  boat- 
men, and  men  bearing  their  masters'  shields  form  a 
picturesque  crowd.  A  notable  feature  of  the  work 
is  its  balance  and  strength  and  its  masterly  color 
harmony.  Some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  task 
may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  Mr.  Brangwyn 
had  to  take  one  of  the  largest  studios  in  London  for 
the  work.  The  canvas  was  built  on  a  large  timber 
frame,  and  the  artist  had  to  use  a  movable  scaffold 
to  reach  some  parts  of  the  picture.  Only  the  purest 
oil  colors  were  employed,  and  to  remove  the  high 
lights  of  the  ordinary  oil  painting,  which  would  make 
It  difficult  to  see  the  details  of  the  panel  at  the  height 
at  which  it  IS  being  fixed,  the  artist  mixed  the  oils  with 
wax — an  unusual  medium,  but  one  which  should  re- 
tain all  the  beauty  and  quality  of  the  picture  for  at 
least  three  hundred  years. 


ONE  OF  THE  VITAL  essentials  in  life  is  to 
move  forward,  not  backward.  This  fact  has  aroused 
the  best  efforts  of  every  successful  business  corpora- 
tion as  well  as  each  individual  who  has  made  his 
worth  felt  in  our  present  age.  CONSTRUCTION  is  en- 
deavoring to  reach  a  position  where  it  will  be  recog- 
nized as  an  important  factor  in  the  uplift  of  Canadian 
art  and  commercialistic  growth.  We  want  to  show 
the  best  work  which  is  being  done  throughout  the 
Dominion  and  at  the  same  time  present  it  in  the  best 
manner  possible  for  our  readers  and  our  advertisers. 
Beginning  with  the  January  issue,  we  will  include 
each  month  a  series  of  plate  forms,  illustrating  a 
subject  on  heavy  paper  and  on  one  side  only  of  the 
page.  In  addition  only  full  page  advertisements  will 
come  in  front  of  the  editorial  matter.  These  changes 
will  improve  the  appearance  of  the  magazine  consid- 
erably, and  also  make  it  of  infinitely  more  value  to 
everybody  concerned. 


THE  LAST  WORD 

in  the  art  of  manufacturing  High  Grade 
Surveying  and  Drawing  Instruments  has 
been  developed  in  the  Dietzgen  Instruments, 
the  possession  and  use  of  which  guarantees 
accurate  results. 

Scales,  Slide  Rules,  Draughting  Equipment 
and  Accessories  of  a  complete  list  are  also  manu- 
factured by  us  and  sold  direct  to  the  Architect  and 
Engineer. 

BLUE   PRINTS 
made  from  tracings  a  specialty. 

EUGENE    DIETZGEN    CO.,    LTD.. 
116  Adelaide  St.   W.,  Toronto. 


CONSTRUCTION 


NDi;X   TO 


ol.L'.Ml 


\1 


JAXIAKV,     \')\ 


)l 


e  liMUl'-.k 


FRONTISPIECES— FULL    PAGE    ILLUSTRATIONS, 


Title.  Month. 

Le  Palais  de  Justice,   Brussels January 

Ritz-Carlton  Hotel,  Montreal    February 

Chapel,   1  rinity   College,   Toronto March 

Bank  of  Montreal,  Winnipeg April 

U.S.  Post  Office,  New  ^'ork  City May 

Fire-Place,  "The  Arts  Club,"  Montreal June 


Title.  Month. 

Public  Gardens,    Nimes,   France    July 

C.P.R.    Building,   Toronto    August 

Bank  of  Toronto,  Toronto    September 

Public  Library,  Calgary    October 

Toronto   General    Hospital     November 

Street   in  Loches,   France    December 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Title   and   Location. 

.Apartments — 

Bradgate,    Toronto     Ex. 

College  Heights,  Toronto Ex., 

Hampton,    Toronto     Ex. 

Waldorf,    1  oronto    Ex., 

Willard,    Toronto     Ex. 

Banks — 

American  Security  and  Trust  Co.,  Washington.  .  Ex. 

Montreal,  Winnipeg Ex.. 

Mutual,   New  York Ex. 

National   Commercial,   Albany    Ex. 

Nova  Scotia,  Calgary Ex. 

Riggs  National,  Washington Ex. 

Toronto,    Toronto    Ex., 

Churches — 

Chapel,  Trinity  College.    1  o.onto    Ex. 

St.  John's,  New  York Ex. 

St. 
St, 
St 
St 


.Architect. 


Month. 


PI. 

PI. 
PI. 

PI. 


.  Page  &  Warrington July 

.  Edwards  &  Saunders July 

.Simpson,  Henry July 

.  Edwards  &  Saunders July 

.Simpson,  Henry July 


Mary-le-Strand,   London    tix. 

Michael's,   Charleston,   S.C Ex. 

Paul's,  New  York Ex. 

Peter's,  Philadelphia Ex. 

Clubs — 

Arrerican,    I  oronto Ex. 

"Arts  Club,"   Montreal    Ex. 

Assiniboia.  Regina    Ex. 

British  Club,  Shanghai Ex. 

Country,  Cleveland Ex., 

Country,    Detroit    Ex.. 

Euclid,    Cleveland    Ex., 

Homewood  Country.   Flossmoor    Ex. 

Ontario,  Toronto    Ex. 

Ottawa  Hunt,  Ottawa    Ex. 

Royal  Gulf,   Ottawa    Ex. 

Wyoming,  Ohio Ex. 

Fountain — 
Sultan  Ahmed  III 

City  Halls — 

Glamorgan  County  Hall,  Cardiff    Ex. 

Moose  Jaw    Ex.. 

Moose  Jaw    Ex., 

Moose  Jaw    Ex., 

Moose  Jaw    Ex., 

Winnipeg     Ex., 


^  ork  &  Sawyer September 

PL    .  .McKim,  Mead  &  White April  .  .  . 

September 

September 

.  .  .         Sharp  &  Brown October.  . 

^  ork  &  Sawyer September 

PI.    .  .  Carrere  &  Hastings  and  E.  G.  Bird  ..September 


Darling  &:  Pearson March.  .  . 

February . 

February  . 

February . 

February  . 

February . 


In.,   PI.    .  .  Wegman,  Jules  F December 


In. 
In..  PI. 
In.  .  .  . 
PI.  ,  .  . 
PI.  ,  .  . 
PI.  ,  .  . 
PI.  .  . 
In..  PI. 
PI.  .  . 
PI.  .  . 
PI.    .  . 


Maxwell.  E.  &  W.  S 
.  Storey  &  Van  Egniond 


June, 

May. 

May  . 

Garfield,   Abram    May. 

Kahn,   Albert    May. 

Meade  &  Garfield May  . 

Shaw,  H.  Van  D May  . 

Sproatt  &  Rolph    lune. 

Weeks  &  Keefer May  . 

Horwood,  Taylor  &  Horwood   .  .  .  May  . 

Garber  &  Woodward Mav  . 


March. 


PI 


Harris  &  Moodie October. 

.Atchison,  J.  D January. 

Cobb,  Chas.  S January. 

PI.    .  .Maw  &  Drewitl January. 

PI.    .  .Sharp  6;  Brown January. 

.Atchison,  J.  D .April..  . 


262-263 
266 
264 
265 
260 

363 
130-134 
365 
365 
371 
363 
332-361 

84 
64 
64 
64 
64 
64 

462-466 

222-226 

1 89-190 

206 

203 

204 

204 

205 

227-235 

180-181 

182 

203 

99 

406 

12-15 

18 

16 

17 

158-160 


48/- 


488 


CONSTRUCTION 


ILLUSTRATIONS— CoD/ZnueJ. 


Architect.  Month. 

Bro\vn  &  X'allance April.  .  .  . 

Clemesha  &   Portnall    April..  .  . 

Jones,  Hugh  G April.  .  .  . 

Woodman  &  Carey April.  .  .  . 


Title   and   Location. 

Winnipeg     Ex.,  PI. 

Winnipeg     Ex..  PI. 

Winnipeg     Ex.,  PI. 

Winnipeg     Ex.,  PI. 

Gardens.- 

Iford   Manor,    Bradford-on-Avon February 

Public   Gardens,   Nimes    July .  .  .  . 

Gateways — 

Court  of  Honor,  Compiegne April. .  . 

Seras    Kierat,    Constantinople    March. . 

Sublime  Porte,  Constantinople March. . 

GOXERNMENT    BuiLDINGS 

Departmental,   Ottawa    Pi 

Le  Palais  de  Justice,  Belgium Ex 

Parliament,   Ottawa    Ex 

U.S.  Post  Office,  New  ^ork Ex McKi: 

Hospitals — 

Insane,  Brandon Ex.,   In.,   PI.    .  .  Horwood,  V.   W 

Pennsylvania    Ex 


September 

January. . 

May .... 

,  Mead  &  White May.  .  .  . 


.April. 


154-155 
147-150 
156-157 
151-153 

79 
250 

161 
100 
101 


331 

2 
17? 
168 


Toronto  General,  Toronto Ex.,   In.,   PL 

Hotels — 
"Village  Inn,"  Grimsby Ex 


140-144 
69 
Darling  &   Pearson    November     41  3-432 


lanuary. 


Prince  Edward,  Brandon Ex.,   In.,   PI. 


November 

Pratt  &  Ross January. . 

Warren  &  Wetmore    February  . 

Gray,   J.  Wilson    March.  .  . 


Ritz-Carlton,  Montreal Ex.,   In. 

Tremont  House,  Toronto Ex..  PI. 

Houses — 

Bungalow,  Bar  Harbor,  Me Ex.,  PI Perkins,  Chas.  B January. 

Bull,  Charleston,  S.C Ex January. 

Carlton,  England    In.,   PI January. 

Dunchurch  Lodge,   England Ex April. . 

English  Homes Ex October. 

Paca,  Annapolis,  Md Ex January. 

Ravina,  111 Ex.,    PI Buck,    Lawrence    January. 

Shanghai,    China     Ex May 

The  Grange,  Wraysbury Ex April. 

"The  Hill,"  Hampslead,  Eng Fx April.  . 


Woodlands,   Philadelphia,   P.. 


Ex January. 


.  April 
,  Apri: 


PI. 


.  McLean  &  Wright    October 

.  Storey  &  Van  Egmond May  .  . 


Wrightwick  Manor,  England Ex, 

Wych  Cross  Place,  Sussex Ex. 

Libraries — 

Public,  Calgary Ex. 

Regina,  Sask Ex., 

Mosques — 

Ancient,  at  Kharia Ex February 

Mamidieh    Jam    Ex March. 

Santa  Sophia,   Constantinople    Ex February 

Selamlik     Ex March. .  . 

Suleiman  Mosque Ex February 

Sultan  Ahmed    Ex March. 

Sultan    Bayezid    Ex March. 

St.  Irene,  Constantinople Ex March. 

Museum — 
Imperial,  Stamboul March. 

Office  Buildings — 

Berry  Bros.,  Detroit Ex.,  In. 

Birks,   Ottawa    Ex.,   In. 


Brigden,  Toronto Ex. 


Burns,    Calgary    Ex 

Canada  Life    Ex 

C.P.R.,  Toronto Ex 

General  Electric.  Buffalo Ex 

Graphic  Arts,  Toronto Ex.,  In.,   PI 

Great  West  Life,  Winnipeg Ex.,  In.,   PI 


Mason,  Geo.  D February 

Weeks  &  Keefer May .  .  . 

In.,   PI.    .  .  Bond  &  Smith March.  . 

PI Hodgson,   Bates  &  Beattie October. 

PI Weeks  &  Keefer May.  .  . 

In.,   PI.    .  .  Darling  &  Pearson August  . 

Eisenwem  ^  Johnson August  . 

Baker,  F.  S June.  .  . 

•Atchison,  John  D April. .  . 


Hope,  Ottawa Ex.,   PI Noffke,  W.  E J 


434 

5-10 

t3-55 

93 

36 

11 

39 

164 

401-405 

27 

36 

207 

164 

163 

30 

164 

164 

368 
191 

61 
103 

56 
100 

59 
101 

99 


102 

80 
172-175 
94-96 
372-373 
176-177 
293-299 
319 
213-221 
135-139 
236-237 


CONSTRUCTION 


4») 


ILLUSTRATIONS— Con/»u;c'J. 


Architect.  Month. 

Wardrop.  R October. . 

Lang  &   Major    October.  . 

Ex.,    PI Denison  &  Stephenson    March.  .  . 

Ex May.  .  .  . 

Ex iMcKenzie  &  V'oorhees .August  .  . 

Cass Mav.  ... 


Title   and   Location. 

Lougheed,  Calgary Ex., 

Maclean,    Calgary    Ex. 

MacMillan,    Toronto    

Mutual  Life.  Shanghai 

Seneca,   Buffalo    

WooKvorth,   New   ^  ork Ex Gilbert 

Palaces — 

Beylerbey     March. 

Blackernae     March. 

Doma    Boghtchen     March. 

Roumelia     March. 


Seraglio 
Teh 


Ex. 


eragan    

Public  Bl'ildings — 

Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts Ex. 

L'Hotel  de  Ville,  Laon Ex. 

New  York  County  Court  House Ex., 

Registry  Office.  Toronto Ex. 

Registry  Office,  Toronto Ex. 

Registry  Office,  Toronto Ex. 

Municipal,   New  ^'ork    Ex. 

State  House,  Boston Ex. 

Re.staurant — 

Bowles.    Toronto    Ex. 

Railway  Stations — 

C.N.R.,  Dauphin Ex. 

C.P.R..  Vancouver    Ex. 

School  buiLDiNcs — 

Edward  VII,   Montreal    Ex. 

Strathearn,    Montreal    Ex. 

Peace  Centenary,  Montreal Ex. 

Sculpture — 

Memorial  to  King  Edward  VII 

South  African  War  Memorial    

Store  Buildings — 

Hudson's  Bay,  Calgary    Ex. 

Williams,  Toronto    Ex. 

Theatres — 

Bijou,  Calgary Ex. 

L'Opera  Co^nique,   Paris    Ex. 

Universities — 

British  Columbia    Ex. 

British  Columbia    Ex. 

British   Columbia    PL 

British   Columbia    Ex. 

Collegiate  Institute,  Regina Ex. 

George  Peabody  College,   Nashville Ex. 

Hampton  Institute,  Georgia PI. 

Household  Science,  1  oronto Ex. 

Lake  Forest,  Illinois PI. 

Minnesota,    Minneapolis    Ex. 

Northw-estern,  Chicago    PI. 

Piedmont   College,   Demorest    PI. 

Princeton,  Princeton,   N.J PI. 

Rice  Institute,  Houston Ex. 

Rollins  College,  Florida Ex. 

Stevens  Institute,   Hoboken    PI. 


,  bebruary  . 
.  March. .  . 


lanuary. . 

lanuary. . 

PI Lowell,  Guy    May  .... 

PI Cobb,  Chas.  S December 

PI Chapman  &  McGiffin December 

PI Symons  &  Rae December 

PI McKim,   Mead  &  White August  .  . 

February . 


In..   PI. 


Ha 


6<  Merritt  and  Hand March. 


Pratt  &  Ross Ap 

Barott,   Blackader,  Web^Iei    ....     Ma 


Nobbs  &  Hyde December 

Nobbs  &  Hyde Dece.mber 

Nobbs  &  Hyde December 


,  Allward,  Walter Mav  .  .  .  . 

,  McClure,  C July 

.  Burke,  Horwood  &  White October.  . 

,  Chapman  &  McGiffin March.  .  . 

I  eague,  J.  C October.  . 

February . 


Sharpe  & 
Bow,  Dou 


I  homps 

?lasS. 


March. 
.  March. 


Turner,  Philip  J Mar 


March. 
May  .  . 
March. 


In 


Western  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Pittsburgh 
W.C.T.U.— 

Toronto 

^'.M.C.A.— 

Central,    Montreal     


PI. 


PI Symons  &  R 

PI Storey  &  Van  Egmond 

i^udlow  &  Peabody    .  . 

Peabody,  C.  S March. . 

.     Miller,  G.  M .August  . 

Morris  &  Manning March. . 

PI Gilbert,  Cass March. . 

Palmer  &  Hornbostle March.  . 

Kmg,   Beverly  S March.  . 

Cram,  Ralph  Adams March. . 

Cram,   Goodhue  &   Ferguson    ....  January. 

Whitfield  &   K.ing    March. . 

Ludlow  &  Peabody March.  . 

Palmer  &  Hornbostle March.  . 


Ex.,   In.,   PI. 


West  End,  Toronto Ex. 


In.   .  .  . 
In.,   PI. 


Rurke,  Horwood  tV  White May. 

Ross  &  Macfarlane luly. 

Burke,  Horwood  &  White Januai 


Page. 
376-377 
375 
92 
207 
318 
202 

103 
98 

103 
98 
60 

102 


37 
37 
200-201 
467-470 
471-473 
474-476 
320-325 
69 


87-90 


145 


455-459 

458-459 

460 


183 
269-270 


379 
91 


374 


104-105 

106-108 

109-11  I 

112-1  14 

192 

123 

123 

311-312 

122 

12? 

123 

122 

122 

38 

122 

121 

122 


184-187 


25  3-259 
19-24 


490  CONSTRUCTION 

ILLUSTRATIONS   ACCORDING   TO  AUTHOR. 

Architect.                                                           Kind   and   Location.  Month.           Pag«. 

Atchison,  J.   D Assurance  Co.,  Winnipeg April. ...    1  35-1  39 

Atchison.  J.   D City  Hail,  Moose  Jaw January. .          12-15 

Atchison,  J.   D City  Hall,   Winnipeg    April..  .  .    158-160 

Baker,   F.  S Graphic  Arts,  T  oronto    June ....    21  3-22  i 

Barrett,  Blackader  &  Web:.ter Station,  Vancouver May.  ...             188 

Bond  &  Smith    Office,  Toronto March. .  .        94-96 

Bow,  Douglas  S University,  British  Columbia March..  .    106-108 

Brown  &  Vallance City   Hall,  Winnipeg    April..  .  .    154-155 

Buck,  Lawrence House,  Ravina January. .               36 

Burke,  Horwood  &  White    Store,  Calgary    October. .             379 

Burke,   Horwood  &  White W.C.T.U.,  Toronto May.  .  .  .    184-187 

Burke,  Horwood  &  While    Y.M.C.A.,  Toronto January.  .         1  9-24 

Carrere  &  Hastings  and  Bird,  E.  G Bank,  Toronto Septeniber  332-361 

Chapman  &  McGiffin Store,  Toronto March..  .               91 

Chapman  &  McGiffin Registry  Office,  Toronto December  471-473 

Clemesha&  Porlnall City   Hall,   Winnipeg    April..  .  .    147-150 

Cobb.  Chas.  S City  Hall,  Moose  Jaw    January.  .               1  8 

Cobb,  Chas.  S Registry  Office,  Toronto December   467-470 

Cram,   Goodhue   &    Ferguson    Rice   Institute,    Houston    January.  .               38 

Darling  &  Pearson Chapel,  Toronto March.  .  .               84 

Darling  &  Pearson C.P.R.,  Toronto    August .  .    293-299 

Darling  &  Pearson Hosp  val,    Toronto    October. .    41  3-432 

Denison   &  Stephenson    Office,   Toronto    March.  .  .              92 

Edwards  &  Saunders Apartm.ents,   Toronto    July ....             265 

Edwards  &  Saunders Apartments,   Toronto    July.  .  .  .             266 

Eisenwein  &  Johnson    Office,  Buffalo August .  .             319 

Garber  &  Woodward Club,  Wyoming May 203 

Garfield,   Abram    Club,  Cleveland    May ....            203 

Gilbert,   Cass    Woolworth,  New  \'ork May  ....            202 

Gray,  Wilson  J Hotel,  Toronto March.  .  .               93 

Harris,  Merritt  &  Hand Restaurant,  Toronto March. .  ,         87-90 

Harris  &  Moodie County  Hall,  Cardiff    October.              406 

Hodgson,   Bates  &   Beattie    Office,   Calgary    October.  .    372-373 

Horwood,  Tayloi  &  Horwood Club,  Ottawa May  ...  .             182 

Horwood,  V.  W Hospital,   Brandon    April..  .  .    140-144 

Jones,  Hugh  G Citv  Hall,  Wmnipeg April 156-157 

Kahn,    Albert     Club,  Detroit    - May 204 

Lang  &  Major Office,    Calgary    October.  .             375 

Lowell,   Guy    Court  House,  New  ^ork May.  .  .  .    200-201 

McKenzie  &  Voorhees Office,   Buffalo August.  .             318 

McKim,   Mead  &  White Municipal.  New  ^ork August.  .    320-325 

McKim.   Mead  cSi  White    Bank,  Winnipeg April. ...    1  30-1  34 

McKim,   Mead  &  White    Post  Office,   New  ^•ork    May 1  68 

McLean  &  Wright Library,   Calgary    October. .             368 

Mason,  Geo.  D Office,   Detroit    February .              80 

Maw  &  Drewitt City  Hall,  Moose  Jaw    January. .               1  6 

Maxwell,  E.  &  W.  S Club,    Montreal    June 222-226 

Meade  &  Garfield    Club,  Cleveland May 204 

Miller,  G.   M Household  Science.  Toronto    August.  .    311-312 

Nobbs  &   Hyde    Schools.  Montreal December   455-461 

Noffke.    W.  'E Office.    Ottawa     June 236-237 

Page  &  Warrington    Apartm.ents.  Toronto July.  .  .  .    262-263 

Perkins,   Chas.    B House,  Bar  Harbor January                  36 

Pratt  &  Ross Hotel,   Brandon    January.  .           5-10 

Pratt  &  Ross Station,  Dauphin April.  ...             145 

Ross  &   Macfarlane    Y.M.C.A.,  Montreal    July.  .  .  .    25  3-259 

Sharp  &  Brown    Bank,  Calgary October.  .             37 1_ 

Sharp  &  Brown    City  Hall,  Moose  Jaw January. .               I  7 

Sharp  &  Thompson University,  British  Coluibia March..  .    104-105 

Shaw,   Van    D.    H Club,  Flossmoor May 205 

Simpson,   Henry Apartments,   Toronto    July ....             260 

Simpson,  Henry Apartments,    Toronto    July ....             264 

Sproatt  &  Rolph Club,   Toronto    lune .  .  .  .    227-235 

Storey  &   Van   Egmond    Club,  Regma    May 189-190 

Storey  &   Van   Egmond    Collegiate  Institute.  Regina May.  ...            192 

.Storey  &  Van   Egmond    Library,  Regina    May ....  191 

Symons  &  Rae University,   British  Columbia March. .  .     112-114 

Symons  &  Rae Registry  Office.  Toronto December   474-47(t 

Teague,  J.  C Theatre.  Calgary    October.  .  374 

Turner,  Philip  J University,  British  Columbia March..  .    109-1  1  1 


CONSTRUCTION 


491 


ILLUSTRATIONS  ACCORDING   TO   AUTHOR.— Co„/,/uW. 

Architect.                                                      K.incl  and  Location.  Month.  Page. 

Waidrop,  R Office.  Calgaiy October.  .  376-377 

Warren  &  Wetmore Hotel,  Montreal February  .  45-55 

Weeks  &  Keefer Club.    Ottawa    May.  .  .  .  180-181 

Weeks  &  Keefer Office.  Ottawa May.  .  .  .  176-177 

Weeks  &  Keefer Office.  Ottawa J^^^  •  ,  •  '  VA'\ll 

Weaman,  Jules  F American  Club.  Toronto December  462-466 

Woodman  &  Carey City  Hall,  Wmnipeg April..  .  .  151-153 

York  &  Sawyer    Bank.  Washington    September 


363 


ARTICLES. 

Month.    Page 

American  Club  of  Toronto December   463 

Ancient   Monuments  Act   m   England October.  .     407 

Angle  sector,  device  for  dividing  any  angle July  ■  ■  ■  •     288 

Apartment  houses  at  Toronto,  five  buildings Ju'.v    ■  ■  ■     260 

Architecture  of  Canada  commented  upon  by  Johann  Keller December   477 

Arts  Club,  Limited.   Montreal    June ....    223 

Bank   of   Toronto    September   333 

Bank  of  Toronto,  heating  and  ventilation,  by  M.   A.    Boyd September    359 

Buildings.    Bank  of  Montreal  and  Great  West  Life  at  Winnipeg April. ...     131 

Buildmgs,    Birks  and  Canada  Life  Assurance  Company,   Ottawa    May ....    173 

Buildings,   group  of  recent  ones  erected  in  Toronto March. .  .      87 

Buildings.    Hunt  Club  and  Royal  Golf  Club  at  Ottawa    May 181 

Buildings,   some   recent  work   at  Calgary    October.  .     373 

Calgary,  the  City  of  the  Plain,  by  T.  H.  Mawson October.  .    380 

Canadian  Architecture,  digest  of  lecture  by  F.  S.  Baker March.  .  .     115 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company's  Building  at  Toronto August.  .    295 

Cement  and  concrete,  series  of  tests  by  Prof.  Brydone-Jack November  433 

City  hall,  competition  for  Moose  Jaw.  Sask January. .       1  [ 

City  hall,  competition  for  Winnipeg.  Man April. ...     14/ 

City  planning,  designing  of  towns,  by  T.  H.  Hughes July ....     272 

City  planning,  fifth  annual  conference  at  Chicago July.  .  .  .     271 

City  planning,  German  method  of  planning  new  districts September   362 

City  planning,  how  applied  to  Calgary,  by  Henry  Vivian    October.  .     383 

City  planning,  plans  adopted  m  Great   Britain December    478 

Civic  improvement,  disappearance  of  telegraph  poles  in  Montreal    July.  .  .  .     267 

Code  of  ethics  endorsed  by  Vancouver  architects February  .      8_ 

Colonial  Architecture,  II.,  by  Thomas  W.  Ludlow January. .       25 

Colonial  Architecture,  III.,  "by  Thomas  W.  Ludlow    February.      65 

Competition  for  scholarship  in  decorative  painting    November  437 

Departmental  buildings,  callmg  for  competitive  plans July  .  •  ^  •     267 

Departmental  buildings,  terms  of  competition September   33 

Entrance  to  an  estate,  by  F.  R.  Major August.  .     30! 

Estimatmg  the  cost  of  buildmgs,  by  G.   A.   Wright    June Zi) 

European  Turkey,  I.,  Constantinople,  by  F.  R.  Major February  .      57 

European  Turkev,  II.,  Constantinople,  by  F.  R.  Major March.  .  .       97 

Excavations  at  Ostia  by  Prof.  Dante  Vaglieri October. .     388 

Excavations  in  Egypt,  by  the  British  School  of  Archaeology August .  .     314 

Graphic   Arts   Buildmg,   Toronto    June 2 1 3 

Hotel,  the  Prmce  Edward,  Brandon January. .  / 

Hotel,  the  Ritz-Carlton,   Montreal    February .      47 

Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Brandon.  Man April 141 

Hospital,  the  Modern November  446 

Hospital,  Toronto  General,   by   Herbert   Horner    November   415 

Houses,  competitive  designs  by  "Country  Life" October.  .     38^ 

Houses,    competitive    designs    by    the    "Brickbuilder"     October.  .     397 

Houses,   leaded   glass  as  decorative   feature,   by  J.    ^^    Dunlop    October.  .    401 

Judgment  as  to  clerk  of  works  handed  down  by  High  Court May  ....    1 94 

London,  discovery  of  origmal  plan  in  Corte  Reale  at  Mantua November  437 

Mural    painting,    work    of    F.    Brangwyn    for   Court    House    December    486 

Ontario  Association  of  Architects,  annual  convention November  433 

Ontario  Club,  Toronto,  by  W.  N.  Moorhouse m"^'     "  '    f-ft 

Ottawa,  the  replanning  after  scheme  by  E.  White May.  .  .  .    1  /o 

Panama-Pacific  Exhibition,  condition  of  soil December    4/8 

Plastered  partitions,   fire  resisting  value    ^^y  •  •  ■  •  , 

Prosperity  of  Canadian  cities  in  building  lines xf*"^*^   V  '     IT- 

R.A.I.C.  address  by  Roland  W.   Lines November  443 

R.A.I.C.  President's  address  at  Calgary November   44^ 

R.A.I.C,  relation  of  old  members  to  new  institution May  .... 


492  CONSTRUCTION 

ARTICLES— Continued. 

Month.    Page 

R.A.I. C,  sixth  annual  assembly October. .    387 

R.A.I. C,  toast  at  banquet  by  Sir  Gilbert  Parker November  444 

Registry  office,  competition  for  Toronto    December    467 

Registration  of  architects,  reason  for  action  in  England July  ■  ■  •  ■     268 

Reinforced  brickwork,  a  strength  test    June.  .  .  .    245 

Reinforced  concrete,  treatise,  by  V.  J.  Elmont August .  .     315 

Saskatchewan  Association  of  Architects,  annual  convention November  436 

Scholarships,  British  awards December    484 

School    buildings,    three   new    ones    at    Montreal    December    457 

Terminal    pier    at    Deepwater,    Nova    Scotia     October. .    407 

Town  planning  in  Great  Britain    January. .       32 

University  Buildings,  Competition  for  British  Columbia    March. .  .     1  05 

Viaduct,  erection  at  Trenton,  by  R.  K.  Palmer December    479 

W.C.T.U.    Building   at  Toronto    May 1 85 

Wind  pressure  on  buildings,  by  Albert  Smith February  .      7  I 

Workmen's  dwellings,  Cochon's  plan  for  the  city  of  Pans July  ....     268 

Y.M.C.A.,  new  Central  building,  Montreal July.  .  .  .     255 

Y.M.C.A.,  new  West  End  building,  Toronto January. .       19 

EDITORIALS. 

Month.    Page 

Architectural  draftsmen,  need  ot   better  conditions    March.  .  .  85 

Atelier  work,  aid  to  the  college  graduates  and  others May ....  1  70 

Atelier  work,  need  of  such  work  to  non-university  men April. ...  127 

Balkan  war,  disastrous  results  in  the  field  of  art    February .  43 

Balkan  war,  what  interest  it  bears  to  the  architect February.  43 

Bank  of  Toronto,  successful  career  in  commercial  activity    September  329 

Beaux-Arts  work,  Canada's  need  for  such  a  system July  ....  251 

Building  statistics,  remarkable  activity  during  the  year   1912    February.  44 

Buildings  erected  by  American  contractors  m  Canada    July.  .  .  .  252 

Calgary,  present  status  as  a  commercial  centre October. .  369 

Calgary,   relation  of  expert  adviser  to  the  people October.  .  369 

Canadian  architecture,  universally  praised  m  London February  .  44 

Canada  s  Thanksgiving,  cause  for  general  gratitude November  41  1 

Cathedral  spirit  of  to-day  compares  favorably  with  the  past September  329 

Competition  for  the  new  Capital  buildings  at  Canberra August .  .  29! 

City  planning,  need  of  studied  schemes  for  national  improvement February.  44 

City  planning,  successful  results  in  Germany July ....  251 

Departmental   buildings^   advisability  of  competitions    May ....  1 69 

Engineering  mistakes  in  the  modern  commercial  building    April. ...  1 28 

Fees  for  architects,  present  system  in  reference  to  the  future January. .  3 

Fire  loss  in  Canada,  comparison  with  European  countries January.  .  3 

Fire  loss  through  carelessness  of  railways December  454 

Gobelin  tapestries,  an  ingenious  way  to  utilize  same June ....  212 

Housing  problem,  evils  attached  and  means  of  eradicating  same January.  .  4 

Lincoln  memorial,  result  of  a  bitter  fight  over  the  artistic April. ...  127 

National  Gallery  of  Canada,  need  for  art  replicas June.  ...  211 

Ottawa,  replanning  scheme  by  E.  White  criticized May ....  1  69 

Peace  celebration  to  be  held   among   English-speaking   people June.  ...  211 

Public  parks,  argument  in  favor  of  sacrificing  same November  41  2 

R.A.I.C.  Convention,  Sir  Gilbert  Parkers  address September  370 

Registration  necessary  for  the  practice  of  architecture  in  Quebec August.  .  292 

Registration  of  architects  in  England,  need  of  such  conditions September  330 

School  of  Hygiene,  the  fourth  International  Congress July.  .  .  .  252 

Skyscraper,  bitterly  discussed  throughout  the  Dominion March.  .  .  86 

Skyscraper,  how  treated  in  America  and  Europe    August.  .  291 

Skyscraper,  mistakes  in  New  \ork  City  a  lesson  to  Canada December  454 

South  American  States,  a  rich  field  for  art    September  330 

Sphinx,  absurd  theory  of  a  temple  in  its  head April. ...  128 

Stanley  Park,  Toronto,  poor  logic  used  to  sell  same June.  ...  212 

Streets,  Canadian  thoroughfares  compared  with  other  countries    April.  ...  129 

Technical  schools,  Canada's  need  for  such  institutions March.  .  .  85 

Toronto  General  Hospital,  a  practical  and  modern  institution November  412 

Toronto  Housing  Company,  plans  accomplished    December   453 

Victoria  Memorial  Museum^  dangerous  condition  of  tower August .  .  292 

Women  architects,  arguments  why  they  should  enter  the  profession July  ....  252 

Workingmen's  homes,  attempt  to  convert  parks  into  same October. .  370 

Workingmen's  homes,  sore  need  of  economical  houses April.  ...  128